Regioselective acylation of pyridoxine catalyzed by immobilized lipase in ionic liquid

The regioselective acylation of pyridoxine catalyzed by immobilized lipase (Candida Antarctica) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM]PF₆) has been investigated, and compared with that in acetonitrile (ACN). The acetylation of pyridoxine using acetic anhydride in [BMIM]PF₆ gave comparable conversion of pyridoxine to 5-monoacetyl pyridoxine with considerably higher regioselectivity (93%–95%) than that in ACN (70%–73%). Among the tested parameters, water activity (a _w) and temperature have profound effects on the reaction performances in either [BMIM]PF₆ or ACN. For the reaction in [BMIM] PF₆, higher temperature (50°C–55°C) and lower a _w (<0.01) are preferable conditions to obtain better conversion and regioselectivity. Mass transfer limitation and intrinsic kinetic from the ionic nature of ionic liquids (ILs) may account for a different rate-temperature profile and a lower velocity at lower temperature in [BMIM]PF₆-mediated reaction. Moreover, consecutive batch reactions for enzyme reuse also show that lipase exhibited a much higher thermal stability and better reusability in [BMIM]PF₆ than in ACN, which represents another advantage of ILs as an alternative to traditional solvents beyond green technology.     

Determination and Correlation of Solubilities of Four Novel Benzothiazolium Ionic Liquids with PF6^- in Six Alcohols

Four novel benzothiazolium ionic liquids with 6PF- （[C1Bth][PF6], [C4Bth][PF6], [C5Bth][PF6] and [C6Bth][PF6]） were synthesized, and the rang of their melting points were determined between 358.35 K-424.05 K. The relationship of their melting points and the length of the straight alkyl chain on cation reflected‘S’ type ten-dency. Then, the solubilities of the four ionic liquids in six lower alcohols （methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-propanol） were measured in the temperature rang of 253.15-383.15 K at at-mospheric pressure with static analytical method, respectively. It was found that [C6Bth][PF6] in all investigated ionic liquids had the largest solubility in six alcohols and the solubility of [C4Bth][PF6] in methanol was very sensi-tive for temperature in 313.15-333.15 K, which was so-called “temperature-sensitivity”. This feature is of great significance to their application of catalyzing reaction or extraction process, and makes the recovery and reuse of ionic liquids （ILs） become easier. Moreover, the experimental solubility data were correlated with the modified Apelblat equation andλh equation, respectively. It was found that the result of correlation using two divided tem-perature ranges was better than that of using the whole temperature range.     

离子液体用于燃油萃取脱硫的选择与过程优化

针对基于COSMO-SAC模型分子设计方法的准确性问题,采用离子液体脱硫机理分析和实验的方法对其进行了验证,即对[HMIM] [BF₄]、[HMIM] [PF₆]、[BMIM] [BF₄]、[BMIM] [PF₆]、[EMIM] [BF₄]、[EMIM] [PF₆] 6种离子液体作萃取剂时的脱硫效果进行了脱硫机理的分析和实验的验证,得到的脱硫性能排序与离子液体分子设计结果基本一致,且均认为[HMIM] [PF₆]脱硫率较高。以[HMIM] [PF₆]为萃取剂,通过液相色谱法测定萃取后的液相组成,考察萃取时间、萃取温度、剂油比3个因素对脱硫率、分配系数和选择性系数的影响。通过正交实验设计确定了萃取时间40 min、萃取温度20℃、剂油比2：1为较优操作条件,单次脱硫率为72.74%,四级萃取可将模型油的含硫量由1200 μg·g^-1降至6.98 μg·g^-1,符合国Ⅴ标准。     

疏水性离子液体-中性磷氧萃取剂萃取稀土元素的应用

液液萃取广泛应用于稀土元素的分离回收,为了便于相的分离,通常采用疏水性萃取剂。基于液液萃取的特性,通过微波辅助法合成了疏水性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐（[BMIM][PF₆]）。分别探究了[BMIM][PF₆]搭配不同中性磷氧萃取剂对稀土元素中Nd³⁺和Pr³⁺的萃取研究。结果表明1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐-三正辛基氧化磷（[BMIM][PF₆]-TOPO）为最适宜萃取体系。在最适宜萃取体系下,探究了时间、温度、pH值、V（A）/V（O）（水相稀土离子/有机相萃取体系）和萃取组分体积比对萃取效率的影响。结果表明：萃取时间为20 min、温度为25℃、pH值=6.0、V（A）/V（O）=1.0、V_[BMIM][PF6]：V_TOPO=1：1,体系对于Nd³⁺的萃取效果最佳,萃取率可达97.8%;萃取时间为25 min、温度为25℃、pH值=6.0、V（A）/V（O）=1.0、V_[BMIM][PF6]：V_TOPO=1：1,体系对于Pr³⁺的萃取效果最佳,萃取率可达94.2%;萃取过程为放热反应,反应焓变分别为ΔH（Nd³⁺）=-38.43 kJ·mol^-1,ΔH（Pr³⁺）=-28.76 kJ·mol^-1。     

Insight into the behavior at the hygroscopicity and interface of the hydrophobic imidazolium-based ionic liquids

How to completely remove the water from ionic liquids(ILs) is difficult for researchers because of the hygroscopicity of ILs. In order to study the hygroscopicity of ILs, two kinds of ILs, 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate([Bmim][PF_6]) and 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)([Bmim][NTf_2]) were investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. Although[Bmim][PF_6] and [Bmim][NTf_2] are hydrophobic, both of the ILs could absorb water molecules from the vapor. In this work, the process of absorbing water from the vapor phase was studied, and the water molecules could disperse into the IL. Aggregation was observed with increasing the water concentration.Although the absorbed water increases obviously, the amount of free water and small cluster in the ILs does not change significantly and always stays at a certain level. The amount of free water and small cluster in [Bmim][PF_6] is more than that in [Bmim][NTf_2], which is consistent with their hydrophobicity. In addition, the liquid-vacuum and liquid–liquid interfaces of the ILs were simulated and analyzed in detail.The number density distribution and angle distribution indicated that [Bmim]+cations arrangement regularly at the IL-vacuum interface. The butyl chain point to the vacuum, while the imidazlium ring is close to the IL phase region and perpendicular to the interface. While at the IL-water interface, the cations and anions are disordered.     

丁二烯抽提工艺中离子液体添加剂的筛选及分离性能

提出以离子液体为第三组分的丁二烯抽提新工艺,通过考察不同结构的离子液体对C₄组分在复合萃取剂中相对挥发度的影响,并结合量化计算的方法,研究了该工艺中萃取剂和第三组分与C₄组分的相互作用机理,从而优选出适用于该工艺的离子液体添加剂[Emim][PF₆]。另外研究了该离子液体在工业条件下对C₄组分分离性能的影响,并对改进前后的工艺进行全流程模拟计算。结果表明：与现有乙腈法相比,离子液体的加入有利于提高C₄在新型萃取剂中的相对挥发度,具有很好的分离效果。含离子液体的新工艺可使能耗降低约6.62%,乙腈消耗量降低约24%,而且离子液体能够回收利用,回收率高达98%（质量分数）以上,因此基于离子液体的乙腈法抽提丁二烯新技术具有很好的工业应用前景。     

Photodegradation of benzothiazole ionic liquids catalyzed by titanium dioxide and silver-loaded titanium dioxide

In recent years, ionic liquids(ILs) have been widely used in extraction, synthesis, electrochemistry and other fields.Meanwhile, the environmental impact of ILs has been attracting a lot of attention, and eco-friendly treatment for ILs is becoming a necessary subject. In this study, photocatalytic degradations of benzothiazole ILs catalyzed by titanium dioxide(TiO_2) and silver-loaded titanium dioxide(Ag/TiO_2) were studied for the first time. The degradation of benzothiazole hexafluorophosphate([C4 Bth]PF6) could reach more than 99% within 240 min with the catalysis of TiO_2. To improve catalytic efficiency, Ag/TiO_2 was synthesized and characterized by UV–Vis diffuse reflectance absorption spectra(DRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The degradation of [C4 Bth]PF6 could reach more than 99% within 120 min in the degradation catalyzed by Ag/TiO_2. The photodegradation products of benzothiazole ILs are composed of inorganic substances or organic substances with simpler structures, which are easier to decompose and less toxic. The degradation system proposed by this study could provide a simple, green,safe, and economical method for the efficient treatment of benzothiazole ILs.     

胆碱脯氨酸/RTILs支撑液膜的CO2/N2分离性能

选用不同种类的室温型离子液体（RTILs）与胆碱脯氨酸离子液体进行混合分别制得[Choline][Pro]/[EMIm][N（CN）₂]、[Choline][Pro]/[bmim][PF₆]以及[Choline][Pro]/[HMIm][NTf₂]混合离子液体,并将其应用于离子液体支撑液膜（SILMs）。考察操作温度、操作压差、RTILs种类和含量对SILMs分离CO₂/N₂性能的影响。结果表明胆碱脯氨酸/RTILs系列SILMs的CO₂通量在343.3～1936.9 barrer之间变化并且CO₂/N₂选择性为10.3～34.8。对CO₂膜过程内在机制探索表明随着[HMIm][NTf₂]离子液体在混合离子液体中比例的增加,总阻力1/K_m会呈现先降低后升高的趋势。与实验现象中随着[HMIm][NTf₂]离子液体在混合离子液体中比例的增加CO₂先升高后降低相符。     

A new way to conduct enzymatic synthesis in an active membrane using ionic liquids as catalyst support

Several active membranes were prepared by immobilization of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) onto the surface of ceramic membranes via three different ionic liquids (ILs): [bmim⁺][PF₆⁻], [emim⁺][NTf₂⁻] and [bmim⁺][NTf₂⁻] and compared to an active membrane obtained by simple enzyme adsorption. The performances of these various membranes were evaluated by studying the synthesis of butyl laurate by the acidolysis between butyl acetate and lauric acid in a hexane/water mixture (98:2, v/v). The results obtained show that all the membranes prepared with or without ILs were active and maintained their activity after several runs and during some months.     

Molecular dynamics simulation for the binary mixtures of high pressure carbon dioxide and ionic liquids简

Molecular dynamics simulation with an all-atom force field has been carded out on the two binary sys- tems of [bmim][PF6]-CO2 and [bmim][NO3]-CO2 to study the transport properties, volume expansion and micro- structures. It was found that addition of CO2 in the liquid phase can greatly decrease the viscosity of ionic liquids （ILs） and increase their diffusion coefficient obviously. Furthermore, the volume expansion of ionic liquids was found to increase with the increase of the mole fraction of CO2 in the liquid phase but less than 35% for the two simulated systems, which had a significant difference with CO2 expanded organic solvents. The main reason was that there were some void spaces inter and intra the molecules of ionic liquids. Finally, site to site radial distribution functions and corresponding number integrals were investigated and it was found that the change of microstructures of ILs bv addition CO2 had a great influence on the orooerties of ILs.     

氢氟烃在离子液体[HMIM][PF6]中的扩散系数和亨利常数

氢氟烃+离子液体是一种非常有潜力的吸收式制冷循环工质对。利用压力衰减法测量了303.15～343.15 K范围内6种氢氟烃（R32、R125、R161、R143a、R1234yf、R152a）在离子液体1-已基-3-甲基咪唑（钅翁）六氟磷酸盐（[HMIM][PF₆]）中的扩散系数和亨利常数。结果表明：6种氢氟烃在[HMIM][PF₆]中的扩散系数和亨利常数均随着温度的升高而增大。在6种氢氟烃中，因R32在[HMIM][PF₆]中具有较大的溶解度和扩散系数，所以R32+[HMIM][PF₆]较适合作为吸收式制冷循环的工质对。最后，采用Arrhenius方程对6种氢氟烃在[HMIM][PF₆]中的扩散系数和亨利常数进行了关联，计算结果与实验数据的平均绝对相对偏差分别小于2.5%和6.0%。     

Application of hydrophobic ionic liquid [Bmmim][PF6] in solvent extraction for oily sludge

In this study, an ionic liquid (IL), 1-butyl-2,3-dimmmethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmmim][PF₆]), was used in combination with a composite solvent of methyl acetate and n-heptane to enhance the oil extraction from oily sludge. The oil recovery increased by approximately 15% compared with that of solvent extraction without [Bmmim][PF₆] at the optimal ratios of IL to sludge and solvents to sludge, which were at 2:5 (M/M) and 4:1 (V/M), respectively. The saturate, aromatic, resin and asphaltene (SARA) analysis revealed that the recovery of resins and asphaltenes was increased by 14% and 38%, respectively, in the solvent extraction with the addition of [Bmmim][PF₆]. [Bmmim][PF₆] maintained a good performance after its reuse four times. The addition of [Bmmim][PF₆] changed the adhesion forces between oil and soil. The IL-assisted solvent extraction procedure followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model, while the unassisted solvent extraction procedure followed the pseudo first-order kinetic model. The results also demonstrated that [Bmmim][PF₆] decreased the solvent consumption by approximately 60% each time. Additionally, [Bmmim][PF₆] can be easily separated. The results suggested that enhancing the solvent extraction with this IL is a promising way to recover oil from oily sludge with a higher oil recovery rate and lower organic solvent consumption than those with the unassisted solvent extraction method.     

离子液体体系用于盐湖卤水提取锂

3种咪唑类离子液体:1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([C₄mim][PF₆])、1-己基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([C₆mim][PF₆])、1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([C₈mim][PF₆])被作为绿色溶剂用于盐湖卤水分离镁锂, 建立了以离子液体(ILs)、磷酸三丁酯(TBP)分别为萃取介质和萃取剂的盐湖卤水锂萃取体系, 并与使用传统有机溶剂磺化煤油和氯仿的萃取效果进行了对比。研究发现, 该离子液体体系较使用传统挥发性有机溶剂的萃取体系有更高的萃取率。锂的萃取率随离子液体中烷基碳原子数的减小而增加。详细考察了溶液pH、离子液体浓度、相比对萃取效率的影响, 获得了离子液体体系萃取的最优条件。在最佳萃取条件下, 3种离子液体体系对锂的单级萃取效率均高于80%, 分离系数最高达到100以上。机理研究表明:离子液体体系是以阳离子交换实现对锂的萃取, Li⁺与TBP形成[Li·2TBP]⁺络合物进入有机相。     

Biosynthesis of glycyrrhetic acid 3-O-mono-β-D-glucuronide by whole cell in ionic liquid/water biphasic system

研究了水/离子液体两相体系中重组毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris GS115（r-PGUS-P）全细胞转化甘草酸（GL）生成单葡萄糖醛酸基甘草次酸（GAMG）的反应。确定最适反应体系为离子液体［BMIM］PF₆/水（2∶8,体积比）,最适缓冲液pH、反应温度、底物浓度和细胞加入量分别为5.4、45℃、6.0 mmol·L^-1和8.0 g·L^-1。在此条件下反应58 h,产物GAMG得率和化学键选择性分别为69.6%和67.2%,与纯水相反应体系相比,分别提高了12.4%和12.61%。离子液体循环使用7次后,回收利用率为93.47%。产物GAMG和副产物甘草次酸（GA）在此两相体系中得到有效分离,为后续产物分离带来便利。     

二元离子液体OMImBF4/HMImPF6中硝基苯的电化学还原

将离子液体OMImBF₄与HMImPF₆二元复合,研究了离子液体复合前后电导率、红外谱峰等的变化,在不同体积比的OMImBF₄/HMImPF₆体系中采用循环伏安法(CV)、计时电流法(CA)和电化学原位红外光谱法(In-situ FTIRS)等方法探究了硝基苯在铂电极上的电化学还原行为。研究结果表明,OMImBF₄/HMImPF₆的电导率随HMImPF₆体积比的增大而减小,红外谱峰较单一离子液体变化明显;硝基苯在体积比为3:1的二元离子液体OMImBF₄/HMImPF₆体系中的还原峰电位及还原峰电流均优于单一离子液体,且主要产物偶氮苯的选择性及硝基苯的转化率都要优于单一离子液体。硝基苯在此二元离子液体体系中的还原过程受扩散控制,扩散系数D为 2.024×10^-7 cm²·s^-1。     

胶原在两种离子液体[BMIM]Cl和[BMIM]Ac中的溶解及再生结构比较

采用离子交换法, 以1-丁基-3-甲基氯代咪唑([BMIM]Cl)为原料合成了咪唑醋酸盐型离子液体([BMIM]Ac), 以两者为溶剂研究了胶原纤维在咪唑类离子液体中的溶解行为及再生前后的结构与热稳定性变化。结果表明, 胶原纤维在CH₃COO^-和Cl^-型离子液体中均能溶解, 但具有明显不同的溶解特性。相对[BMIM]Cl的溶解性能而言, [BMIM]Ac能够在较低的温度下获得高浓度和良好流动性的胶原溶液, 而且再生胶原的三股螺旋结构保留度更高。FTIR、UV、XRD、CD、TG分析结果表明, 胶原在咪唑离子液体中溶解前后其化学结构未发生明显变化, 而三股螺旋的保留度和热稳定性略有降低。     

规整填料塔中离子液体吸收CO2的传质与流体力学性能

在规整填料塔中采用离子液体吸收二氧化碳气体,利用计算流体力学(CFD)软件建立可靠的数学模型,系统考察了离子液体结构及规整填料几何参数对吸收过程的传质特性和流体力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,床层压降随气体流速增大而增大,液相传质系数随液体流速的增大而增大。相同阴离子时,随着阳离子碳链长度的增长,吸收过程压降增大,同时液相传质系数减小。相同阳离子时,不同阴离子的离子液体压降大的同时传质系数也大。但离子液体的结构对压降影响不明显。离子液体筛选主要考虑传质系数和溶解度因素,但二者与离子液体结构表现出相反的规律。两种折线结构的规整填料传质性能优于传统的X型和Y型结构。     

[NH2-emim]Br/[Bmim]BF4离子液体中二氧化碳的电化学还原

以2-溴乙胺氢溴酸和N-甲基咪唑盐为原料合成了氨基功能化离子液体1-（2-胺乙基）-3-甲基咪唑溴盐（[NH₂-emim]Br）,用¹H NMR和IR对所制备的离子液体进行了表征,测得25℃下[NH₂-emim]Br的黏度26.691 Pa·s、电导率0.1130 mS·cm^-1,CO₂的溶解饱和度82%（摩尔分数）,将不同含量的[NH₂-emim]Br与[Emim]BF₄、[Bmim]BF₄、[Bmim]PF₆组成二元复合离子液体,并用于CO₂电化学还原研究,循环伏安研究表明,CO₂在[NH₂-emim]Br（0.5%）-[Bmim]BF₄复合离子液体中的还原峰电位较[Bmim]BF₄正移0.4 V,还原峰电流增大9倍,黏度降低为0.08227 Pa·s,电导率增大至1.317 mS·cm^-1,是一种较好的CO₂电化学还原离子液体体系。     

Low-pressure CO2 sorption in ammonium-based poly(ionic liquid)s

Ammonium-based ionic liquid monomers and their corresponding polymers [poly(ionic liquid)s] are synthesized and characterized for CO₂ sorption. The polymers have much higher CO₂ sorption capacities than the room-temperature ionic liquids and imidazolium-based poly(ionic liquid)s. For example, P[VBTMA][PF₆] with polystyrene backbone has a CO₂ sorption capacity of 10.67 mol%. The CO₂ sorption is selective over N₂ and O₂. The effects of cation, backbone, substituent, anion and crosslinking on CO₂ sorption are discussed. The sorption mechanism study indicates that CO₂ sorption by the poly(ionic liquid)s is a bulk and surface phenomenon.     

Study on extraction of thiophene from model gasoline with br?nsted acidic ionic liquids

Br?nsted acidic ionic liquids (ILs), N-methylimidazole hydrogen sulfate ([HMIm]HSO₄) and N-methylpyrrolidone hydrogen sulfate ([HNMP]HSO₄), are synthesized and employed as extractants to extract thiophene from model gasoline (thiophene dissolved in n-octane). The effect of extraction temperature, extraction time and volume ratio of ILs to model gasoline on desulfurization rates is investigated. Then, the optimal desulfurization conditions are obtained: the ratio of ILs to model gasoline is 1∶1, extraction temperature is 50°C for [HMIm]HSO₄ and 60°C for [HNMP]HSO₄, extraction time is 60 min. Meanwhile, the desulfurization rate of [HNMP]HSO₄ for model gasoline is 62.8%, which is higher than that of [HMIm]HSO₄ (55.5%) under optimal conditions. The reason is discussed on the basis of the interaction energy between thiophene and ILs at the B3LYP/6-311++ G(d,p) level. Furthermore, the total desulfurization rate of [HNMP]HSO₄ and [HMIm]HSO₄ reaches 96.4% and 94.4%, respectively, by multistage extraction. Finally, the used ILs can be reused by vacuum drying, and their desulfurization rates are not significantly decreased after recycling 7 times in single-stage desulfurization.