Bridge Sampling Methods for Admittance Measurements from 500 kHz to 5 GHz

A two-channel time-domain sampler with common time base is used to compare voltages in coaxial lines driven by matched ratio arms from a pulse or sine-wave generator and terminated by unknown and reference admittances. Linear circuit analysis shows that the unknown can be determined from the bridge unbalance sampler outputs by simple calibrations of three frequency-dependent parameters. Design and uses of cells for dielectric measurements and reference terminations are described. Procedures for and results of test measurements are presented for time-domain measurements using a symmetrical power divider as ratio arms and for frequency-domain measurements using a 5O-? power splitter and 5-pF capacitative ratio arms.     

Coupling fiber optics to a permeation liquid membrane for heavy metal sensor development

We present the first sensing system for metal ions based on the combination of separation/preconcentration by a permeation liquid membrane (PLM) and fluorescence detection with an optical fiber. As a model, a system for the detection of Cu(II) ions was developed. The wall of a polypropylene hollow fiber serves as support for the permeable liquid membrane. The lumen of the fiber contains the strip solution in which Cu(II) is accumulated. Calcein, a fluorochromic dye, acts as stripping agent and at the same time as metal indicator. The quenching of the calcein fluorescence upon metal accumulation in the strip phase is detected with a multimode optical fiber, which is incorporated into the lumen. Fluorescence is excited with a blue LED and detected with a photon counter. Taking advantage of the high selectivity and sensitivity of PLM preconcentration, a detection limit for Cu(II) of approximately 50 nM was achieved. Among five tested heavy metal ions, Pb(II) was the only major interfering species. The incorporation of small silica optical fibers into the polypropylene capillary allows for real-time monitoring of the Cu(II) accumulation process.     

Hall sensor response to an inhomogeneous magnetic field

The response of a Hall-effect sensor to a spatially dependent magnetic field is of importance for many applications such as magnetic microscopy and nondestructive testing. Using the analytical expression of the response of a Greek cross Hall sensor response to an ideal field dot published a few years ago, we have calculated its sensitivity and its full width at half maximum for the field produced by a magnetic dipole and by two coplanar lines. The experimental results are in good agreement with theory. They show that the spatial resolution is roughly equal to the dimension of the central part of the Greek cross and that a flux-meter approximation is not appropriate for modeling such Hall-effect sensors for very close field sources.     

Progress in the United States on Electromagnetic Standards and Measurements at 30 kHz to 1 GHz, 1963 through 1965

A digest of highlights is presented on the most significant U. S. contributions to the measurement of attenuation, impedance, phase, field strength, thermal noise, current, and voltage at 30 kHz to 1 GHz. A total of approximately 30 contributions are digested. The following accomplishments are among them: a supersensitive detector for a complex-insertion-ratio measurement system having accuracies of about 0.0005 dB/10 dB at 30 MHz; exact equations for mutual and self-inductance of various combinations of filaments, tapes, and bars; a modified Twin-T-Bridge for measuring resistances of 100 to 10 000 ohms to 15 MHz; a set of Q-factor standards for frequencies to 45 MHz based on data and experience accumulated over five years; a unique adjustable characteristic-impedance coaxial line; measurement of Q's greater than 100 000 of cryogenic circuits at frequencies to 300 MHz; a novel Tee-junction to enable calibrations of voltmeters of any practicable input impedances with VSWR's ranging from 1 to 200, to 1 GHz and higher; a miniaturized dipole-antenna field strength meter, employing a semiconducting plastic transmission line, to measure complex nearzone fields of 0.1 to 1000 volts per meter, from 150 kHz to 30 MHz; and a prototype 3-MHz model of precision thermal noise-power comparators for an equivalent noise-temperature range of 75 to 30 000°K at accuracies of 0.2 to 1 percent.     

Measurements of OH mole fraction and temperature up to 20 kHz by using a diode-laser-based UV absorption sensor

Diode-laser-based sum-frequency generation of ultraviolet (UV) radiation at 313.5 nm was utilized for high-speed absorption measurements of OH mole fraction and temperature at rates up to 20 kHz. Sensor performance was characterized over a wide range of operating conditions in a 25.4 mm path-length, steady, C2H4-air diffusion flame through comparisons with coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF), and a two-dimensional numerical simulation with detailed chemical kinetics. Experimental uncertainties of 5% and 11% were achieved for measured temperatures and OH mole fractions, respectively, with standard deviations of < 3% at 20 kHz and an OH detection limit of < 1 part per million in a 1 m path length. After validation in a steady flame, high-speed diode-laser-based measurements of OH mole fraction and temperature were demonstrated for the first time in the unsteady exhaust of a liquid-fueled, swirl-stabilized combustor. Typical agreement of approximately 5% was achieved with CARS temperature measurements at various fuel/air ratios, and sensor precision was sufficient to capture oscillations of temperature and OH mole fraction for potential use with multiparameter control strategies in combustors of practical interest.     

连续含铁碳化硅纤维2～18GHz频段雷达波吸收性能探索

采用聚二甲基硅烷(PDMS)与二茂铁合成了聚铁碳硅烷(PFCS)。PFCS经多孔熔融纺丝、空气不熔化和N2中1320℃连续烧成,可制得连续含铁碳化硅(SiC(Fe))吸波纤维,此纤维与环氧树脂制备的结构材料对2～18GHz的雷达波具有较好的吸收。运用元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振和XPS表征了PFCS的组成结构,结果表明,铁被引入到PFCS中;PFCS的主体结构为—Si—CH2—主链,其中Si上连接有—CH3、—CH2Si—和—H等;二茂铁的存在形式主要是茂环与部分主链Si的结合,因此二茂铁起到了使部分主链交联的作用。HRTRM分析表明连续SiC(Fe)纤维主要由无定型SiCxO4-x、晶态β-SiC和游离碳组成。     

Optimization of magnetic field configuration for the production of Ar ions from RIKEN 18 GHz ECR ion source

We successfully extracted a 1.9 mAAr⁸⁺ ion beam and a 1 mAAr⁹⁺ ion beam from the RIKEN 18 GHz ECR ion source at the extraction voltage of 17 kV and the microwave power of 700–800 W. To obtain these intensities, we optimized the magnetic field configuration and the plasma electrode position.     

Hot and Cold Body Reference Noise Generators from 0 to 40 GHz

This article describes the design, development, and analysis of exceptionally accurate radiometric noise generators from 0-40 GHz to serve as standard references. Size, weight, power, and reliability are optimized to meet the requirements of NASA air- and space-borne radiometers. The radiometric noise temperature of these noise generators is, unavoidably, calculated from measured values rather than measured directly. The absolute accuracy and stability are equal to or better than those of reliable standards available for comparison. A noise generator has been developed whose measurable properties (VSWR, line loss, thermometric temperatures) have been optimized in order to minimize the effects of the uncertainty in the calculated radiometric noise temperatures. Each measurable property is evaluated and analyzed to determine the effects of the uncertainty of the measured value. Unmeasurable properties (primarily temperature gradients) are analyzed, and reasonable precautions are designed into the noise generator to guarantee that the uncertainty of the value remains within tolerable limits.     

AC measurements of the minimum longitudinal resistance of a QHEsample from 10 Hz to 10 kHz

AC measurements of the longitudinal resistance, R_xx, of a quantum Hall effect (QHE) sample have been made in a frequency range from 10 Hz to 10 kHz. The results show no frequency effect on the minimum value of R_xx corresponding to the quantum numbers i=2 and i=4, within the measurement resolution of 0.5 mΩ. Therefore, the influence of frequency on the value of the quantized Hall resistance, R_H, should not exceed a few parts in 10⁹ . Some unwanted effects detected during the development of the resistance bridge have been pointed out     

Passage from scalar to vector optics and the Mukunda-Simon-Sudarshan theory for paraxial systems

The way to generalize scalar to wave optics, thus including polarization in the treatment consistent with the Maxwell equations was shown by Mukunda, Simon and Sudarshan for paraxial systems, based on a group theoretical analysis. Here, the Mukunda–Simon–Sudarshan (MSS) theory for the passage from scalar to vector optics is derived by casting the basic formalism in a framework very similar to the Dirac electron theory. The resulting formalism is suitable for extending the MSS-theory beyond the paraxial approximation.     

Development and analysis of a PCB vector 2-D magnetic field sensor system for electronic compasses

A high-sensitivity vector two-dimensional (2-D) magnetic sensor system for low magnetic field measurements has been realized and tested. The system, made in PCB technology, consists of a double-axis Fluxgate magnetic sensor and the readout electronic circuitry, based on second-harmonic detection. The amorphous magnetic materials Vitrovac 6025X (25 /spl mu/m thick) and Vitrovac 6025Z (20 /spl mu/m thick) were used as the ferromagnetic core of the sensor. By applying a sinusoidal excitation current having a 450-mA peak at 10 kHz with Vitrovac 6025Z, the measured magnetic sensitivity was about 1.25 mV//spl mu/T. This value seems to be adequate for the Earth's magnetic field detection (/spl plusmn/60 /spl mu/T). The full-scale linearity error was about 1.5%. By using the thicker Vitrovac 6025X and a sinusoidal excitation current having a 600-mA peak at 10 kHz, a maximum sensitivity of approximately 1.68 mV//spl mu/T with a linearity error of about 1.55% full scale in the range of /spl plusmn/60 /spl mu/T were measured. Due to the use of commercially available ferromagnetic materials, the vector 2-D magnetic sensor system presented is characterized by a very simple fabrication process, thus allowing low-cost devices to be designed.     

Al alloy-ceramic ultrahigh vacuum and cryogenic feedthrough useful from dc to 6.5 GHz

A bakeable (150°C), coolable (<2.17°K) SMA coaxial vacuum feedthrough is described. The VSWR is less than 1.5 from dc to 6.5 GHz. An aluminium alloy outer shield and ceramic insulator are brazed with aluminium alloy solder in a vacuum furnace. The feedthrough can be welded directly to an aluminium alloy flange with an electron beam.     

Vibration spectrum of a pulse-tube cryostat from 1 Hz to 20 kHz

The vibrations of the cold finger of a low-vibration helium pulse-tube cryostat are measured from 1 Hz to 20 kHz using an optical interferometer specially designed to measure small amplitude vibrations at high frequencies in the presence of large vibrations at lower frequencies. While the vibrational amplitude is dominated by the contribution at the fundamental compressor frequency of 1.4 Hz, the pulse tube contributes mechanical noise at frequencies up to 15 kHz, where the spectral density is measured to be 4 × 10⁻¹² m/Hz^1/2. Root-mean-squared vibration amplitudes of 5.2 μm and 3 μm are measured along perpendicular axes in the horizontal plane, and 1.0 μm in the vertical direction. The effect of a suspended sample holder for the purpose of attenuating high-frequency vibrations is evaluated. Finally, the cryostat is shown to be considerably noisier than typical laboratory floors.     

Magnetization, magnetic susceptibility, and effective magnetic moment of the Fe3+ ions in Bi2Fe4O9

Bi₂Fe₄O₉ with an orthorhombic structure and lattice parameters a = 7.9595 Å, b = 8.4297 Å, c = 5.9912 Å, and V = 401.987 ų has been prepared by solid-state reactions method. Its molar magnetic susceptibility measured as a function of temperature in the range 5–950 K indicates that Bi₂Fe₄O₉ is an antiferromagnet with a Néel temperature of 258 K. In the range 280–750 K, its molar magnetic susceptibility exhibits Curie-Weiss behavior, which allowed us to determine the Weiss constant (Θ = ?1468 K) of this material and the effective magnetic moment of the Fe³⁺ ions $\left( {\mu _{eff}^{Fe^{3 + } } = 6.37\mu _B } \right)$ . Magnetization versus magnetic field data show no magnetic hysteresis, indicating that the Bi₂Fe₄O₉ sample studied exhibits no weak ferromagnetism.     

Influence of Co doping on the magnetic properties of Bi2Fe4O9 powders

Co doped Bi₂Fe₄O₉ powders were synthesized via a simple sol–gel method. The crystal structure of the as-synthesized powders was characterized using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra. The magnetic properties of the as-synthesized powders were investigated by a SQUID MPMS at 5 K. The results reveal that the calculated lattice parameters of Bi₂Fe₄O₉ decrease and the magnetic properties sharply increase with increasing the content of Co.