地铁区间隧道事故通风网络分析

地铁站台空间,地铁运行隧道空间都属于地下封闭空间,并存在较大的人流量;一旦发生列车故障停车或者火灾等事故,则需要对事故区域进行事故通风。分析介绍了地铁区间隧道网络的运行任务和模式,利用重庆轨道交通3号线某区间隧道,以某着火工况为例,对其事故通风进行网络分析。通过区间隧道的网络分析,可以实现选择满足各种事故工况的排风机,使其满足各工况下压力、流量的变化,同时又能够保证节能高效的运行。     

Growth and passivation of aluminum etch tunnels at on-off controlling DC

In order to control the length of tunnels within Al foil etched in HCl-H₂SO₄ solutions, the influence of on-off control of the DC on growth and passivation of tunnels has been investigated. From SEM of oxide replicas of tunnels, it was found that, in a given etchant solution at a special temperature, the longest tunnel length depended only on the turn-on interval of DC, and the number of pits was determined by the total electricity of the DC. The corresponding mechanism is that the potential of Al foil changed rapidly at the point of the switch of DC by the result according to the anodic polarization curve and potential-time (E-t) response curves. The moment the DC was switched on, the potential increased immediately over pitting potential, leading to nucleation of pits at the surface and growth of tunnels at special lengths. When the DC was switched off, the potential rapidly decreased to a passive state, leading to the cessation of nucleation and the death of tunnels. Therefore, the longest tunnel length can be controlled and a non-piercing layer can be obtained. Furthermore, consequent etching of Al foil by the on-off control of the DC is beneficial for maintaining a good mechanical strength.     

The effect of road tunnel environment on car following behaviour

In order to overcome urban space constraints, underground road systems are becoming popular options for cities. Existing literature suggests that accident rates in road tunnels are lower than those in open roads. However, there is a lack of understanding in how the road tunnel environment affects inter-vehicle interactions. In this study, car following data are obtained from traffic video footages of open and tunnel expressways in Singapore. A total of 15,325 car following headways (with car as the follower) are analysed and significant factors affecting headways are found to be speed, and lane. Significant effect of leading vehicle type is only found for tunnel expressway. Headways are generally longer in the tunnel environment. Assessment of collision time measures and safety margins also reveal safer car following behaviour and lower rear–end collision risks in the tunnel expressway. The results are discussed from a behavioural perspective. Overall, the findings show that road tunnels are superior in terms of safety but at reduced traffic capacity .     

A Determination of the Ratio of the Zinc Freezing Point to the Tin Freezing Point by Noise Thermometry

A Johnson-noise thermometer (JNT) has been used with a quantized voltage noise source (QVNS), as a calculable reference to determine the ratio of temperatures near the Zn freezing point to those near the Sn freezing point. The temperatures are derived in a series of separate measurements comparing the synthesized noise power from the QVNS with that of Johnson noise from a known resistance. The synthesized noise power is digitally programed to match the thermal noise powers at both temperatures and provides the principle means of scaling the temperatures. This produces a relatively flat spectrum for the ratio of spectral noise densities, which is close to unity in the low-frequency limit. The data are analyzed as relative spectral ratios over the 4.8 to 450 kHz range averaged over a 3.2 kHz bandwidth. A three-parameter model is used to account for differences in time constants that are inherently temperature dependent. A drift effect of approximately −6 μK·K⁻¹ per day is observed in the results, and an empirical correction is applied to yield a relative difference in temperature ratios of −11.5 ± 43 μK·K⁻¹ with respect to the ratio of temperatures assigned on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). When these noise thermometry results are combined with results from acoustic gas thermometry at temperatures near the Sn freezing point, a value of T − T ₉₀ = 7 ± 30 mK for the Zn freezing point is derived.     

液氮喷淋冷冻性能计算分析

利用模拟计算分析方法对液氮喷淋冷藏车中影响冻结物冻藏性能的因素进行研究,分析液氮喷嘴数量和喷嘴布置形式对冻结特性的影响以及循环风的强度对冷冻空间和冻结物温度变化影响、液氮喷量对冻结特性的影响,提出合理喷液量的影响因素关系.     

多孔地铁隧道交叠运行环境振动影响数值分析

随着城市地铁线网的逐渐加密,地铁线路布局越发复杂多样,多条地铁线路近距离并行或交叠运行情况越来越多,由此产生的地铁环境振动影响也更为恶劣和复杂。建立多孔隧道不同列车运行状态下环境振动影响三维动力有限元模型,计算结果同相关标准规范中的经验公式预测结果进行对比,两者吻合较好,在此基础上系统分析隧道孔数、隧道空间位置关系及列车不同交汇情况对地表振动传播规律的影响。仿真结果表明:上部隧道孔洞对下部隧道地铁列车运行引起的地表振动传播规律影响较大,且对隧道孔洞近场地表振动具有一定的遮挡作用;上下隧道水平间距相比垂向间距影响更为显著;不同列车运行状态组合方式对地表振动影响差异较大。研究结论可为地铁环境振动影响评价、地铁线路设计等提供参考依据。     

Key Techniques for the Construction of High-Speed Railway Large-Section Loess Tunnels

The successful completion of the Zhengzhou–Xi’an high-speed railway project has greatly improved the construction level of China’s large-section loess tunnels, and has resulted in significant progress being made in both design theory and construction technology. This paper systematically summarizes the technical characteristics and main problems of the large-section loess tunnels on China’s high-speed railway, including classification of the surrounding rock, design of the supporting structure, surface settlement and cracking control, and safe and rapid construction methods. On this basis, the key construction techniques of loess tunnels with large sections for high-speed railway are expounded from the aspects of design and construction. The research results show that the classification of loess strata surrounding large tunnels should be based on the geological age of the loess, and be determined by combining the plastic index and the water content. In addition, the influence of the buried depth should be considered. During tunnel excavation disturbance, if the tensile stress exceeds the soil tensile or shear strength, the surface part of the sliding trend plane can be damaged, and visible cracks can form. The pressure of the surrounding rock of a large-section loess tunnel should be calculated according to the buried depth, using the corresponding formula. A three-bench seven-step excavation method of construction was used as the core technology system to ensure the safe and rapid construction of a large-section loess tunnel, following a field test to optimize the construction parameters and determine the engineering measures to stabilize the tunnel face. The conclusions and methods presented here are of great significance in revealing the strata and supporting mechanics of large-section loess tunnels, and in optimizing the supporting structure design and the technical parameters for construction.     

Ground movement and tunnel stability when tunneling in sandy ground

Abstract

Tunneling may cause ground movements and damage to adjacent buildings and overlying facilities. In this study, the failure mechanism and ground movement behavior around tunnels embedded in sandy soil below the water table were investigated in a series of model tunnel tests in a centrifuge. The magnitudes and extents of the surface settlement troughs for the cases of various ground loss for tunnels buried at various depths are provided. A new failure mechanism is proposed and validated by comparison with the test results. The proposed mechanism enables accurate prediction of two of the key quantities in the design of linings for tunnels embedded in sandy soils, namely the minimum supporting pressure needed to retain tunnel stability and the vertical soil pressure acting on the tunnel crown.     

Portable forced-air tunnel evaluation for cooling products inside cold storage rooms

Freezing process efficiency is affected by the required conditions to keep the air flow and temperature at the product surface. The objective of this work was to obtain results on comparative studies with air exhaustion and blowing using an experimental portable forced-air freezing tunnel. The device was designed to improve cooling rates inside storage room without the need for a cooling/freezing tunnel. A heterogeneity factor was proposed for air circulation evaluation and compared with convective heat transfer coefficient (h_ef) values. Lower modules of heterogeneity factor values represent smaller temperature differences among samples. Comparing two different air flow processes, heterogeneity factor values were similar for regions where the cooling air could flow without obstructions. However, larger differences were observed for regions with hampered air circulation. Results indicated that the air distribution, as well as the heat transfer, occurs more uniformly around the products in the exhausting process than in the blowing system.     

风冷热泵冷热水机组防冻性能实验研究

分析了引起风冷热泵冷热水机组运行中经常出现的蒸发器(板式换热器)冻裂的原因;由于造成板换冻裂的最根本原因是冷媒蒸发温度过低,提出了采用单风机运行模式来提高机组蒸发温度进而防止蒸发器冻裂;通过不同机型的实验分析表明,采用单风机模式可有效提高系统蒸发温度,从而防止蒸发器冻裂.     

隧道水平冻结施工过程的数值模拟

地层冻结是一个水、热、力三场耦合的复杂问题,为了直观了解冻结壁形成过程中,土体温度场分布极其随时间的变化规律,得到合适的地层冻结工艺参数和指标,并掌握冻结壁的力学特性,了解开挖隧道对土层稳定性的影响,保证工程的安全,针对某隧道工程,采用准耦合数值分析方法,对其水平冻结施工过程进行了数值模拟,研究表明:地层冻结加固有效地控制了地层和地表的变形,提高了隧道土体的稳定性。计算结果可供类似工程参考,并提供了一种概念清晰、计算简便、实用的水平冻结施工过程的数值模拟方法。     

330 MW循环流化床锅炉燃烧调整试验研究

为解决某330 MW循环流化床（circulating fluidized bed,CFB）锅炉运行床温分布不均匀、炉内受热面磨损爆管等问题,进行了锅炉的燃烧优化调整试验。结果表明,通过优化一次风量、总风量及风室压力等关键运行参数,确定了最佳运行工况及参数,降低了锅炉灰渣平均可燃物含量,使锅炉热效率提高0.85%。燃烧优化调整试验还使一、二次风机总功率降低了0.8 MW,厂用电率相应降低了0.24%,锅炉的运行安全性和经济性由此得到进一步提高。     

隧道火灾烟气发展的模拟计算研究

分析了隧道火灾的特点，运用区域模拟和场模拟的方法，通过一假定的隧道火灾算例，分析了几种不同情况下隧道火灾的烟气发展情况。讨论了烟气温度、高度的变化情况，得到了不同区段火和烟气对人构成威胁和对隧道结构造成破坏的情况，最后对隧道火灾的防治提出了一些建议。     

锚杆支护圆形隧洞弹塑性解

该文推导了锚杆支护前后圆形隧洞的应力、位移和塑性区半径表达式。首先考虑静水压力状态下,岩石表现为弹脆塑性材料模型,采用Mohr-Coulomb线性屈服准则以及非关联流动法则,推导了无支护状态下圆形隧洞的弹塑性解析新解。在此基础上,通过均匀化方法,从宏观尺度将锚杆高密度支护模式下的岩石和锚杆复合体考虑成均匀连续、强度参数增强的等效材料,定义能够反映隧洞支护参数的锚杆密度因子,推导出等效弹性模量,等效粘聚力和等效内摩擦角的表达式,然后通过该文得到的隧洞在无支护状态下的解析解可以得到锚杆支护圆形隧洞解析解。最后将该文结果与前人研究结果及数值结果进行了比较分析,对比了锚杆支护前后圆形隧洞的塑性区半径、塑性区位移和塑性区应力,结果表明锚杆支护对隧洞的加固效果明显,该文结果可为地下工程中圆形隧洞的稳定性分析提供参考。     

长坑道中化爆冲击波压力传播规律的数值模拟

为了对坑道中的防护门抗化爆冲击波效果进行有效的设计,首先需要确切知道通道中自由场压力的传播规律.基于Hopkinson比例定律,用LS-Dyna动力有限元软件模拟了常规炸药在坑道入口外爆炸情况下,长坑道中冲击波峰值压力的衰减规律.模拟结果与其它经验方法的预测结果进行了比较,可为进一步研究确定坑道中防护门上的化爆冲击波荷载及其防护技术提供依据.     

A crash-prediction model for road tunnels

Considerable research has been carried out into open roads to establish relationships between crashes and traffic flow, geometry of infrastructure and environmental factors, whereas crash-prediction models for road tunnels, have rarely been investigated. In addition different results have been sometimes obtained regarding the effects of traffic and geometry on crashes in road tunnels. However, most research has focused on tunnels where traffic and geometric conditions, as well as driving behaviour, differ from those in Italy. Thus, in this paper crash prediction-models that had not yet been proposed for Italian road tunnels have been developed. For the purpose, a 4-year monitoring period extending from 2006 to 2009 was considered. The tunnels investigated are single-tube ones with unidirectional traffic. The Bivariate Negative Binomial regression model, jointly applied to non-severe crashes (accidents involving material-damage only) and severe crashes (fatal and injury accidents only), was used to model the frequency of accident occurrence. The year effect on severe crashes was also analyzed by the Random Effects Binomial regression model and the Negative Multinomial regression model. Regression parameters were estimated by the Maximum Likelihood Method. The Cumulative Residual Method was used to test the adequacy of the regression model through the range of annual average daily traffic per lane. The candidate set of variables was: tunnel length (L), annual average daily traffic per lane (AADT_L), percentage of trucks (%Tr), number of lanes (N_L), and the presence of a sidewalk. Both for non-severe crashes and severe crashes, prediction-models showed that significant variables are: L, AADT_L, %Tr, and N_L. A significant year effect consisting in a systematic reduction of severe crashes over time was also detected. The analysis developed in this paper appears to be useful for many applications such as the estimation of accident reductions due to improvement in existing tunnels and/or to modifications of traffic control systems, as well as for the prediction of accidents when different tunnel design options are compared.     

大断面黄土隧道近距离爆破控制效果分析

为防止超大断面黄土隧道开挖爆破对既有隧道中人、车通行安全的影响,提出合理的爆破施工参数及控制技术。新建二庄科隧道工程,其最大开挖断面达到136.08 m²,存在断面大、周边环境复杂、对爆破施工技术要求高等技术难点。综合考虑现场条件及工程经验,对双侧壁导坑法光面爆破施工技术进行详细设计,通过以大化小、优化施工工序、细化爆破施工参数、加固既有隧道衬砌结构等方法,有效地避免了爆破振动对既有隧道的影响,既有隧道迎爆侧振速峰值仅为4.20 cm/s,远小于规范允许值,且爆破效果也满足光面爆破质量控制要求,从而确保了大断面隧道施工安全及既有隧道的通行安全。因此,该隧道爆破控制技术及参数可为类似大断面隧道爆破施工控制提供参考。     

Hit-and-run crashes in urban river-crossing road tunnels

Hit-and-run crashes are a relatively infrequent but severe offense worldwide because the identification and emergency rescue of victims is delayed, which increases the injury severities and the mortality rate. However, no studies have been conducted on hit-and-run crashes in urban river-crossing road tunnels (URCRTs), which can greatly threaten the safety of motorists driving in the tunnels. This study, which employs a dataset of vehicle crashes that happened in thirteen urban road tunnels traversing the Huangpu River, established a binary logistic regression model to identify thirteen factors that contribute to escaping after crashes in Shanghai related to the offending drivers, the vehicular and environmental conditions, the tunnel characteristics and crash information. Among the thirty-five variables considered, this study found that a perpetrator's tendency to leave the crash scene without reporting an accident was higher at night, in the tunnel exit, near to or in short tunnels, when a two-wheeled vehicle or heavy goods vehicle (HGV) was involved and when alcohol was involved. While a perpetrator was more likely to remain on the scene in the tunnel entrance, on a rainy day, in a rear end collision, when a bus was involved, in a single vehicle or a multi-vehicle accident. Based on these findings, several countermeasures for better supervision and hit-and-run prevention are proposed.     

Formation of zirconia fibres on unidirectional freezing of a gel

A zirconia hydrogel prepared by dialysing ZrOCI₂ aqueous solution against water buffer was unidirectionally frozen in a cylindrical polyethylene cell which was immersed in a -78° C cold bath at various rates. Freezing rate,R, and temperature gradient,G, at the frozen gel front were continuously measured during freezing. It was found that zirconia fibres longer than 20 mm are formed whenG/R = 2 to 8° C h cm^–2. Either lower or higherG/R values gave only fragmental zirconia. The diameter,d, of the long zirconia fibres was changed from 25 to 55 m with the temperature gradient and the freezing rate according to the equationd ^– A/(GR) +B, whereA andB are constants. It was concluded that long fibres of the desired diameter are obtained by controlling both the freezing rate and the temperature gradient. These results were interpreted in terms of cellular growth of ice crystals.     

Growth and passivation of aluminum etch tunnels at on-off controlling DC

In order to control the length of tunnels within Al foil etched in HCl-H₂SO₄ solutions, the influence of on-off control of the DC on growth and passivation of tunnels has been investigated. From SEM of oxide replicas of tunnels, it was found that, in a given etchant solution at a special temperature, the longest tunnel length depended only on the turn-on interval of DC, and the number of pits was determined by the total electricity of the DC. The corresponding mechanism is that the potential of Al foil changed rapidly at the point of the switch of DC by the result according to the anodic polarization curve and potential-time (E-t) response curves. The moment the DC was switched on, the potential increased immediately over pitting potential, leading to nucleation of pits at the surface and growth of tunnels at special lengths. When the DC was switched off, the potential rapidly decreased to a passive state, leading to the cessation of nucleation and the death of tunnels. Therefore, the longest tunnel length can be controlled and a non-piercing layer can be obtained. Furthermore, consequent etching of Al foil by the on-off control of the DC is beneficial for maintaining a good mechanical strength.