Childhood cancer and parental use of alcohol and tobacco

Reported consumptions of alcohol and tobacco for the parents of 1641 children who died with cancer in England and Wales during the period 1977 to 1981 were compared with similar information for the parents of 1641 control subjects. Consumption of alcohol by fathers was not associated with an increased risk of childhood cancer (relative risk (RR)) = 1.05; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86 to 1.28), but for daily consumption of cigarettes was not shown to be associated with an increased risk and consumption of alcohol was associated with a relatively low cancer risk (RR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.70 to 0.96). Relations between maternal consumption of cigarettes and birth weights suggested that the smoking data were equally reliable for case patients and control subjects.     

Importance of the evaluation of food consumption in the risk of exceeding the permissible daily doses for poisons potentially contained in food

The Codex Alimentarius in its General Principles committee proposes the definitions of risk assessment and risk management linked to ingestion of food additives and food contaminants. Moreover, three European directives imply for all member states an evaluation of food additives intakes by general population and by possible "at risk groups of consumers". This work is conducted in the general case of European Scientific Cooperation and is coordinated by United-Kingdom. This paper describes the French approach, using a step-by-step procedure to evaluate food additives consumption. It emphasizes the importance of scientific works in this field of research to obtain french datas about french consumptions.     

Body mass index and alcohol consumption: Family history of alcoholism as a moderator.

Recent research suggests that excess food consumption may be conceptualized as an addictive behavior. Much of the evidence comes from neurobiological similarities between drug and food consumption. In addition, an inverse relation between alcohol consumption and body mass index (BMI) has been observed. Previous research has hypothesized that this inverse relation is attributable to competition between food and alcohol for similar neurotransmitter receptors. The current study explored this neurobiological hypothesis further by examining the influence of an indicator of biological risk associated with alcohol problems (family history of alcoholism) on the relationship between alcohol and food intake. Data from 37,259 participants in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) were included in the study. BMI, family history of alcoholism, gender, and race/ethnicity were assessed as predictors of typical drinking frequency and estimated blood alcohol concentration (BAC). An inverse relationship between alcohol consumption and BMI was demonstrated. An attenuation of family history effects on drinking behavior was evident for obese compared to nonobese participants. The results suggest a neurobiological link between alcohol use and food consumption, consistent with theories characterizing excess food consumption as an addictive behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Double wave cohort increase for oesophageal and laryngeal cancer in France in relation to reduced alcohol consumption during the second world war

Mortality from oesophageal cancer is increasing in France. A cohort analysis indicates that there were two successive waves of increase separated by a non-increase interval for the cohorts born between 1902 and 1916. A similar effect was observed for laryngeal cancer and liver cirrhosis but not for lung and pancreas cancer. This might be related to the reduction of alcohol consumption during the second world war.     

认真贯彻国家产业政策,提升马钢竞争能力

对照我国钢铁产业发展政策要求,结合马钢实际情况,阐述了当前我国冶金行业的能源消耗状况,分析了在能耗指标方面马钢与同行业先进水平的差距,提出了今后一个时期马钢贯彻落实国家产业政策、进一步降低能源和资源消耗、实施低成本战略、提升企业竞争力的思路和措施,并逐步付诸于实践。     

Functional and evolutionary implications of natural variation in clock genes

Stomach cancer remains the second leading cancer in incidence in Shanghai, China, despite its decline over the past 2 decades. To clarify risk factors for this common malignancy, we conducted a population-based case-control study in Shanghai, China. Included in the study were 1,124 stomach cancer patients (age 20-69) newly diagnosed in 1988-1989 and 1,451 controls randomly selected among Shanghai residents. Usual adult dietary intake was assessed using a comprehensive food frequency questionnaire. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression models. Risks of stomach cancer were inversely associated with high consumption of several food groups, including fresh vegetables and fruits, poultry, eggs, plant oil, and some nutrients, such as protein, fat, fiber and antioxidant vitamins. By contrast, risks increased with increasing consumption of dietary carbohydrates, with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-2.1) and 1.9 (95% CI 1.3-2.9) in the highest quartile of intake among men (p for trend=0.02) and women (p=0.0007), respectively. Similar increases in risk were associated with frequent intake of noodles and bread in both men (p=0.07) and women (p=0.05) after further adjustment for fiber consumption. In addition, elevated risks were associated with frequent consumption of preserved, salty or fried foods, and hot soup/porridge, and with irregular meals, speed eating and binge eating. No major differences in risk were seen according to subsite (cardia vs. non-cardia). Our findings add to the evidence that diet plays a major role in stomach cancer risk and suggest the need for further evaluation of risks associated with carbohydrates and starchy foods as well as the mechanisms involved.     

Differential response to lithium and carbamazepine in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorder

The relation between selected indicator foods, alcohol and coffee intake, and the risk of pancreatic cancer was evaluated in a case-control study conducted between 1983 and 1992 in northern Italy on 362 patients with histologically confirmed, incident cancers of the pancreas, and 1,552 controls in hospital for acute, non-neoplastic diseases. Odds ratios (ORs) for subsequent tertiles of intake were computed after allowance for sociodemographic factors and tobacco smoking. Pancreatic cancer risk was directly associated with consumption of meat (OR for the highest frequency tertile = 1.43), liver (OR = 1.43) and ham and sausages (OR = 1.64), and inversely with consumption of fresh fruit (OR = 0.59), fish (OR = 0.65) and olive oil (OR = 0.58). No appreciable association was found with coffee (OR = 1.21) and alcohol consumption (OR = 1.20). A summary score was derived by summing the six related food items; compared to the lowest level, the OR was 2.7 for the highest quintile, and the population attributable risk was 36% (95% confidence interval, 15-57%), indicating the scope of diet for the prevention of this common neoplasm in the Italian population.     

Meat, fat and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study from Uruguay

To examine whether meat intake modifies breast-cancer risk, a case-control study was conducted in Uruguay. Dietary patterns were assessed in detail (for cases, before diagnosis or symptoms occurred) using a food frequency questionnaire involving 64 food items, which allowed total energy intake to be calculated. Nutrient residuals were calculated through regression analysis. After adjustment for potential confounders (which included family history of breast cancer, menopausal status, body-mass index, total energy and total alcohol intake), an increased risk associated with consumption of total meat intake, red meat intake, total fat and saturated fat intake was observed. The strongest effect was observed for red meat intake (OR 4.2, 95% CL 2.3-7.7) for consumption in the upper quartile, after controlling for protein and fat intake. This suggests an independent effect for meat. Since experimental studies have shown a strong effect of heterocyclic amines in rat mammary carcinogenesis, further studies should be performed in human epidemiology, perhaps using biomarkers of heterocyclic amine exposure.     

The role of cooked food mutagens as possible etiological agents in human cancer. A critical appraisal of recent epidemiological investigations

The paper reviews the epidemiological studies that investigate the relationships between dietary protein intake and the risk of some cancer and that have been published since 1980. A comparison of these reports is complicated because of many confounding factors that could obscure the conclusions (e.g. choice of controls) and because it is difficult to distinguish the consumption of fat from that of animal proteins. The 75 examined publications deal with the influence of food intake on different cancers: colo-rectal (42), stomach (8), breast (7), ovarian (4), endometrium (3), prostate (4), pancreas (2), urothelium (1), bladder (2), brain (1), lymphoma (1). From these studies in parallel with information from other sources, it is concluded that pyrolysis products generated by heat treatment of protein-rich food could be responsible factors for, at least, colo-rectal cancer.     

An investigation of fluidized bed electrowinning of cobalt using 50 and 1000 Amp cells

50 Amp and 1000 Amp cells equipped with fluidized bed cathodes were used to investigate the electrowinning of cobalt from sulfate solutions. The catholytes employed ranged in cobalt concentration from 100 to 4.8 grams per liter of cobalt and from acid (pH ≃1) to near neutral (pH ≃6). Superficial current densities up to 1.09 A cm⁻² were used. The cells were equipped with a nearly impermeable diaphragm, permitting the use of an anolyte of composition different from that of the catholyte. The current efficiency for cobalt deposition (as conveniently determined by measuring the rate of hydrogen evolution), electrical energy consumption, and appearance of the deposit were studied as a function of catholyte composition. Reasonable current efficiencies were observed. The electrical energy consumptions were much higher than that of conventional electrowinning, but this was shown to be due to the anode chamber and diaphragm resistance losses rather than the fluidized cathode. Formerly with the Department of Materials Science and Mineral Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA.     

Assessment of the carcinogenic potential of polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) in rats and mice

The carcinogenic potential of the food emulsifier ADMUL WOL brand of polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) was evaluated in rats and mice. Groups of 60 male and 60 female rats were given purified diets containing 5% of either PGPR or groundnut oil for 2 years. Groups of 25 male and 25 female mice were given purified diets containing 5% of either PGPR or groundnut oil for 80 weeks. No carcinogenic effect of PGPR was observed. In addition, dietary PGPR had no adverse effect on growth, food consumption, longevity and haematology. Organ weight analysis revealed an increase in liver and kidney weight in both male and female rats and female mice. Histological analysis of tissues revealed no treatment related adverse effects.     

Galanin stimulation of feeding is blocked by the addition of a response requirement.

Administration of the neuropeptide galanin increases food intake in laboratory rats and mice, however this increase has only been observed under conditions of free-feeding. As there is a growing distinction between consummatory and instrumental behavior, we assessed whether galanin would differentially affect food consumption when food was freely available or when the same food was response-contingent. We also tested whether food restriction would interact with galanin's effect on food consumption in either condition. As in previous studies, galanin significantly increased food consumption under free access conditions. However, when food was contingent upon lever-pressing, galanin had no such stimulatory effect. Food-restriction increased basal feeding levels in both tasks but there was no interaction between food restriction and free or response-contingent food intake. These results demonstrate that galanin-induced feeding stimulation is limited to conditions of free access and support the theoretical distinction between consummatory and instrumental behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Role of food interaction pharmacokinetic studies in drug development. Food interaction studies of theophylline and nifedipine retard and buspirone tablets

Due to several mechanism, meals may modify the pharmacokinetics of drug products, thereby eliciting to clinically significant food interaction. Food interactions with the drug substance and with the drug formulation should be distinguished. Food interaction of different drug products containing the same active ingredient can be various depending on the pharmaceutical formulation technology. Particularly, in the case of modified release products, the food/formulation interaction can play an important role in the development of food interaction. Well known example, that bioavailability of theophylline can be influenced in different way (either increased, decreased or unchanged) by concomitant intake of food in the case of different sustained release products. The role and methods of food interaction studies in the different kinds of drug development (new chemical entity, modified release products, generics) are reviewed. Prediction of food effect response on the basis of the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug molecule or formulations is discussed. The results of three food interaction studies carried out the products of EGIS Pharmaceuticals Ltd. are also reviewed. The pharmacokinetic parameters of theophyllin 400 mg retard tablet were practically the same in both fasting condition and administration after consumption of a high fat containing standard breakfast. The ingestion of a high fat containing breakfast, increased the AUC of nifedipine from 259.0 +/- 101.2 ng h/ml to 326.7 +/- 122.5 ng h/ml and Cmax from 34.5 +/- 15.9 ng/ml to 74.3 +/- 23.9 ng/ml in case of nifedipine 20 mg retard tablet, in agreement with the data of literature. The statistical evaluation indicated significant differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters in the case of two administrations (before and after meal). The effect of a high fat containing breakfast for a generic version of buspiron 10 mg tablet and the bioequivalence after food consumption were studied in a single-dose, three-way (test and reference products administered after consumption of standard breakfast, as well as test product in fasting condition), cross-over, food effect bioequivalence study. According to the results, the test product--which, in a former study proved to be bioequivalent with the reference product in fasting state--is bioequivalent with the reference product under feeding conditions and the food intake influenced the pharmacokinetics of the test tablets.     

Source of drinking water at home and site-specific cancer incidence in Washington County, Maryland

A nonconcurrent prospective study was conducted to investigate the postulated relationship between organic chemical by-products of water chlorination and risk of human cancer. Vital records and nonofficial census data available for each of nearly 31,000 study subjects were used to compute selected sex- and site-specific cancer incidence rates in a well-defined county population. Age, socioeconomic status, smoking history, source of drinking water at home, and other individual characteristics of the study population were examined in relation to the cancer rates. The drinking water source variable consisted of three historical cohorts, each distinguished by a different degree of exposure to chloroform and other chlorination byproducts. Incidence rates for cancer of the bladder among men and for cancer of the liver among women were nearly twofold higher in the drinking water cohort that had been supplied chlorinated surface water at home when compared to the cohort with a history of consumption of unchlorinated ground water. The differences, however, were not statistically significant. A complementary mortality study also suggested an association of chlorinated water with cancer of the liver and urinary tract. The findings in Washington County indicate the need for further studies of individuals with different histories of exposure to chlorinated and unchlorinated drinking water.     

Contrast enhancement using the triggered imaging

Cancer risk in patients with cirrhosis could be modified by factors such as changes in hormonal levels, impaired metabolism of carcinogens, or alteration of immunological status. We investigated the risk of liver and various forms of cancer in patients with cirrhosis in a follow-up study. We identified 11,605 1-year survivors of cirrhosis from the files of the Danish National Registry of Patients (NRP) from 1977 to 1989. Occurrence of cancer through 1993 was determined by linkage to the Danish Cancer Registry. For comparison, the expected number of cancer cases was estimated from national age-, sex-, and site-specific incidence rates. Overall, 1,447 cancers were diagnosed among the study subjects, as compared with 708.1 expected, to yield a standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 2.0 (95% CI: 1.9 to 2.2). In all diagnostic subgroups of cirrhosis, the risk of primary liver cancer, mainly hepatocellular carcinoma, was markedly elevated, with 245 observed cases and an overall 36-fold elevated risk (59.9-fold elevated for hepatocellular carcinoma and 10-fold for cholangiocarcinoma). Substantial and persistent excesses during follow-up were seen for all types of cancer associated with tobacco and alcohol habits (cancer of the lung, larynx, buccal cavity, pharynx, pancreas, urinary bladder, and kidney), while moderate excesses were seen for cancers of the colon and breast. The latter, however, were not complemented by any decrease in the risk of prostate cancer (SIR: 1.0; 95% CI: 0.7 to 1. 3). A slightly increased risk was seen for testis cancer, but disappeared after 10 years. We found evidence of an increased risk for liver and several extrahepatic cancers in patients with cirrhosis. Although part of this increase is likely attributable to alcohol and tobacco consumption, our study opens up the possibility that cirrhosis plays a role in the carcinogenesis of types of cancer other than liver cancer.     

Studies on viteline cells of monogenea. I. Morphology of viteline cells of Pricea multae

Water deprivation for 48 hr with its accompanying decrease in food intake significantly lowered the in vitro rate of hexobarbital metabolism by hepatic microsomes isolated from male rats. Pair-fed rats allowed water ad libitum had a significantly lower level of hexobarbital metabolism than those deprived of water. Rats starved for 24 hr with or without water also had levels of hexobarbital metabolism significantly lower than their controls; with those animals allowed water ad libitum, the level was significantly lower than for those deprived of water. In vivo hexobarbital "sleeping time" experiments were in general agreement with these results. The in vitro metabolism of aniline was increased in both male and female rats following 24 hr starvation and in female rats (but not males) the effect was greater when water was allowed than when deprived. The differences between hydrated and dehydrated animals were not attributable to reduction in concentration of microsomal protein or the water content of liver. It is concluded that water consumption accentuates the effect of food deprivation on hepatic microsomal metabolism.     

Substitution of protein feed through lysine-supplemented high-protein wheat during the rearing and laying period of hens. 2. Effect of graded lysine doses on food consumption and the rate of weight gain in young hens

In a feeding trial 1920 young hens received rations consisting mainly of high-protein wheat with or without additions of lysine or methionine (table 1) and a control ration. The five rations contained 0.77%, 0,59%, 0,61%, 0,54% of 0,46% lysine. In the period between the 9th and 20th week of experiment the hens receiving less lysine consumed less food in the beginning but more food towards the end of this experimental period (12th to 16th week of experiment). The lower energy content of the control diet produced a higher rate of food consumption. Variations in the lysine supply in general produced only slight differences in feed consumption and weight gain in the rearing period of the hens, whereas a compensatory effect was observed with regard to the growth rate of the birds. Despite the balanced crude protein consumption of the birds a positive linear regression of crude protein utilization was calculated for the percantege crude protein retention (y) as depending upon the lysine content of the ration (x) (y = 11.34 + 19,61x; B = 0.93). The wheat protein could be improved by lysine supplements.     

Long-term estrogenization in mammals. II. Environmental influences of housing conditions upon estrogen-induced polydipsia and food intake in Marsh mice

Estrogen-induced polydipsia was influenced by environmental conditions in which Marsh mice were housed in plastic cages with bedding or in metal cages having grilled floors and no bedding. Increases in this polydipsia with metal-cage housing were reversed upon return to plastic. The increases over controls as ml/kg body weight ranged from 40 to 250%. After an initial fall in food consumption following estrogenization, controls and estrogenized mice consumed nearly the same amount of food/mouse but 10% more for the estrogenized mice on a g/kg body-weight basis. Increased food consumption for controls and estrogenized mice following the change from plastic to metal cages was attributed to compensation for increased loss of body heat. Whether in plastic or metal cages, core temperatures of controls were higher than those of estrogenized mice; both groups had relatively higher temperatures in the metal cages. The older mice in metal cages developed a gnawing pattern wasting food. In five experiments with males, body-weight losses following estrogenization were maintained 43 to 70 days but recovered in 2 of 4 experiments with females under comparable conditions.     

Selenium and lead: mutual detoxifying effects

Antagonistic toxic effects of selenium and lead were studied in growing rats. Chronic lead intoxication was produced by cutaneous application of lead naphthenate solution (80-200 mg Pb/kg body weight) for a period of 8 weeks and chronic selenium intoxication was induced by giving 5 ppm, 10 ppm and 15 ppm selenium in drinking water. The growth rate and food consumption of rats receiving selenium in addition to lead approached normal rate while animals treated with only one of them showed hampered growth rate and lower food consumption. The enzymatic activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase (ALA-D) in whole blood, liver and kidney and liver P-450 enzyme activity were normal in rats receiving both selenium and lead. The enzymic activities assayed were, however, depressed in the animals receiving either lead or selenium. Assay of lead and selenium in liver, brain, kidney and blood was carried out. Rats receiving both metals and higher concentrations of these metals in the organs studied, as compared to those only receiving one component. The data seem to indicate that the effect of selenium on the toxic effects of lead is similar to its protective role against methylmercury intoxication.     

2002年铜市场评述及2003年展望

文章评述了 2 0 0 2年铜市场的变化 ,2 0 0 2年铜价呈窄幅低位震荡走势 ,受铜价长时间低迷的影响 ,铜矿山大量减产 ,全球精铜产量比上年下降了 1 5 %。同时由于全球经济有所回升 ,带动了铜消费增长 ,精铜市场供应得到一定改善 ,但消费仍处于低水平 ,库存仍较高。文章对 2 0 0 3年铜市场进行了预测 ,全球精铜消费增幅将高于 2 0 0 2年 ,供应将出现短缺。