电弧炉采用炉壁碳氧喷枪冶炼不锈钢母液的方法

现有技术电弧炉冶炼不锈钢母液存在如下主要缺陷：（1）电弧炉冶炼时间长,一般需要3小时以上,导致电弧炉和真空吹氧脱碳精炼炉（VOD）冶炼时间和节奏很难匹配;（2）电弧炉脱碳速度低,铬氧化严重,使铬收得率低,生产成本高;（3）采用人工吹氧管插入钢液进吹氧脱碳,生产现场工人操作环境条件差。因此,长期以来,一直困扰着电弧炉与真空吹氧脱碳精炼炉（VOD）双联工艺生产不锈钢功能的发挥。     

VOD过程终点碳控制方法探讨

吹氧终点碳控制是VOD冶炼不锈钢的关键,与转炉炼钢一样,控制方法主要分静态和动态两种。本文重点介绍了作者在实践中得到的静态脱碳数学模型,具有简单、可靠、易于掌握的特点,已在生产上应用。VOD氧气利用率和开吹时钢中Si与C的百分含量比之间有指数关系,据此可在一定含量范围内控制停氧碳含量。文章对其机理也作了一定探讨。     

VOD冶炼超纯铁素体不锈钢脱碳工艺的研究

针对不锈钢冶炼特点,通过脱碳热力学和动力学分析,研究了VOD精炼工艺参数对超纯铁素体不锈钢脱碳速度和终点碳含量的影响,并进行了大量工业生产试验.结果表明,提高冶炼温度、增加吹氧流量和吹氩流量、降低氧枪的供氧压力和枪位有利于提高脱碳速度,获得更低的终点碳含量.     

太钢VOD冶炼超纯铁素体不锈钢的工艺技术进步

阐述了超纯铁素体不锈钢的超低碳氮的特点及其熔体降碳去氮困难的原因,利用真空降碳去氮的理论结合这方面的研究成果分析和讨论了影响VOD脱碳脱氮的影响因素,并利用VOD现场冶炼的具体数据进行了这些因素的统计分析,在此基础上提出了提高真空度、加强底吹氩搅拌强度、提高入炉钢液温度、提高人炉碳含量和降低人炉氮含量、增加VOD吹氧脱碳时的供氧量、高真空吹氩纯沸腾工艺、选用无碳、或低碳还原料等工艺技术措施,最后介绍了太钢这几年在VOD冶炼超纯铁素体不锈钢采取上述措施后所取得的效果。     

15吨VOD炉冶炼不锈钢的工艺与效果

1.前言不锈钢冶炼技术至今经历了三个发展阶段。四十年代以前,采用装入熔化法冶炼,对原材料要求很高。1939年后,开始采用返回吹氧法。能使用较多的不锈钢废料,但冶炼后期仍须补加很多微碳铬铁或金属铬,同时脱碳困难。六十年代后,炉外精炼冶炼不锈钢的 AOD 和 VOD 法,对原材料要求更低,能充分利用返回钢和廉价铁合金,使不锈钢,特别是超低碳不锈钢的冶炼成本再次得到大幅度降低。     

EAF+LF+VOD/VHD冶炼超级双相不锈钢工艺实践

介绍了抚钢超级双相不锈钢冶炼工艺流程,进行了VOD炉真空吹氧去碳、包底吹氮、二次造渣及喂线处理生产实践。研究表明,通过设定合理的吹氧、吹氮工艺,实现了低碳含量、准确氮含量的控制。通过在还原过程中调整合适的炉渣碱度,对钢液进行喂线处理,强化脱硫脱氧,从而改性夹杂物形貌,以确保钢液精准的化学成分及良好的纯净度控制,为热加工创造有利条件。     

罩型环流机械真空精炼装置脱碳实践

敬业钢铁有限公司新建一台罩型环流机械真空精炼设备,生产无取向硅钢和工业纯铁等超低碳品种钢,控制环节上从转炉碳温协调出钢、制定罩型环流机械真空精炼装置的脱碳工艺、控制原材料碳含量等方面入手,冶炼出w(C)≤20×10~(-6)的工业纯铁等超低碳钢。结果表明:超低碳钢生产过程中,转炉出钢碳质量分数要控制在0.025%～0.040%,采用真空吹氧的条件下转炉出钢碳质量分数可以放宽到0.060%以下,且转炉终点要注意碳温协调出钢,出钢过程严禁加含铝或硅的脱氧合金;真空脱碳需要分段控制脱碳期真空度和钢包底吹驱动气体流量。为防止钢液增碳,应采用碳含量低的合金和耐材。     

超纯铁素体不锈钢VOD脱碳模型研究

摘要：为了实现对超纯铁素体不锈钢VOD精炼脱碳过程的动态即时预测及控制,以酒钢宏兴不锈钢分公司100 t VOD炉冶炼超纯铁素体不锈钢的过程为研究对象,从顶吹氧气的分配行为和C Cr的竞争氧化出发,建立基于炉气分析技术的VOD动态脱碳模型,并在Matlab环境下开发相应的应用软件,得到全过程钢液成分、氧气分配比、温度等参数随时间的变化规律,对不同阶段的临界碳浓度给出估计范围。利用VOD出站成分以及精炼过程中CO/CO2的实际变化规律加以检验,与实际值吻合较好,较好地预测了实际变化趋势。     

VOD精炼水轮机用不锈钢的洁净度研究

运用金相观察、扫描电镜和大样电解等方法研究了VOD精炼前后不锈钢的洁净度变化.结果表明:VOD吹氧终点控制滞后是VOD精炼后钢中氧质量分数高达250×10-6的主要原因;钢中w(O)偏高而精炼渣的碱度低等造成钢中夹杂物含量高,大于10μm的夹杂物含量为0.56～0.58个/mm2,其中每10kg试样中大型夹杂物含量在1.71～2.41 mg.针对钢液洁净度偏低的情况,提出了延长真空保持时间10～12 min,选用优质精炼渣并保证炉渣碱度R≥3和延长软吹时间15～20 min的工艺改进措施,改进后w(T.O)降至(60～77)×10-6.     

钢水C、Si含量对VOD精炼不锈钢喷溅的影响

以抚钢二炼钢厂30 t VOD精炼不锈钢的生产数据为依据,分析了入VOD精炼钢水C(0.50%～0.93%)、Si(0.18%～0.42%)含量对喷溅以及吹氧过程温度的影响,证明C、Si含量高(C≥0.65%,Si≥0.22%)是导致吹氧前喷溅事故的主要因素,而C、Si含量低所引起的温升不足又影响后续冶炼的质量和效率。冶炼实践表明,为避免喷溅事故,当钢水[C]≥0.90%或[Si]≥0.40%时不得进行VOD精炼。在VOD吹氧冶炼前钢水中C、Si含量分别为0.40%～0.65%和0.12%～0.20%,能够满足VOD精炼不锈钢的要求。     

VOD炉冶炼Cr不锈吹氧脱碳浅析

在采用电弧炉＋VOD＋CC生产Cr不锈连铸坯的生产过程中,VOD精炼的控制对整个生产有着至关重要的作用,而控制Cr不锈VOD精炼过程的关键是吹氧脱碳。在吹氧脱碳过程中,脱碳初期及高碳区、低碳区采用不同的吹氧、吹氩流量及真空度控制,可以提高脱碳速度,同时以氧电势分析仪数据为主,以计算吹氧量、真空度变化、废温变化为辅,能更加准确的控制终点碳,从而提高吹氧脱碳效率。     

Kinetic Model of Decarburization and Denitrogenation in Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization Process for Ferritic Stainless Steel

The characteristics and classification of decarburization and denitrogenation in the vacuum vessel for stainless steel production are analyzed. Based on the analysis of movements of the liquid steel and bubbles, the kinetics of decarburization and denitrogenation in the vacuum oxygen decarburization (VOD) process has been studied. A kinetic model of decarburization and denitrogenation has been developed to simulate the VOD process, considering each reaction zone as oxygen blowing crater, bottom blowing plume, steel/slag interface, and plume eye. As a result, it is possible to quantify the contribution of each reaction zone in decarburization and denitrogenation rate at a different stage in the VOD process. Specific trials at a vacuum induction furnace were performed to refine stainless steel in vacuum carbon deoxidation (VCD) and VOD style, respectively. The trial results are in good agreement with the model calculation. Combining the trials and the model calculation and the influence of temperature control, critical carbon content selection on the terminal total [C] + [N] content can be discussed further to provide a reasonable proposal for high-quality ferritic stainless steel production. This article is based on a presentation given at the International Symposium on Liquid Metal Processing and Casting (LMPC 2007), which occurred in September 2007 in Nancy, France.     

Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow in Bath during Combined Top and Bottom Blowing VOD Refining Process of Stainless Steel

The fluid flow in a bath in combined top and bottom blowing vacuum‐oxygen decarburization (VOD) refining process of stainless steel has numerically been simulated. The three‐dimensional mathematical model used is essentially based on that proposed in our previous work for the flow in combined side and top blowing argon‐oxygen decarburization (AOD) process, but considering the influence of reduced ambient pressure. Applying it to the flow in the bath of a 120 t VOD vessel under the refining conditions, the results present that the model can fairly well simulate and estimate the flow phenomena. The flow pattern of molten steel in the bath with the combined blowing is a composite result under the common action of the jets from a three‐hole Laval top lance and gas bottom blowing streams. The jets have a leading role on it; the molten steel in the whole bath is in vigorous stirring and circulatory motion during the blowing process. The streams do not alter the basic features of the gas agitation and liquid flow, but can evidently change the local flow pattern of the liquid and increase its turbulent kinetic energy to a certain extent. The flow field and turbulent kinetic energy distribution in the combined blowing with three tuyeres are more uniform than those in the blowing with double tuyeres. Increasing properly the tuyere eccentricities is of advantage for improving the velocity and turbulent kinetic energy distributions, the stirring and mixing result in the practical VOD refining process.     

MTA废气分析在VOD脱碳过程中的应用

为了实现对VOD脱碳终点碳含量进行动态控制,以某钢厂120 t VOD炉冶炼不锈钢的脱碳过程为研究对象,通过MTA（multi task analyzer）废气分析系统分析VOD精炼中CO、CO2等废气成分随时间变化的规律。同时以物质碳平衡为基础,建立了基于废气分析的VOD冶炼碳终点控制的模型,对精炼过程中钢水碳变化情况进行分析。通过对实际值和预测值之间的偏差进行考察,说明了模型能够较好地预测碳含量的总体发展趋势。模型计算VOD脱碳终点碳质量分数误差都在±0.03%之内,模型计算值与实际测量值具有一定的吻合性。     

RH强制脱碳与自然脱碳工艺生产IF钢精炼效果分析

西昌钢钒厂由于转炉热量不足而以转炉—LF精炼—RH精炼—连铸工艺生产IF钢,为探究RH强制脱碳与自然脱碳工艺生产IF钢精炼效果,采用生产数据统计、氧氮分析、夹杂物自动扫描、扫描电镜和能谱分析等手段,对不同脱碳工艺对顶渣氧化性以及钢的洁净度影响进行了详细研究。结果表明:（1）与自然脱碳工艺炉次相比,采用强制脱碳工艺的炉次在转炉结束与RH进站钢中的平均[O]含量更低;（2）两种工艺脱碳结束钢中的[O]含量基本在同一水平;（3）强制脱碳工艺的炉次在RH结束时渣中平均T.Fe的质量分数降低了1.3%。在能满足RH脱碳效果的前提下,尽量提高转炉终点钢液碳含量、降低钢液氧含量,后续在RH精炼时采用强制吹氧脱碳工艺,适当增大吹氧量来弥补钢中氧,可显著降低IF钢顶渣氧化性。自然脱碳工艺与强制脱碳工艺控制热轧板T.O含量均比较理想;与自然脱碳工艺相比,强制脱碳工艺可有效降低IF钢[N]含量,这与强制脱碳工艺真空室内碳氧反应更剧烈所导致的CO气泡更多和气液反应面积更大有关。脱碳工艺对IF钢热轧板中夹杂物类型、尺寸及数量没有明显影响,夹杂物主要由Al₂O₃夹杂、Al₂O₃–TiO_x夹杂与其他类夹杂物组成,以夹杂物的等效圆直径表示夹杂物尺寸,以上三类夹杂物平均尺寸分别为4.5、4.4和6.5 μm,且钢中尺寸在8 μm以下的夹杂物数量占比高于75%。在RH精炼过程中,尽量降低RH脱碳结束钢中[O]含量,有利于提高钢液洁净度。      

RH生产超低碳钢的脱碳速率及工艺优化

 通过RH超低碳钢脱碳工业试验,对RH精炼过程工艺参数进行全程跟踪。重点对表观脱碳速率常数Kc进行了测定和评价。结果表明,RH脱碳过程分为3个阶段：抽真空阶段、吹氧脱碳阶段和自然脱碳阶段。稳定生产碳含量小于0.002%(质量分数,下同)的超低碳钢的优化工艺参数为：进站碳含量0.05%~0.06%,氧含量0.04%~0.06%;吹氧期的起始真空度12~15kPa,吹氩强度0.015m3·t-1·min-1;自然脱碳时间大于15min,吹氩强度0.015m3·t-1·min-1,终脱氧前的氧含量＜0.035%。     

Mathematical model for nitrogen control in oxygen steelmaking

A mathematical model was developed to quantify the effects of different operational parameters on the nitrogen content of steel produced during oxygen steelmaking. The model predicts nitrogen removal by the CO produced during decarburization and how the final nitrogen content is affected by different process variables. These variables include the type of coolants used (scrap, direct reduced iron (DRI), etc.), the sulfur content of the metal, combined gas blowing practices, and the nitrogen content in the hot metal, scrap and oxygen blown. The model is a mixed control model that incorporates mass transfer and chemical kinetics. It requires a single parameter that reflects the surface area and mass-transfer coefficient that is determined from the rate of decarburization. The model also computes the rate of decarburization and the change in surface active elements, such as sulfur and oxygen, that affect the rate of the nitrogen reaction. Nitrogenization of steel in the converter is also predicted with the model. The computed results are in good agreement with plant data and observations.