药剂真空预压法处理工程废浆试验

将适合于处理大面积高含水率淤泥的真空预压法与用于污水处理的絮凝沉淀法相结合(即药剂真空预压法)应用于工程废浆的固液分离。针对上海某桩基施工现场产生的废弃泥浆采用4种不同的絮凝剂进行了沉降柱试验,并对各自的絮凝效果进行了对比。采用最佳絮凝效果时的絮凝剂和配比,进行了室内药剂真空预压模型试验,试验过程中对出水量和废浆浆面高度进行监测;试验前后进行了含水率、颗粒分布、压汞和扫描电镜试验。试验发现:1废浆含水率从絮凝前的163%,降低到絮凝后的96%,经过真空预压后再降低到37%;2加入絮凝剂后絮体中的黏粒含量减少、粉粒含量增多,即絮凝会使小颗粒长大;3处理后废浆的孔隙率明显下降,沿径向向内逐渐减小。研究表明药剂真空预压法技术可行、效果显著,值得大范围推广。     

工程废浆处理过程中药剂真空预压法的防淤堵机理

选择有机高分子絮凝剂APAM作为药剂,进行室内药剂真空预压处理废浆的模型试验,探讨处理过程中药剂真空预压法的防淤堵机理。试验结果表明：①经药剂真空预压法处理工程废浆含水率由176%降至约40%,而经普通真空预压处理后工程废浆含水率由176%降至135%,药剂真空预压法处理效果非常明显|②药剂真空预压中采用了120μm、180μm和300μm三种不同等效孔径的过滤膜,发现三种过滤膜均能取得较好的效果,且结果相差不大,证明在药剂真空预压中改变等效孔径对防淤堵的影响不明显,其能够防淤堵主要是由于加入药剂改善了废浆性质|③加入药剂APAM后,由于吸附架桥作用土颗粒的粒径会增大而形成絮凝团聚体,在真空预压过程中发挥了很好的防淤堵作用,真空预压结束后连接团聚体的长链会断开,颗粒分布又恢复到接近原始废浆的状态|④常规反滤准则不再适用于药剂真空预压法,这可能与团聚体形状呈不规则的链状有关,仅仅用粒径指标并不能真实反映反滤特性。     

药剂真空预压法在工程废浆处理中的防淤堵作用

为探讨药剂真空预压法的防淤堵作用,对上海某场地的原始废浆和添加药剂的废浆均分别进行了沉降柱试验和真空预压试验。在沉降柱试验中研究了原始废浆和添加不同药剂后废浆的沉降和浊度特性,结果显示添加CPAM的废浆固液分离最快,上清液浊度最低;添加PAFC的废浆固液分离最慢,上清液浊度最高。在真空预压试验中研究了出水量、含水率、颗粒分布及孔隙变化,颗分结果表明加药沉淀后废浆中的细颗粒会"生长"成粗颗粒;压汞试验反映了原始泥浆、加药絮凝、真空预压各个阶段孔隙的变化过程;出水量测试显示普通真空预压开始不久出水速率便迅速衰减,而药剂真空预压的出水速率一直很大,说明药剂真空预压法具有非常好的防淤堵作用。最后,从废浆中的土颗粒生长、游离细颗粒流失和降低水流阻力三方面对药剂真空预压的防淤堵作用进行了解释。     

絮凝–真空预压加固吹填淤泥试验研究

针对目前真空预压法加固吹填土地基中存在的真空传递效率低,排水板易淤堵,深层土体排水固结困难,工期较长的问题,提出一种新型化学絮凝联合真空预压法,其方法在于加固前,先在吹填土样中加入一种化学药剂,通过有效的化学絮凝作用使细小土颗粒凝聚成团,同时降低土颗粒黏性,增大渗透性以利于排水,之后再采用真空预压进行加固处理。为此,设计一组絮凝剂在不同掺量下的真空预压室内模型桶试验,结果表明,掺入絮凝剂的吹填土土中真空度明显上升,孔隙水压力下降更多且消散速率更快,出水量趋于稳定所需时间大大缩短,十字板强度大幅度提升,且沿深度递减幅度大为减小,证明采用絮凝联合真空预压法能使吹填土获得更好的加固效果;絮凝剂的使用存在一个最佳掺量,掺量过多或过少都不能使吹填土加固效果达到最优;通过加固后的效果对比,得到温州地区吹填淤泥(含水量300%)的絮凝剂最佳掺量为1.5%。     

地下工程泥浆絮凝干化处理效果影响因素研究

针对絮凝剂的机理和特性,结合目前地下工程废弃泥浆处理常用的絮凝剂开展絮凝效果影响因素试验。通过表象观测和性能指标参数测试分析,对废弃泥浆固相含量、絮凝剂拌和速度与溶液浓度、温度与pH等因素参数变化对泥浆絮凝效果的影响进行了研究,为地下工程废弃泥浆固液分离处理絮凝材料比选和使用提供了新的思路和方法,以期做到在絮凝剂的选择和使用上有的放矢,提升工程废弃泥浆干化处理的社会、环境和经济效益。     

泥浆真空抽滤泥水分离中堵塞机理及规律性研究

河湖底泥的疏浚工程因为使用绞吸式的疏浚方式,底泥与水混合后变成大量高含水率的泥浆。为了减少泥浆的体积,对泥水进行分离就显得非常重要。在将泥浆中水分抽滤分离的过程中,经常会发生堵塞,产生了抽滤效果低,抽滤不能持续的问题。针对这一问题,研究了不同泥浆粒径分布、泥浆的初始含水率、土工布的孔径、真空负压以及添加絮凝剂对泥水分离效果的影响,探讨了堵塞的机理。发现了由土工布过滤形成的泥皮的渗透系数将成为制约脱水效果的主要因素,当形成堵塞性泥皮时,其他因素如土工布的孔径、泥浆初始含水率等对脱水的影响可以忽略。添加絮凝剂会使颗粒聚团从而提高泥皮渗透系数是泥水分离变好的原因,并且絮凝泥浆中较小的团粒粒径决定了泥皮的渗透系数,因此可以通过检测絮凝后泥浆中较小团粒的粒径如D_(10),D_(15),D_(20)的方式比选絮凝剂、决定最优添加量、预测脱水效果。添加絮凝剂对泥浆中结合水含量的改变影响较小,因此认为絮凝使水分结合方式的改变并不影响泥水分离的效果。     

基于层次分析法的泥水分离絮凝剂比选

建筑工程中常见大量废弃泥浆的产生,目前常见的处置方法是在废弃泥浆中添加絮凝剂初步处理,再使用泥浆分离设备进一步泥水分离。絮凝剂的絮凝效果是该工艺过程中的关键影响因素之一。基于层次分析法,根据选取的多个性能参数指标,选出适用于特定工程废弃泥浆的最佳絮凝剂。     

典型无机絮凝剂对疏浚淤泥絮凝效果及出水水质影响研究

针对淤泥堆场堆填处置中，天然底泥自重落淤固结缓慢等问题，工程中常添加化学药剂来加快泥水分离过程。利用量筒沉积柱试验研究了5种典型无机絮凝剂对高含水率疏浚淤泥的絮凝沉积效果及上覆水水质(浊度值)的影响规律。5种典型的无机絮凝剂中，CaCl₂,PAS(聚合硫酸铝)的絮凝效果相对较好。在此基础上，探明了这两种絮凝剂在不同掺量下对疏浚淤泥沉积规律的影响。试验结果表明，CaCl₂,PAS掺量不同，泥浆自重沉积固结稳定后沉降量、沉降速率、沉积稳定时间不同，得到CaCl₂和PAS的最优掺量分别为0.8%,0.2%。在最优掺量下上覆水的去浊率可达到84%左右。CaCl₂通过Ca²⁺的交换作用和电性中和作用发挥絮凝作用；PAS主要通过土颗粒表面的电性中和作用发挥絮凝作用。结果可为大规模疏浚淤泥的快速絮凝和余水排放研究和设计提供参考借鉴。     

吸附架桥机理主导下APAM的多级絮凝效能

对吸附架桥机理主导下阴离子聚丙烯酰胺(APAM)的絮凝过程进行了研究,通过改变絮凝剂投加工况,对比分析常规絮凝与多级絮凝在污染物去除效果、絮体性能、絮体生长动力学与污泥调理能耗等方面的差异。结果表明,相同投药量下,两级絮凝的出水浊度低于三级絮凝和常规絮凝,两级絮凝在最少的APAM投加量(2 mg/L)下达到最低的出水浊度(19.53 NTU);与常规絮凝相比,两级絮凝的絮体成长速率、平均粒径和沉降速率分别增加12.67%、30μm、36.74%。两级絮凝在投加间隔为240 s、投配比为1∶1条件下絮凝效能最优,出水浊度为15.34 NTU,絮体沉降速率为1.1 NTU/s,絮体密度达到1.123 4 g/cm³。絮体破碎再絮凝过程中,两级絮凝与常规絮凝破碎后均能恢复至破碎前水平,但破碎后均出现不可逆的絮体结构破损,粒径在0~100μm的絮体颗粒增多,粒径>400μm的絮体减少,破碎后两级絮凝的絮体强度因子(68.15%)高于常规絮凝(41.63%),两级絮凝的絮体强度和抗破碎剪切能力更高。在剩余污泥调理方面,两级絮凝产生的污泥只需要投加40mg/L的APAM就可以达到最低的滤饼含水率(75.5%)。因此,两级絮凝可以显著提升除浊效能与絮体性能,是强化絮凝的发展方向。     

无机盐混凝剂混凝机理研究

混凝技术是现代水处理中应用范围广处理效果好的技术之一。无机盐作为常用的混凝刺在给水处理中也已被证实具有良好的处理效果。本文探讨影响硝酸铝初期絮凝体生成的因素,分析了在不同pH值和添加的不同浓度电解质的背景下,絮体粒径和Zeta电位的变化。     

Effects of temperature circulation on dredged sludge improved by vacuum preloading

Vacuum preloading is an effective and common method used for clay soil improvement. However, the smear zone generated by the installation of prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) hinders additional efficiency improvements. PVD combined with heat is applied to overcome this problem. This study presents a series of model tests conducted on clayey soil improved by vacuum preloading with different rectangular-wave temperature circulation modes to investigate the effects of cyclic temperature on vacuum consolidation. During the test, the settlement, pore-water pressure, and drainage were monitored. The degree of consolidation was analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of this method, and the coefficient of energy consumption was used to quantify the energy consumption at different cyclic temperature modes. The results indicated that the rectangular-wave temperature circulation mode of 30–75–30 °C was the most effective. The results of this study contribute substantially to the state of knowledge regarding the cyclic temperature effects on dredged slurry performance subjected to vacuum preloading. Concurrently, a novel approach is introduced for the determination of the optimal soil consolidation.     

软土真空预压处理有效性的宏微观分析

 地基处理前分析软土宏微观性质对预测真空预压法处理的有效性具有重要意义。通过室内宏微观试验,对珠海金湾地区软土矿物成分、比表面积,以及固结前后的微观结构、孔隙特征等进行分析和研究,得出土体结合水量、强度指标等影响真空预压法处理效果的关键因素。研究结果表明,珠海金湾软土黏土矿物成分含量不高,且黏胶粒占50%,比表面积较黏土矿物小;颗粒呈曲片絮凝状叠聚体,固结变形后出现团聚现象,孔隙压密,无颗粒破碎形状变化;微孔隙尺寸分布主要为400 nm＜r＜2 500 nm,固结后试样的累积进汞量大幅减小,且大孔隙变成小孔隙。说明土体的结合水量不高,含较多的自由水,且内摩擦角变化不大,而黏聚力有较大的增长,真空预压法处理效果明显。     

Deformation characteristics of soil between prefabricated vertical drains under vacuum preloading

The deformation characteristics of soil among prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) subjected to vacuum pressure are investigated using a model test conducted on dredged slurry. Red iron particles are used to indirectly indicate the lateral displacement of soil under vacuum preloading. Test results showed that, in addition to the settlement of soil between two PVDs, there was also lateral displacement that varied with consolidation time and lateral distance from the PVD because of lateral vacuum suction. The lateral displacement arose successively with the increasing lateral distance. And it increased from zero on the PVD surface and dropped back to zero again at the midpoint between the two PVDs. There should have been a maximum value of the lateral displacement at a point near the PVD. The combined vertical and lateral displacement formed a soil pile around the PVD and showed a ‘V’ shaped soil surface.     

Experimental study on a dredged fill ground improved by a two-stage vacuum preloading method

The vacuum preloading method has been wisely chosen among many ground-improvement methods considering the time limit of many projects and the characteristics of reclaimed soil. However, the loss in vacuum with soil depth, the clogging around prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs), and the deteriorative consolidation of the deep soil layer, among other factors, create a large challenge to vacuum preloading for dredged marine clay fill. Thus, this study proposes a two-stage vacuum preloading method and focuses on its feasibility and effectiveness. Contrasting laboratory tests are performed in two identical experimental tanks with dredged marine clay fill from the Wenzhou land reclamation site in China. In one tank, the one-stage vacuum preloading method is used to serve as a baseline for this study. In the other tank, use of the two-stage vacuum preloading method is proposed for consolidation; it comprises two stages. In the first stage, the dredged marine clay fill is conditioned by vacuum preloading using half of the PVDs, where the dissipation of the excess pore water pressure tends to be steady. In the second stage, vacuum preloading is activated using all the PVDs. The results show that a better consolidation effect is achieved with the proposed method in terms of the settlement, vacuum pressure, pore water pressure, water content, vane shear strength, and soil particle microstructure after soil consolidation.     

Laboratory tests of electro-osmotic consolidation combined with vacuum preloading on kaolinite using electrokinetic geosynthetics

Laboratory tests were conducted on kaolinite to investigate the effectiveness of electro-osmotic consolidation combined with vacuum preloading using electrokinetic geosynthetics (EKG). The results showed that the combined method could remove more water and induce larger surface ground settlements compared with the traditional vacuum preloading or electro-osmotic consolidation. Vacuum preloading was quite effective during the first 4?h, though the electro-osmotic consolidation took a main role in dewatering process after 9?h. The combined method could also hinder the development of cracks, induce higher negative pore water pressure and hence increase the efficiency of electro-osmotic consolidation. The results showed that deep electro-osmotic consolidation technique combined with vacuum preloading could result in significant water removal efficiency along with shorter electrode length. Furthermore, both electro-osmotic consolidation and the combined method could consolidate the soil efficiently with low energy consumption.     

碱渣回填地下废弃盐腔室内一维沉降试验研究

盐矿水溶开采产出卤水的同时会在地下形成大量的废弃溶腔,而盐化工企业利用采出的卤水制碱时会产生大量的固体废渣（即碱渣）,将碱渣与饱和卤水混合制成浆体注填到废弃盐腔的过程称为碱渣回填废弃盐腔。碱渣在充满卤水的溶腔内的沉降特性对回填效果会产生重要影响,作为初步研究,对两种不同类型碱渣与饱和卤水混合而成的碱渣浆进行了室内一维沉降试验研究。试验发现：黏粒含量少的碱渣浆絮团发育程度低,絮团小而相互独立,沉降类型为絮凝均匀沉降,黏粒含量多的碱渣浆絮团发育程度高,絮团大而联结成网,发生絮网沉降;碱渣浆沉降过程可以分为4个阶段：絮凝阶段、沉降阶段、主固结阶段和次固结阶段;对比两种碱渣的沉降过程发现,发生絮网沉降的碱渣浆在前3个阶段用时均较长;沉降基本结束后,形成的沉积体孔隙比较大,沉积体内仍含有大量的自由水。本研究揭示了两种不同类型碱渣的一维沉降规律,为进一步探索碱渣沉降固结机理及现场碱渣回填废弃盐腔工程提供一定参考。     

预压作用下软土固结蠕变及微观结构试验研究

为了揭示预压荷载作用下软土路基工后沉降的机理,开展了室内模拟真空、堆载以及真空—堆载联合预压加固软土的固结蠕变三轴试验及微观结构试验。分析了在三种不同的预压作用下土体固结蠕变性状的不同和微观结构的变化机理。结果表明:在三种不同的预压荷载作用下,固结过程中,是真空—堆载联合预压条件下土体的沉降量最大,其次是堆载预压,最小的是真空预压。蠕变过程的沉降量是堆载预压的最大,其次是联合预压,最小的是真空预压。预压荷载作用下土体的固结和蠕变具有耦合效应;微观结构参数的变化受预压加载方式的影响。微观结构参数的变化率与宏观物性参数的变化率有相似的性质。