Strength of tubular welded joints of roof trusses in Shanghai Qizhong Tennis Center

Static strength of multi-planar welded joints with seven brace members and one chord member made of circular hollow sections is investigated in the paper, based on the engineering practice of moveable roof trusses of Shanghai Qizhong Tennis Center. Firstly, comparative experiments were carried out on two model joints with a scale of 1:3. One joint was not reinforced, whereas the other was reinforced with ring stiffeners inside the chord member. Failure mode, stress distribution, plastic-zone development and ultimate load capacity of the joints were investigated, and effects of the ring stiffeners on the joint behavior were observed through the experiments. Secondly, finite element analysis of both the tested model joints was performed. The calculation results are in a good agreement with the experimental results, which indicated that the numerical analysis was quite effective. Finally, the strategy for enhancing strength of the complicated joint is discussed. Parameters study on the constructional details of ring stiffeners was carried out using FE method. The present research shows the multi-planar circular hollow section joint with high ratio of diameter to thickness of the chord and multiple braces is liable to chord plasticity under axial tension and compression on the braces. For the design of the joint, it is suggested that the ring stiffeners are installed insider the chord to meet needs of enough stiffness and strength. Both position and number of the stiffeners should be carefully determined based on the axial forces on the braces and their diameters. The stiffener thickness should not be less than the chord thickness, and the diameter of the hole at the center of the stiffener should not be greater than half of the chord diameter. __________ Translated from Journal of Building Structures, 2007, 28(1): 36&2-42 [译自: 建筑结构学报]     

上海旗忠网球中心屋盖支座圆管节点强度研究

以上海旗忠网球中心可开闭屋盖支座节点为工程背景,探讨了由7根支管和1根主管焊接而成的复杂空间多支管节点静力强度。首先进行了两个1∶3的缩尺模型节点静力对比试验,一个节点的主管中不设置加劲板,另一个节点在主管内设置了环向加劲板。试验研究了节点的破坏模式、应力分布、塑性发展、承载能力,观察了加劲板对节点性能的影响。其次,应用有限元方法对两个所试验的模型节点受力性能进行了数值分析,将计算结果与试验结果作了比较,表明有限元数值分析有效可靠。最后,讨论了增强复杂管节点强度的措施,进行了环向加劲板构造参数的有限元分析。研究表明主管径大壁薄、多支管的空间圆管节点在支管有拉有压的情况下很容易发生主管屈服破坏,设计时建议在主管内布置环向加劲板来保证节点刚度和强度,须根据支管轴力大小、拉压性质、支管与主管相交位置等因素来精心设计加劲板的位置和数量。加劲板的厚度不宜小于主管的壁厚,加劲板中心开孔的直径不宜大于0.5倍的主管直径。     

Experimental and Numerical Study on Complex Multi-planar Welded Tubular Joints in Umbrella-Type Space Trusses with Long Overhangs

A test rig with multi-functional purposes was specifically designed and manufactured to study the behavior of multi-planar welded tubular joints subjected to multi-planar concurrent axial loading. An experimental investigation was conducted on full-scale welded tubular joints with each consisting of one chord and eight braces under monotonic loading conditions. Two pairs or four representative specimens (two specimens for each joint type) were tested, in which each pair was reinforced with two kinds of different internal stiffeners at the intersections between the chords using welded rectangular hollow steel sections (RHSSs) and the braces using rolled circular hollow steel sections (CHSSs) and welded RHSSs. The effects of different internal stiffeners at the chord–brace intersection on the load capacity of joints under concurrent multi-planar axial compression/tension are discussed. The test results of joint strengths, failure modes, and load–stress curves are presented. Finite element analyses were performed to verify the experimental results. The study results show that the two different joint types with the internal stiffeners at the chord–brace intersection under axial compression/tension significantly increase the corresponding ultimate strength to far exceed the usual design strength. The load carrying capacity of welded tubular joints decreases with a higher degree of the manufacturing imperfection in individual braces at the tubular joints. Furthermore, the interaction effect of the concurrent axial loading applied at the welded tubular joint on member stress is apparent.     

Numerical analysis of the axial strength of CHS T-joints reinforced with external stiffeners

This study reinforced circular hollow section (CHS) T-joints with external stiffeners and analyzed the axial strength of both the unreinforced and reinforced T-joints. The SHELL181 element in ANSYS was used to establish FE models of the T-joints. A comparison between the experimental results indicated that the numerical method could be used to compute the strength for the unreinforced and reinforced CHS T-joints. To further investigate the reinforcement effect of the external stiffeners, a numerical parametric study was conducted. The study then evaluated the variations in strength of differently sized stiffeners. It was found that the joint strength increased significantly as the size of the stiffener increased. The reinforcement effect is more dependent on the stiffener length than on the stiffener height, but it is reasonable to adopt stiffeners with equal lengths and heights since this shape is commonly-used in engineering projects.     

Mechanical behavior research on multi-planar steel tubular joints with inner plate

通过对内置加强板的空间DKYY型圆钢管相贯节点的足尺试验和有限元模拟,分析节点应力和变形的发展过程。结果表明：节点在1.3倍设计荷载作用下保持弹性工作状态,具有较高的安全度,可以满足设计承载力需求,有限元分析较好地模拟了加载试验过程,有效弥补了节点试验测点较少的不足,可用于节点受力性能的全面评估。另外,选取较小的主管径厚比和内置加劲板可提高其径向刚度,确保节点破坏时主管处于弹性工作状态;支管加劲板对支管的弹性刚度没有影响,对其承载能力的影响不大,但可以减小支管的径向变形,局部改变支管的应力分布。该节点的构造设计是合理的,其在设计荷载作用下的受力是安全的。     

Experimental investigation and design of round ended elliptical steel tubular T-joints under axial compression

圆端形椭圆钢管是一种融合圆形和矩形截面特征优势的构件，其圆端部分可以提供良好约束，矩形部分可实现快捷连接，在桁架结构中有着良好的应用前景，然而目前尚缺乏有关圆端形椭圆钢管相贯节点的受力性能研究。为此，通过对13根圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点开展轴压性能试验，研究相贯类型、主支管径比、主支管夹角和是否填充混凝土等对其破坏模式、承载力、初始刚度和延性等力学性能的影响，明确圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点在支管受压作用下相较圆形或矩形钢管相贯节点的承载特征差异，揭示相贯节点的受力机理，提出圆端形椭圆钢管相贯节点的轴压承载力计算式。研究结果表明，圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点表现出良好的轴压性能；支管与主管圆弧段连接的相贯节点轴压承载力分别为圆形或矩形钢管相贯节点的1.07~1.66倍，具有明显的承载优势；主管填充混凝土可使圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点的轴压承载力和初始刚度分别提高75.5%~103.4%和11.9%~60.6%；通过试验结果验证，提出的轴压承载力计算式可较准确地评估圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点的轴压承载力。     

具有内加劲肋的空间多支管的圆管节点性能研究

以上海旗忠网球中心可开闭屋盖的关键节点为工程背景,对主管内部具有加劲肋的空间多支管的焊接节点性能进行了试验研究和数值分析。探讨了复杂管节点试验的加载方法,描述了节点的塑性应变、破坏形式和机理以及加劲肋的构造效应。节点具有较高的承载力,主管内加劲肋的设置有效提高了节点刚度和强度,改变了节点破坏的形式。增加加劲肋的数量或者厚度有助于增强节点强度,但合理安排加劲肋的位置比增加数量更为重要,随着加劲肋数量增多,厚度的作用减弱。     

圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点轴压性能试验研究与承载力计算

圆端形椭圆钢管是一种融合圆形和矩形截面特征优势的构件,其圆端部分可以提供良好约束,矩形部分可实现快捷连接,在桁架结构中有着良好的应用前景,然而目前尚缺乏有关圆端形椭圆钢管相贯节点的受力性能研究。为此,通过对13根圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点开展轴压性能试验,研究相贯类型、主支管径比、主支管夹角和是否填充混凝土等对其破坏模式、承载力、初始刚度和延性等力学性能的影响,明确圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点在支管受压作用下相较圆形或矩形钢管相贯节点的承载特征差异,揭示相贯节点的受力机理,提出圆端形椭圆钢管相贯节点的轴压承载力计算式。研究结果表明,圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点表现出良好的轴压性能;支管与主管圆弧段连接的相贯节点轴压承载力分别为圆形或矩形钢管相贯节点的1.07～1.66倍,具有明显的承载优势;主管填充混凝土可使圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点的轴压承载力和初始刚度分别提高75.5%～103.4%和11.9%～60.6%;通过试验结果验证,提出的轴压承载力计算式可较准确地评估圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点的轴压承载力。     

内加劲环间距对空间圆管相贯节点性能的影响

以大连国际会议中心为工程背景,应用大型通用有限元分析软件ANSYS对内置加劲环空间圆管相贯节点进行了非线性有限元分析.本文简要介绍了计算节点有限元模型各关键参数的具体设置,系统分析了在其他参数不变的前提下内加劲环间距对节点强度、刚度以及破坏模式等性能的影响,提出了在相贯节点主管内设置加劲环的合理构造要求,为该工程的设计提供了理论依据.     

Behaviour of Concrete-Filled Double-Skin Circular Hollow Section Cross Joints Under Axial Compression

This paper presents an experimental investigation on concrete-filled double-skin circular hollow section (CHS) cross joints under axial compression. A total of twenty-two right-angled CHS cross joints with different brace to chord diameter ratio (β), inner tube to outer tube thickness ratio of chord (ω) and hollow ratio of chord (χ) were tested, in which eighteen concrete-filled double-skin CHS cross joints were studied for different shapes of inner tube of chord, two traditional empty CHS cross joints and two traditional concrete-filled CHS cross joints were tested for comparison. The joint strengths, failure modes, load-deformation curves and strain distribution curves of all specimens are reported. The effects of brace to chord diameter ratio (β), inner tube to outer tube thickness ratio of chord (ω), hollow ratio of chord (χ), shape of inner tube of chord and concrete strength on the behaviour of concrete-filled double-skin CHS cross joints under axial compression were evaluated. It is shown from the comparison that the ultimate load and initial stiffness of CHS cross joints are significantly enhanced by strengthening the chord member with inner tube and concrete infill. Furthermore, the ultimate strengths are increased with the increase of the β ratio, whereas the ultimate strengths are decreased with the increase of the χ ratio for all types of concrete-filled double-skin CHS cross joints. On the other hand, the ultimate strengths are enhanced with the increase of the ω ratio and concrete strength for all types of concrete-filled double-skin CHS cross joints, but the enhancement is insignificant. The corresponding finite element analysis was also performed and calibrated against the test results. The design equations are proposed based on the test and finite element analysis results for concrete-filled double-skin CHS cross joints, which are verified to be more accurate.     

支管灌混凝土平面X形圆钢管节点轴压性能试验研究

为研究支管灌混凝土X形圆钢管节点的轴压性能,对6个不同截面几何参数的支管灌混凝土X形圆钢管节点进行了单调加载试验。介绍了节点试验方案,揭示了节点破坏模式,给出了加载点荷载 端位移曲线、支管轴力-主管壁变形曲线以及节点区域折算应变分布曲线,并将支主管外径比β、主管径厚比γ和支主管壁厚比τ对节点轴压承载力和弹性轴压刚度的影响进行了分析。试验研究结果表明：节点试件均表现出较好延性;所有试件的主管壁最大竖向变形位移都大于0.03倍主管直径,在判定该类圆钢管节点轴压承载力时应该采用极限变形准则;节点轴压承载力与弹性轴压刚度都随着β和τ的增加以及γ的减小而提高;所有试件的支管根部测点都未进入塑性且主管都是鞍点和冠点之间的中间测点首先进入塑性;在试验参数条件下,支管灌混凝土对X形圆钢管节点轴压承载力提高不明显,甚至会降低其轴压承载力。目前GB 50017-2003《钢结构设计规范》公式不能较好地计算支管灌混凝土X形圆钢管节点轴压承载力。     

平面K形圆主管方支管节点承载力试验研究与有限元分析

对平面K形圆主管方支管节点的承载力进行试验研究,进行了5个空钢管节点和1个主管内灌混凝土节点的静力单调加载试验。介绍了节点试验方案,考察了节点的受力性能、破坏模式和承载力,给出了试件支管的变形曲线以及折算应变曲线,并对支管壁厚、主管内浇灌混凝土对节点承载力、刚度和延性的影响进行了分析。试验结果表明：现行国内外规范中圆钢管和方钢管节点承载力计算值明显低于试验值,已有的计算公式都不能准确计算圆主管方支管节点的承载力;增加支管壁厚改变了节点的破坏模式并明显提高了节点承载力和延性;主管内灌混凝土虽提高了承载力和初始刚度但延性并没有得到显著提高;圆主管方支管节点区域的变形主要源于受拉支管的局部变形。在节点破坏模式、变形曲线、承载力和塑性发展等方面将有限元计算值与试验结果进行比较,结果吻合良好,可以作为进一步分析的基础。     

中空夹层钢管混凝土-钢管K形搭接节点抗震性能试验研究

主管为中空夹层钢管混凝土，支管为空钢管的K形搭接节点，按主圆支圆和主方支圆两种形式加工制作了4个节点，对节点两个支管通过同步往复加载，研究主管通过夹层混凝土加强的K形节点破坏模式、承载力、耗能性能等。分析了试件的滞回曲线、骨架曲线、承载力、延性系数、能量耗散系数等抗震性能指标。结果表明：未加强节点的破坏模式为主管表面塑性破坏，主管夹层灌混凝土的加强节点为支管拉裂破坏；主管夹层灌混凝土提高了节点的刚度和承载力，对于方管尤为显著，但对节点的延性影响不大；相比主圆支圆的未加强试件，夹层灌普通混凝土和粉煤灰混凝土的试件承载力分别提高了43.7%和52.1%，节点累积耗能分别提高了57.6%和64.0%；相比主方支圆未加强试件，夹层灌普通混凝土和粉煤灰混凝土的试件承载力分别提高了66.7%和64.7%，节点累积耗能分别提高了39.8%和21.7%，但主管夹层灌普通混凝土和灌粉煤灰混凝土对节点的加强效果区别不大。利用ANSYS软件对试验试件进行有限元分析，分析结果与试验结果吻合良好，并选用主管空心率、支主管直径比及支管径厚比进行参数分析。分析表明：随主管空心率的增大，节点耗能能力和承载力有所减小；随支主管直径比的增大，节点滞回曲线趋于饱满，耗能能力和承载力提高；随支管径厚比的增加，节点的滞回曲线的饱满度降低，节点承载力和耗能能力均呈下降趋势。     

K型圆钢管搭接节点极限承载力研究

钢管搭接节点是一种在空间结构中常见的节点形式,本文对平面K型圆钢管搭接节点的极限承载力进行了非线性有限元分析。结果表明:随着支主管直径比、支主管厚度比、主管径厚比和搭接率的变化,节点发生支管轴向屈曲破坏、支管局部屈曲破坏和支主管联合屈曲破坏三种破坏模式。在支主管厚度比分别为0.4、0.7和1.0,且搭接率为20%～60%时,与相应的间隙节点极限承载力的比值分别在0.95～1.06、0.95～1.61和1.17～1.27之间;与规范公式承载力计算结果的比值分别为小于1.0、在0.99～1.51和1.33～2.17之间。研究表明,圆钢管搭接节点的受力性能与有间隙的相贯节点有明显的差别,设计计算时应分别考虑。     

T形方管相贯焊接加强节点的极限承载力研究

通过有限元软件ANSYS对T形方管相贯焊接加强节点轴力和弯矩作用下的极限承载力进行了数值模拟研究,采用的加强方式为主管壁加厚、在主管内部设置横向和纵向加劲肋.研究结果表明三种加强方式对于T形节点的单项承载力都有不同程度的提高作用,且提高幅度与几何参数有关.     

加劲肋对钢管相贯节点力学性能的影响

加劲肋可以提高钢管相贯节点的承载力及刚度,进而提高节点可靠性和结构整体稳定性.其中,加劲肋的平面尺寸、厚度、形状以及加劲肋是否贯穿钢管等对节点的刚度、承载力及延性有很大影响.以一个钢管相贯节点足尺试验为基础,通过一系列扩展的有限元模型来分析加劲肋厚与管厚比、加劲肋尺寸与管径比和加劲肋是否贯穿钢管等因素对节点承载力、屈服前后刚度以及延性的影响.研究结果表明,加劲肋可以显著提高节点承载力和刚度.对于仅焊于钢管外的加劲肋,合理的厚度比(加劲肋厚度与管壁厚度之比)为α=0.5 ～1.0;对于贯穿钢管的加劲肋,合理的厚度比为α=0.5 ～0.8;加劲肋边长与管径之比β的合理取值为0.6～1.     

圆管截面桁梁极限承载力试验研究

进行了上弦杆为钢管混凝土、上下弦杆均为钢管混凝土的桁梁试件和空钢管桁梁试件的对比试验研究。研究结果表明,弦杆钢管内填充混凝土可提高弦杆的抗压、抗弯和径向刚度,改变节点失效模式,提高节点强度和刚度;弦杆为钢管混凝土的桁梁试件与空钢管桁梁试件一样,结构破坏均是因节点失效引起的;由于弦杆管内填充混凝土提高了节点的强度和刚度,不仅受压的上弦杆而且受拉的下弦杆管内填充混凝土,都会提高圆管截面桁梁试件的整体承载力。最后对管节点的承载力和桁梁试件整体承载力进行了讨论。     

K形方管加强节点的承载力研究

通过有限元软件ANSYS对K形方管相贯焊接加强节点轴力和弯矩作用下的极限承载力进行了数值模拟研究,采用的加强方式为主管壁加厚、在主管内部设置横向和纵向加劲肋。研究结果表明三种加强方式对于K形方管节点的单项承载力都有不同程度的提高作用,且提高幅度与几何参数有关。     

Failure mechanisms of tubular CHS joints with complete overlap of braces

This paper presents the experimental and numerical results of the ultimate load behaviour of tubular circular hollow section (CHS) joints with complete overlap of braces. A completely overlapped tubular CHS joint specimen is tested to failure under lap brace static incremental axial loading. The failure behaviour of the joint is carefully observed and the test result is used for the verification of finite element (FE) model. A detailed parametric study is subsequently conducted based on 1296 FE models to examine the failure modes and the load-deformation characteristics of the joint. The analytical results showed that there are four possible failure modes of the joint under lap brace axial compression namely the through brace wall plastification, the lap brace yielding, the lap brace local buckling and the lap brace member failure. A combination of these failure modes can be occurred depending on the geometrical parameters of the joints. Among these failure modes, the through brace wall plastification in contact with the lap brace is found to be the most common type of failure behaviour for joints with complete overlapped of braces at high lap brace-to-through brace wall thickness ratio.     

Study on spatial effect of concrete-filled steel tubular KK-joints

为研究钢管混凝土空间相贯节点的空间效应,通过精细化有限元模拟对钢管混凝土空间相贯节点的受力性能进行了研究。建模时考虑了材料非线性、几何非线性、钢管与混凝土之间的接触非线性,建立了钢管混凝土KK形相贯节点的精确有限元模型,研究了空间效应对节点承载能力和破坏模式的影响。结果表明：钢管混凝土空间相贯节点的承载力远高于钢管空间相贯节点;钢管混凝土空间相贯节点和平面相贯节点的破坏模式相同,破坏模式有两种,一种是主管管壁冲剪破坏和受压支管屈服联合破坏,发生在支管管壁较薄的情况,另一种是主管管壁冲剪破坏;空间效应对钢管和钢管混凝土相贯节点承载力的影响不同,对于钢管混凝土相贯节点,支管空间夹角60°的节点承载力较平面节点有所降低,在设计时应该考虑空间效应的影响;空间效应对钢管混凝土空间相贯节点刚度影响不大。