Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and molecular characterization of Salmonella serovars in retail meat products

The prevalence of Salmonella was determined in chicken meat (n = 26), beef (n = 49), and pork (n = 56) collected from wholesale markets, retail stores, and traditional markets in Seoul, South Korea, in 2009. Antibiotic resistance was assessed, and the molecular subtypes of Salmonella isolates were ascertained using an automated repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) system (DiversiLab). A total of 18 Salmonella strains were isolated from 17 of 131 samples: 16 strains from each of 16 samples and 2 strains from the same pork sample. The prevalence of Salmonella from the retail meats was 2.0% in beef, 8.9% in pork, and 42.3% in chicken meat. Among 10 different serotypes, Salmonella enterica Panama was recovered from a beef sample, and Salmonella London and Salmonella Montevideo were the predominant serotypes from pork and chicken meat, respectively. The highest antibiotic resistance observed was to erythromycin (100%) followed by streptomycin (22.2%) and tetracycline and chloramphenicol (16.7%). Of the 18 isolates, 5 (27.8%) were resistant to two or more antibiotics, and 1 isolate from chicken meat was resistant to eight antibiotics, including cephalosporins. Differentiation between all of the Salmonella isolates except between Salmonella Montevideo and Salmonella London was successfully performed with the automated rep-PCR system, indicating that it can be added to the toolbox for source tracking of foodborne pathogens associated with outbreaks.     

济南市零售鸡肉中沙门菌污染状况及可移动黏菌素耐药基因分析

目的 了解2020—2021年济南市零售鸡肉中沙门菌的污染状况,并探究可移动黏菌素耐药基因（mcr）的携带情况。方法 2020年12月至2021年11月在济南市采集零售鸡肉样品260份,依据GB 4789.4—2016《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验沙门氏菌检验》对样品中的沙门菌进行分离鉴定,通过聚合酶链式反应（PCR）对分离株进行血清型鉴定和mcr基因筛选,使用微量肉汤法对mcr基因阳性株开展抗生素敏感性试验。结果 260份零售鸡肉样品中共检出阳性样品61份,污染率为23.46%(61/260),秋季污染率最高可达53.33%(32/60);共分离出沙门菌103株,56株为肠炎沙门菌,占比54.37%(56/103)。2株不同产地鸡翅样品来源的印第安纳沙门菌分离株检测出mcr-1基因,阳性率为1.94%(2/103)。2株mcr-1基因阳性印第安纳沙门菌分离株均为多重耐药株,其中1株可对碳青霉烯类和多黏菌素类在内的全部12类测试抗生素同时耐药。结论 2020—2021年济南市零售鸡肉中的沙门菌污染较为严重,秋季采集样品的污染率较高,肠炎沙门菌为优势血清型,检出携带mcr-1基因;同...     

预包装熟肉制品生产加工过程沙门菌污染状况及病原学特征研究

目的 了解预包装熟肉制品生产加工过程各环节中沙门菌污染状况,并分析分离株的分子特征及耐药性。方法 按照国家《熟肉制品（预包装）生产加工过程监测工作手册》采样要求,2015—2017年在德州某预包装熟肉制品厂采集环境样品和熟肉样品共460份,依据现行有效的GB 4789.4—2016进行沙门菌分离鉴定;用血清凝集法对沙门菌进行血清分型;用脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）和多位点序列分型（MLST）法对沙门菌进行分子分型分析;采用微量肉汤稀释法对15种抗生素进行耐药性检测。结果 460份样品中沙门菌检出率为5.65%（26/460）,2016年沙门菌的检出率最高（7.65%,14/183）,不同年份沙门菌检出率差异无统计学意义（χ²=2.82,P>0.05）;中间产品中沙门菌的检出率最高,不同样品属性沙门菌检出率差异有统计学意义（χ²=64.16,P<0.05）;仅在生制品加工车间检出沙门菌,不同车间沙门菌检出率差异有统计学意义（χ²=78.08,P<0.05）。26株沙门菌共分为6个血清型,肠炎沙门菌最多,占53.85%（14/26）。26株沙门菌经PFGE分型后获得12种带型,以S4型为主;经MLST分型共获得5种ST型,ST11为优势型别。26株分离株中有22株对不同的抗生素有耐药性,耐药率最高的是氨苄西林,为73.08%（19/26）,多重耐药率（耐3种及以上抗生素）为73.08%。结论 熟肉制品加工过程中沙门菌污染主要集中在加工过程的原辅料和中间产品环节,产品蒸煮后污染状况可被有效控制。     

Assessment of the microbiological safety of edible dried seeds from retail premises in the United Kingdom with a focus on Salmonella spp.

Sesame seed products have recently been associated with a number of Salmonella outbreaks in the UK and elsewhere. Aside from sesame seeds, there is little published information on the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in edible seeds. A study of 3735 samples of retail edible dried seeds in the UK was therefore carried out between October 2007 and March 2008 to assess their microbiological safety in relation to Salmonella contamination and levels of Escherichia coli, an indicator of faecal contamination. Overall, Salmonella was detected in 23 samples (0.6%), of which over half (57%) were sesame seeds. Other seeds contaminated with Salmonella were linseed (1 sample), sunflower (1 sample), alfalfa (1 sample), melon (4 samples) and mixed seeds (3 samples). E. coli was detected in 9% of samples, with 1.5% containing unsatisfactory levels (≥10²/g). These included melon, pumpkin, sesame, hemp, poppy, linseed, sunflower and mixed seeds. The UK retailers affected by the detection of Salmonella in their products recalled the contaminated batches, and Food Standards Agency food alerts were issued to advise against the consumption of affected seed products. This study highlights the importance of good hygiene practices and effective decontamination procedures during the production of these products.     

Antimicrobial resistant genes associated with Salmonella from retail meats and street foods

We examined the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from 300 meat products (raw beef, chicken meat and street foods). A total of 88 non-duplicate Salmonella from 66 (22.0%) retail meat and 22 (7.5%) street food samples were recovered and 11 serovars were identified. Among the 88 Salmonella isolates, the highest resistance was to tetracycline (73.8%), followed by sulfonamide (63.6%), streptomycin (57.9%), nalidixic acid (44.3%), trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (19.3%), ampicillin (17.0%), chloramphenicol (10.2%), cephalotin (8.0%), kanamycin (6.8%), ciprofloxacin (2.2%) gentamycin (2.2%), cefoxitin (2.2%), amoxicillin–clavulanate (1.0%) and amikacin (1.0%). Sixty-seven percent of the isolates (59/88) were multidrug resistant (MDR). Ten out of 17 resistance genes (bla_TEM-1, strA, strB, aadA, sulI, sulII, tetA, tetB, floR, cmlA) were detected. Twelve of the 59 MDR Salmonella isolates from serovars Typhimurium (6), Newport (3), Agona (1), Albany (1) and Weltevreden (1) had class 1 integrons. The gene cassettes identified were dfrA1, dfrV, dfrA12, aadA2, sul1 genes and an open reading frame orfC of unknown function. Four integron-positive isolates could transfer resistance phenotypes to the recipient strain, E. coli J53 via conjugation. These data revealed that the Salmonella isolates recovered from the retail meats and cooked street foods were resistant to multiple antimicrobials, which can be transmitted to humans through food products. The occurrence of mobile genetic elements such as integrons reiterates the roles of food of animal origins as a reservoir of MDR Salmonella.     

2015—2020年宜宾市肉类食品沙门菌血清型及分子分型研究

目的 研究宜宾市肉类食品中沙门菌分离株的血清型和分子分型特征,分析沙门菌污染的危险因素。方法 收集2015—2020年宜宾市辖区(县)肉类食品沙门菌分离株29株,进行血清型鉴定和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分子分型分析,并就地域、物种来源和售卖方式对沙门菌血清群检出构成比的影响进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 29株沙门菌分离株共检出14种血清型(分属4个群),主要优势血清型为鼠伤寒沙门菌、吉韦沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌。聚类分析显示PFGE分子分型为18种带型。肠炎沙门菌带型相似度100%,来自同一传染链;吉韦沙门菌有2种带型,鼠伤寒沙门菌有4种带型,相似度较差;多因素Logistic分析显示,影响D群沙门菌检出的主要危险因素为地域分布(OR=1.053,P<0.05);影响E群沙门菌检出的主要危险因素为物种来源(OR=3.887,P<0.05)和地域分布(OR=1.227,P<0.05)。结论 监管部门应从家禽养殖地地域来源和肉类物种来源两个方面加强宜宾市肉类食品安全监督。     

北京市批发市场鸡肉中沙门菌血清型和耐药特征研究

目的 了解北京市批发市场零售鸡肉中沙门菌分离株的血清型分布和耐药性特征。方法 针对2014—2015年北京市丰台区3个大型批发市场零售鸡肉中分离的135株沙门菌,使用Luminex血清分型试剂盒和传统血清凝集方法进行血清学鉴定,按照Enterobase数据库推荐条件进行多位点序列分型,采用药敏鉴定板测定菌株对12类25种抗菌药物的敏感性,使用PCR方法检测10种可移动黏菌素耐药基因（mcr）和3种NDM型碳青霉烯酶基因（blaNDM）的携带情况。结果135株沙门菌共检出6种血清群,D1和B为主要血清群;20种血清型,Enteritidis、Indiana和Thompson为优势血清型,占比分别为50.4%、15.6%和8.1%;21种ST型,血清型与ST型具有较好对应。91.9%的菌株为耐药株,菌株对萘啶酸、氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦和四环素4种药物耐药率最高,多重耐药菌株占全部菌株的71.1%,最高可对10类18种抗菌药物耐药;对8类及以上药物耐药的17株菌株中,16株为Indiana血清型;不同包装方式、不同季节和不同批发市场来源菌株,高重耐药菌株占比具有一定差别。所有菌株均为mc...     

A new 7-plex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella Enteritidis in meat products

A 7-plex PCR assay was developed to achieve an effective detection and identification of serotype Enteritidis of Salmonella spp. and shiga toxin-producing type of Escherichia coli O157 in meat products. Six DNA sequences in the invA and sdfI genes of Salmonella Enteritidis as well as rfbE, eae, stx1, and stx2 genes of E. coli O157:H7 were employed to design primers. The multiplex PCR assay could specifically and sensitively detect and identify target pathogens. Applying the assay to meat samples, the multiplex PCR assay was able to simultaneously detect and identify the two pathogens at a sensitivity of three CFU/10 g raw meats after simple 16 h enrichment in buffered peptone water. Further applying in 21 retail meat samples revealed that two samples were positive for non-shiga toxin producing E. coli O157, one sample was positive for Stx2 producing E. coli O157 and five samples were positive for Salmonella enterica Enteritidis. Taken together, the 7-plex PCR assay is a rapid and reliable method for effectively screening single or multiple pathogens occurrences in various meat products, and could also identify the Salmonella enterica Enteritidis from all Salmonella spp. and shiga toxin producing type from all E. coli strains. Considering as a non expensive screening tool, the multiplex PCR assay has a great potential in complement for food stuff analysis by conventional microbiological tests.     

Incidence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella spp. on raw chicken carcasses

The current study was carried out to detect Salmonella spp. contamination on chicken carcasses and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility profiles and serotype distribution of the isolates. A total of 200 packaged fresh raw chicken samples sold at retail in different markets in central Anatolia were analysed between April 2005 and March 2006. Salmonella spp. was detected in 34% (68/200) of samples using cultural technique and were confirmed by PCR. Ten Salmonella serovars were identified; predominant ones included Typhimurium, Infantis and Heidelberg. All of the Salmonella spp. isolates tested, exhibited resistance to one or more antimicrobial agents used. Resistance to penicillin, oxacillin, clindamycin, vancomycin, erythromycin and ampicillin were evident 100%, 97%, 97%, 92.6%, 89.7% and 85.2%, respectively. Also resistance to tetracycline (67.6%), streptomycin (61.7%), neomycin (55.8%) and cephalothin (52.9%) was observed but a small percentage of the isolates demonstrated resistance to gentamicin (14.7%), chloramphenicol (10.2%), cefotaxime (2.9%) and amikacin (2.9%). As a result, high prevalence of Salmonella spp. and the relatively high resistance among the bacteria tested could pose public health and therapeutic problems in consumers as potential vehicle of resistant Salmonella foodborne infections. To avoid Salmonella contamination, hygienic rules of slaughter and poultry meat processing must be rigorously observed and antibiotic use must be controlled by governmental agencies to prevent increased resistance of antibiotics.     

Antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella serovars isolated from retail pork and chicken meat in North Vietnam

The spread of antibiotic resistance via meat poses a serious public health concerns. During 2007-2009, a total of 586 retail meat samples (318 pork and 268 chicken meats) were collected from three provinces (Bac Ninh, Ha Noi and Ha Tay) of North Vietnam to determine the prevalence of Salmonella. Isolates were characterized by serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Approximately 39.6% (n=126) of pork and 42.9% (n=115) of chicken samples were Salmonella-positive, and 14 Salmonella serovars were identified. Anatum (15.8%) was the most common serovar, followed by Infantis (13.3%), Emek (10.4%), Derby and Rissen (9.5%), Typhimurium (9.1%), Reading (7.5%) and London (6.2%). The isolation frequency of serovars Enteritidis, Albany, Hadar, Weltevreden, Newport and Blockey ranged from 1.2%-5.8%. Resistance to at least one antibiotic agent was detected in 78.4% of isolates (n=189) and the most frequent resistance were to tetracycline (58.5%), sulphonamides (58.1%), streptomycin (47.3%), ampicillin (39.8%), chloramphenicol (37.3%), trimethoprim (34.0%) and nalidixic acid (27.8%). No Salmonella isolates were resistant to ceftazidime. Chicken isolates had higher resistance to antibiotic agents than pork isolates (P<0.05). It showed that 159 Salmonella isolates belong to the 14 serovars were multidrug resistant (MDR) and 50 MDR patterns were found. This study indicated that Salmonella serovars isolated from retail meat samples were resistant to multiple antibiotics and this resistance was widespread among different serovars. The widespread resistance may have arisen from misuse or overuse of antibiotics during animal husbandry in North Vietnam.     

市售小酥肉中沙门菌热失活模型的建立与验证

目的 研究不同加热温度下小酥肉中沙门菌的热失活规律,以期为安全消费提供指导。方法 将接种10⁸ CFU/g鼠伤寒沙门菌的小酥肉在80℃、90℃、100℃、110℃和120℃,热处理一定时间后活菌计数,使用线性模型、Logistic模型和Weibull模型对小酥肉中沙门菌的热失活规律进行研究,并通过外部实验对模型进行验证。结果 与线性模型和Logistic模型相比,Weibull模型更适用于描述小酥肉中沙门菌热失活状况,其一级模型判定系数R²均在0.992 1以上,二级模型R²分别为0.949 2、0.995 9,用95℃和105℃温度对模型进行验证时的准确度Af、偏差度Bf均在可接受范围内,说明实验构建的模型可较好地描述80℃～120℃温度范围内小酥肉中沙门菌的失活规律。结论 本研究有望为小酥肉安全加热时间提供参考,同时为小酥肉微生物相关风险评估提供模型支持。     

Effects of plasmid curing on antibiotic susceptibility, phage type, lipopoly saccharide and outer membrane protein profiles in local Salmonella isolates

Five different Salmonella isolates (four Salmonella enteritidis and one Salmonella havana) of human, chicken or egg origin which all expressed smooth lipopolysaccharide were subjected to plasmid curing. Upon this treatment, four isolates lost at least one of their resident plasmids while all five isolates became rough in their LPS profiles. Two of the S. enteritidis isolates, CA13 and CE7, were found to convert phage types (PTs) as well. The phage type conversion in CA13 from PT6 to PT21 was found to be accompanied by the loss of a 19·0-MDa plasmid as well as the loss of sulbactam ampicillin and tetracycline resistance. The change in the PTs of the strain CE7 from PT20a to the PT20 variant was accompanied by the loss of two plasmids of 10·9 and 1·45 MDa. Outer membrane protein (OMP) type change occurred only in the isolate CA13, which lost an OMP of 27·2 kDa. The strains, CA13 and CE7, retained their high molecular weight plasmid (36 MDa), which has been very commonly found (77 of 82) among local S. enteritidis isolates.     

Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in beef products from retail outlets in Gaborone, Botswana

Four hundred meat samples (134 meat cubes, 133 minced meat, 133 fresh sausages) were collected from 15 supermarkets and butcheries in Gaborone, Botswana, between the summer months of October 2002 and March 2003. Samples were assayed for Escherichia coli O157 by selective enrichment in modified E. coli broth containing novobiocin, followed by immunomagnetic separation and plating onto sorbitol MacConkey agar supplemented with potassium tellurite. The isolates were biochemically and serologically confirmed by API 20E and O157 antisera, respectively. The prevalence rates for E. coli O157 were 5.22% in meat cube samples, 3.76% in minced meat samples, and 2.26% in fresh sausages. The isolates showed single, double, and triple antibiotic resistance. Fifty-three percent of them were resistant to cephalothin. Resistance was also recorded for sulphatriad (33%), colistin sulphate (26%), streptomycin (0.7%), and tetracycline (26%). It is recommended that the cause for antibiotic resistance be investigated using a larger number of samples from cattle, especially from ranching areas of the country.     

Characterizing asymptotic D-values for Salmonella spp. subjected to different heating rates in sous-vide cooked beef

Inactivation rates of a cocktail of Salmonella spp. in sous vide cooked beef exposed to varied ‘come-up’ heating times of zero (control), and 1–3 h from 10 °C to the processing temperature of 58 °C were examined. The observed survival curves, determined for 58 °C, displayed a slight ‘shoulder’ followed by a non-zero asymptotic D-values. Comparisons of the survival curves confirm that the rate of heating can substantially influence the heat resistance of Salmonella spp. While there was no significant difference between the estimated asymptotic D-values for the control and 1-h come-up heating time survival curves, the estimated D-values were significantly larger for the 2- and 3-h come-up heating times curves. The estimated averages of the asymptotic D-values for the control and 1-h come-up time survival curves are approximately 5.7 min; for the 2-h come-up time curves, 7 min; and for the 3-h come-up time curves, 8 min. These findings could have substantial practical importance to food processors in sous vide cooked beef that are processed by slow heating rate/long come-up times and low heating temperatures.     

Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Listeria species in meat products in Ankara,Turkey

In this study, a total of 146 raw (minced, chicken, beef) and cooked (red meat, chicken) meat samples were analysed for the presence of Listeria spp. The isolates were characterized by morphological, cultural, biochemical tests according to Bergey's manual and confirmed by API-Listeria kit. Out of a total of 146 meat samples, 79 (54.10%) were found to be contaminated with Listeria spp., with the highest incidence (86.4%) occurring in raw minced meat. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from 9 (6.16%) of the 79 samples examined. Other species isolated included L. innocua 68 (46.57%), L. welshimeri one (0.68%) and L. murrayi one (0.68%). Of the Listeria species, L. innocua (46.57%) was the most predominantly isolated species in a variety of meat samples. Overall, the Listeria strains isolated from meat and meat products were mostly resistant to cephalothin and nalidixic acid but exhibited a high degree of susceptibility to kanamycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. The importance of finding antibiotic resistant Listeria spp. in food is discussed.     

A note on the incidence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat and chicken samples

One hundred and fifty samples of raw calf/lamb meat samples (mince and chunks) and chicken parts (giblets, carcass) were analysed for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. Eighty S. aureus strains were isolated and identified. Resistance of the strains to methicillin and other antibiotics was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test. The overall methicillin resistance rate for S. aureus was 67.5%. Of S. aureus strains, 87.5% were resistant to bacitracin. A high prevalence of penicillin G resistance was detected for S. aureus (53.8%). Few of the strains were resistant to erythromycin (7.5%). All strains were susceptible to vancomycin, sulbactam–ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and cefaperazone–sulbactam. This study confirmed the presence of S. aureus, especially antibiotic-resistant strains, in the foods examined, indicating poor sanitary conditions during processing which may create a health risk for consumers.     

Genotypic and phenotypic virulence characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of Yersinia spp. isolated from meat and milk products

A total of 300 food samples including 180 milk and 120 meat products have been examined for the presence of Yersinia spp. using the ISO 10273 and the cold enrichment method. The overall prevalence of Yersinia spp. was 84 (28%). Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from 18 (6%) of the 300 samples. The other Yersinia species were detected in the samples Yersinia rohdei 15 (5%), Yersinia intermedia 14 (4.7%), Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 12 (4%), Yersinia ruckeri 12 (4%), Yersinia mollaretii 5 (1.7%), Yersinia bercovieri 4 (1.3%), and atypical Yersinia spp. 4 (1.3%). The conventionally identified Y. enterocolitica strains were also confirmed by the 16S rRNA gene sequencing. All Y. enterocolitica strains biotyped as 1A had negative results in the phenotypic virulence tests. The 84 Yersinia strains were also examined genotypically for the presence of virulence genes. None of the Y. enterocolitica and other Yersinia strains contained the ail, ystA, yadA, and virF except only 1 Y. intermedia and 2 Y. enterocolitica strains that were found to be positive for ystB. Antimicrobial resistance of 84 Yersinia to 16 antimicrobial agents was determined by the disk diffusion method. All strains were sensitive to tobramycine and imipenem while resistant to clindamycin. Although 84.5% of the strains were resistant to at least 3 or more antimicrobial agents, 64.3% of them were resistant to 4 or more antimicrobial agents.     

The antibiotic resistance characteristics of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from food-producing animals, retail meat and humans in South East Asia

Antimicrobial resistance is a global problem. It is most prevalent in developing countries where infectious diseases remain common, the use of antibiotics in humans and animals is widespread, and the replacement of older antibiotics with new generation antibiotics is not easy due to the high cost. Information on antibiotic resistance phenotypes and genotypes of Salmonella spp. in food animals and humans in different countries and geographic regions is necessary to combat the spread of resistance. This will improve the understanding of antibiotic resistance epidemiology, tracing of new emerging pathogens, assisting in disease treatment, and enhancing prudent use of antibiotics. However, the extent of antibiotic resistance in food-borne pathogens and humans in many developing countries remains unknown. The goal of this review is to discuss the current state of antibiotic resistance of non-typhoid Salmonella spp. in food-producing animals, retail meat and humans from South East Asia. It is focused on resistance characteristics of traditional and "critically important" antibiotics in this region, and the emergence of multidrug resistant strains and genetic elements that contribute to the development of multidrug resistance, including integrons and the Salmonella Genomic Island (SGI).     

肉制品中致泻大肠埃希菌的分子特征分析

目的 了解国内肉制品中致泻大肠埃希菌（DEC）的流行特征。方法 运用全基因组测序技术对86株DEC进行分子特征分析,明确优势病理类型、序列型和血清型。通过全基因组单核苷酸多态性分析,确定我国肉制品来源DEC菌株之间的系统发育关系。结果 肉制品中致泻大肠埃希菌的病理类型以EAEC为主,86株DEC可分为8种毒力基因型,包括48个ST型（包括6个新ST型）和55个O:H血清型;ST11和CC10为优势序列型和克隆复合体,O157、O15和O6为优势血清群。DEC菌株间表现为高度的遗传异质性,相同病理类型的同源性较低,处在不同的进化分支上。结论 DEC的病理类型与ST型及血清型间未见对应关系,通过对ST型及血清型的监测不能直接对病理类型进行判断,但数量最多的ST型及血清型揭示了DEC的主要危害特征与防控点。可根据全基因组测序结果补充和优化DEC的判定方法,为今后DEC的溯源及流行病学调查提供数据支撑。     

食品及临床样本中沙门菌多重耐药相关基因的研究

目的 了解从食品及临床样本中分离的沙门菌整合子以及产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)菌分布,以及不同耐药基因与多重耐药之间的关系。方法 利用K-B法进行产ESBL菌表型确证试验;通过聚合酶链式反应方法,对产超广谱β-内酰胺酶沙门菌相关耐药基因(bla_TEM、bla_SHV、bla_CTX)以及可移动元件—整合子基因进行扩增,对整合子可变区扩增产物进行基因测序,分析携带耐药基因盒。结果 共分离309株沙门菌,138株来自食品(禽类96株,生猪肉19株,水产品23株),171株来自临床样本。309株沙门菌耐药率达78.3%,多重耐药率达41.1%,其中禽类耐药率占比最高。共检出56株产ESBL菌,其中35株携带产ESBL菌相关耐药基因(bla _TEM基因型15株,bla_CTX基因型10株,bla _TEM与bla _CTX双基因型10株),未检出bla _SHV基因。检出98株Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌,阳性率为31.7%。其中54株携带...