Steel-Concrete-Steel sandwich slabs with lightweight core — Static performance

This paper investigates the static performance of Steel-Concrete-Steel (SCS) sandwich slabs which consist of an ultra-lightweight concrete core sandwiched between two steel plates. Special J-hook connectors have been developed to develop composite action between the concrete core and the two steel plates. The core is made of lightweight concrete of density less than 1450 kg/m³. Laboratory tests were carried out on eight SCS sandwich slabs under centrally applied patch load. Test results showed that the mode of failure and crack pattern of SCS sandwich slabs were very similar to those of reinforced concrete slabs especially when the concrete core and steel plates act in a fully composite manner. Flexural and punching are the primary modes of failure. After flexural yielding, membrane action developed in the slab due to the effectiveness of J-hook connectors in maintaining composite action which further increases its load carrying capacity after flexural yielding. Theoretical models are proposed to predict the flexural and punching resistance and a good correlation with test results is obtained. A large deflection analysis considering plate membrane action is also proposed to predict the force deflection relation of SCS sandwich slabs.     

Steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite structures subjected to extreme loads

This paper summarizes the latest research and development work on steel-concrete-steel (SCS) sandwich composite structures for the use as Arctic offshore platform, and to resist impact and blast loads. Current development of ultra-lightweight cement composite (ULCC) and a floatable structural cement composite (FSCC) to be used as infilled materials for SCS sandwich structure are presented. This paper aims to advance the application of SCS sandwich composite with the use of steel plate and lightweight concrete materials. A series of tests on lightweight SCS sandwich panels with shear connectors has been carried out. The superior performance of SCS sandwich panel is demonstrated. The results show that SCS sandwich with novel J-hook connectors is effective in preventing plate separation from concrete core, maintaining the structural integrity.     

Impact tests on steel–concrete–steel sandwich beams with lightweight concrete core

This paper studies the impact performance of Steel–Concrete–Steel (SCS) sandwich beams consisting of a lightweight concrete core sandwiched between two face plates that are connected by J-hook connectors. Impact tests were carried out by dropping free weights on to sandwich beams to investigate their structural response against impact loads. Test results revealed that the proposed J-hook connectors provide an effective means to interlock the top and bottom steel face plates, preventing them from separation during impact. The use of fibres in concrete core and J-hook connectors for composite action enhances the overall structural integrity of the sandwich beams when compared with those without such enhancement. An elastic–plastic analysis method is developed to predict the force-indentation relationship of sandwich sections subjected to local impact. Dynamic analysis based on the local force-indentation relationship is carried out to predict the impact force and global response behavior of the sandwich beams. The predicted results are compared with those obtained from the tests to validate their accuracy so that they can be used to evaluate the performance of sandwich beams under low velocity hard impact.     

Lightweight steel–concrete–steel sandwich system with J-hook connectors

This paper investigates a new concept for designing composite structures comprising a lightweight concrete core sandwiched in between two steel plates which are interconnected by J-hook connectors. Specifically, lightweight concrete (density less than 1450 kg/m³) and novel J-hook connectors have been developed for this purpose. The hook connectors are capable of resisting tension and shear, and their uses are not restricted by the core thickness. Push-out tests confirms that the shear transfer capability of J-hook connector is superior to the conventional headed stud connector in achieving composite action between steel plate and concrete core. Twelve sandwich beam specimens have been tested to evaluate the flexural and shear performance subjected to static point load. Parameters investigated include degree of partial composite, concrete with and without fibres and concrete strength. Using Eurocodes as a basis of design, theoretical model is developed to predict the flexural and shear capacity considering partial composite and enable construction of sandwich structures with J-hook connectors. Compared with test results, the predicted capacity is generally conservative if brittle failure of connectors can be avoided. Test evidence also shows that inclusion of 1% volume fraction of fibres in the concrete core significantly increases the beam flexural capacity as well as its post-peak ductility.     

Fatigue performance of lightweight steel-concrete-steel sandwich systems

This paper investigates the static and fatigue strength behavior of a composite sandwich system, which consists of a lightweight concrete core sandwiched in between two steel plates and interconnected by J-hook connectors. For this purpose, fibre-reinforced lightweight concrete, of density less than 1450 kg/m³, and novel J-hook connectors that are capable of resisting tension and shear have been developed. Fatigue tests were carried out to study the fatigue behaviour of sandwich beams by varying the maximum applied load and load range. It is found that maximum applied load and load range affect fatigue performance independently. The maximum applied load has a significant effect on fatigue performance when the difference between it and the load range is large. Test evidence shows that considering only the load range, without taking into account the maximum applied load, may over-predict the fatigue life of the sandwich structural system. Finally, a three-parameter fatigue design equation, taking into account both the load range and maximum applied load, is proposed based on regression analysis of test data.     

Shear buckling in foam-filled web core sandwich panels using a Pasternak foundation model

Web core panels, foam-filled sandwich panels with interior webs, are a structurally efficient option for transverse load bearing applications. In web core panels, the interaction between the webs and core material can have a substantial impact on web shear buckling strength and is a key element of lightweight structural design. The present work is an investigation of web buckling behavior in web core panels under a distributed load. To solve this problem, web shear buckling was analyzed for the case of pure shear loading with foam support, and this analytic model was extended to the case of panels with a transverse distributed load. The webs are modeled as simply supported plates resting on a Pasternak elastic foundation. To that end, a buckling model for plates on a Pasternak foundation is presented, along with closed-form approximations of the solution for square and infinitely long plates. An accurate model for the foundation constants is developed using energy methods. Applicability of the plate buckling model to web core panels with transverse loads is presented via a finite element study. In panels, the slenderness and spacing of the webs have a slight effect on the boundary conditions between the webs and face sheets. The effect is relatively small, however, and the model presented in this work underpredicts buckling strength by less than 25%. The model in this work is thus a reasonable approach to the practical design of web core panels.     

Structural behaviour of eccentrically loaded precast sandwich panels

Results of an experimental investigation to study the ultimate strength behaviour of precast concrete sandwich panels (PCSP) with steel truss shear connectors are reported. Six full-scale sandwich panels with variable slenderness ratio were cast and tested under eccentric loads. Deflection characteristics, variations of strains across the insulation layer, strains in shear connectors, crack appearance and propagation under increasing load were recorded and analysed. The role of the shear truss connectors in transferring load from the outer wythe (layer) to the inner and ensuring composite behaviour was also observed. Results obtained showed that all panels behaved in a fully composite manner under eccentric load till failure. The ultimate strength of the PCSPs was found to decrease non-linearly with the increase in the slenderness ratio. Because of the complex behaviour of PCSP due to its material non-linearity and the interaction between its various components, finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted. Comparison with test results indicated that the FEA closely estimate the wall strength and formulae based on reinforced concrete principles underestimate the wall strength.     

爆炸荷载作用下夹芯板的动力响应研究

为了得到夹芯板在爆炸荷载下的动力响应,采用试验、能量法和有限元分析方法对其进行研究.首先,介绍一种可用于夹芯板抗爆性能研究的试验系统装置及其试验结果;其次,将夹芯板的变形过程分为3个阶段,假定夹芯板通过芯材的压缩变形、面板的拉伸和弯曲消耗爆炸荷载作用到夹芯板上的能量,通过能量平衡方程得到夹芯板的变形量;最后,采用有限元...     

采用增强槽钢连接件的双钢板-混凝土组合梁受弯性能研究

为了解决常规双钢板-混凝土组合结构整体性不足的问题,提出了一种采用增强槽钢连接件的双钢板-混凝土组合结构。为研究该组合结构受弯性能,对6根采用增强槽钢剪力连接件的双钢板-混凝土组合梁开展四点弯曲试验。研究参数为核心混凝土种类(超高性能混凝土及普通混凝土)、剪跨比、钢板厚度及连接件间距。试验结果表明：合理控制距厚比和剪跨比,试件将呈现弯曲破坏形式,并展现出良好的延性,增加钢板厚度和核心混凝土强度,截面受弯承载力得到提升。提出了该双钢板-混凝土组合梁受弯承载力理论分析模型,与试验结果比较表明,该理论分析模型能较好计算该组合梁承载力。同时,基于ABAQUS软件建立采用增强槽钢连接件双钢板-混凝土组合梁精细化有限元分析模型,与试验结果验证表明,该分析模型能精确模拟组合梁受力性能,可为该种组合结构的设计与应用提供基础。     

Component sizing approach for the sandwich plate system

The sandwich plate system (SPS) is a bridge deck system consisting of steel face plates bonded to a rigid polyurethane core. SPS bridges are typically constructed as a series of pre-fabricated SPS deck panels compositely connected with traditional steel girders. The decks are thin, lightweight and modular, and can be tailored to numerous applications including both new bridge and rehabilitated bridges.

With new system, there exist hurdles in the implementation; for SPS, the primary challenge is the lack of an established design method for the panel cross-sections. Presented herein is a method for sizing SPS panel sections for bridge applications. This method is limited to the selection of steel plate and core dimensions, subjected to American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) limit states of serviceability, strength and fatigue and does not consider connections or bond aspects of the system. The sizing approach considers the deck panels as plates with variable boundary conditions subjected to the loading conditions of the AASHTO Load Resistance Factored Design (LRFD) bridge design specification. Results from this study indicate that the component sizing for SPS deck panels is controlled by stiffness and that plates selected to satisfy the AASHTO limiting deflection criterion will also be adequate for the remaining serviceability, strength and fatigue limit states.     

Development of dimensionless P-I diagram for curved SCS sandwich shell subjected to uniformly distributed blast pressure

The curved steel-concrete-steel (SCS) sandwich shell was recently proposed to resist blast loading and it showed better blast resistant performance as compared to flat SCS sandwich shell via developing compressive force along the shell. In this paper, a dimensionless Pressure-Impulse (P-I) diagram was constructed as a convenient tool to predict the damage level of curved SCS sandwich shell subjected to uniformly distributed blast loading. The curved SCS sandwich shell was equivalent to a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system and the equation of motion was established by employing the Lagrange’s equation. To construct the dimensionless P-I diagram, the energy balance method was utilized to yield the pressure and impulse asymptotes and the responses in the dynamic response regime were obtained via employing the SDOF method. Then, the finite element method was employed to validate the developed dimensionless P-I diagram. Finally, the procedures of using the constructed dimensionless P-I diagram to quickly conduct the blast resistant design of curved SCS sandwich shell were presented.     

钢管再生混凝土构件受力机理研究

在确定钢管与核心再生混凝土本构关系模型的基础上,采用有限元法对钢管再生混凝土轴压短柱、纯弯构件和压弯构件的破坏模态和荷载-变形关系曲线进行全过程分析,揭示出受力过程中钢管与核心再生混凝土截面应力分布规律及钢管与核心再生混凝土之间的相互作用,较为深入地认识了静力荷载作用下钢管再生混凝土构件的工作机理。     

超低能耗预制混凝土夹心保温墙板拉结件热工性能分析

试验研究了保温层厚度为250 mm夹心保温墙板的热工性能.结果表明:常规保温材料厚度为250 mm时,采用不锈钢桁架或夹形和限位拉结件组合等方式,夹心保温墙板的传热系数可以达到寒冷地区超低能耗外围护墙体的要求;相比FRP拉结件,金属拉结件会产生更大的热桥效应,对预制夹心保温墙板的传热系数有较大影响;随着拉结件传热通道的...     

The strength characteristics of aluminum honeycomb sandwich panels

Aluminum sandwich construction has been recognized as a promising concept for structural design of lightweight transportation systems such as aircraft, high-speed trains and fast ships. The aim of the present study is to investigate the strength characteristics of aluminum sandwich panels with aluminum honeycomb core theoretically and experimentally. A series of strength tests are carried out on aluminum honeycomb-cored sandwich panel specimen in three point bending, axial compression and lateral crushing loads. Simplified theories are applied to analyze bending deformation, buckling/ultimate strength and crushing strength of honeycomb sandwich panels subject to the corresponding load component. The structural failure characteristics of aluminum sandwich panels are discussed. The test data developed are documented.     

改性镁板面轻混凝土夹芯条板的研制

本文介绍了以防火性能优异的镁质平板作为面板、以轻混凝土作为芯材所组成的三合结构防火隔墙条板 ,及其生产工艺技术和产品物理性能。     

Response of pre-cast reinforced composite sandwich panels to axial loading

This paper summarises the results of an experimental and numerical study of precast reinforced composite sandwich panels. Full-scale tests were carried out to determine their axial strength capacity. Load–deformation response, strains variation across the insulation layer, strains in shear connectors, crack appearance and propagation under increasing load were recorded and analysed. A brief review of previous research works undertaken on the load bearing capacity of reinforced concrete solid walls is presented. Test results and finite element analysis (FEA) results were compared with calculated values based on current ACI design practice and other available design formulations developed for solid walls to determine if these empirical formulae are also applicable for sandwich panels. A semi-empirical formula was proposed to better fit the experimental and the FEA results.     

静载法检测预应力混凝土拱形屋面板施工质量的试验研究

论述了预应力混凝土拱形屋面板的结构特点、受力原理及应用范围,提出了预应力混凝土拱形屋面板的试验荷载作用方式及加载步骤。通过对预应力混凝土拱形屋面板所进行的静载试验数据分析,得出不同等级荷载作用下拱板上弦板、下弦板及KB板的应力、挠度及裂缝变化规律。     

Untersuchung der Anrißlebensdauer von Betondübeln mit Hilfe des Örtlichen Konzepts

Local‐strain‐approach based analysis of the crack initiation life of shear connectors using perforated steel plates. To obtain good composite action between the concrete slab and the steel girder is an essential for ultimate load, economy and serviceability of composite girders. The use of perforated steel plates which are welded to the steel and embedded in the concrete is a new method to achieve this. The advantage of these shear connectors is their very good reaction to repeated loads. This is proved with the use of the local strain approach.     

预制混凝土夹心墙板热工性能模拟与计算分析

采用有限元软件ABAQUS对4块采用不同连接件的预制混凝土夹心墙板的热工性能进行模拟,并将模拟值与试验值进行对比分析;同时,对拉接件的热桥效应进行理论计算并分析。结果表明:与无连接件的预制墙板相比,采用纤维连接件的墙板的传热系数提高8%,而采用金属连接件的墙板分别提高20.9%与14.3%;由于软件模拟与真实试验条件存在一定偏差,导致二者的结果存在一定程度的误差;修正的区域法可较准确的计算墙板的热阻,可为计算墙板的热阻值提供依据。