汽车乘员人体质心位置的几何求解法

为了乘用车辆总体设计及座位布局设计提供参数依据,本文基于已有的汽车乘员人体质心位置计算基本原理和公式,首先根据国家标准给出的成年人人体惯性参数求解人体各体段质量及质心位置,其次对人体质心计算公式进行变换及分析,再次以三维CAD软件CATIA为例建立了汽车乘员人体质心位置计算的几何模型,使用此几何模型可以即时得到汽车乘员人体质心位置,而不需要进行复杂的计算。经仿真系统验证此人体质心计算用几何模型可行可靠,并且丰富完善了车身总布置用参数化人体模型功能。     

军车乘员生理状态在途监控干预指导系统研究

目的研究设计军车乘员生理状态监控干预指导系统,将乘员状态信息纳入车辆状态信息管理中,并提供应急干预措施。方法系统为软件系统,安装在车内终端上,实时接收、存储乘员生理参数,通过设定的每项参数预警值,自动判定为正常、关注两种状态,以文字及绿色、黄色指示灯指示,如果超过预警值处于关注状态,可启动干预指导,以文字显示需要采取的相应措施。结果系统通过获取五项生理参数进行乘员生理状态的监控,并根据监控结果提供应急干预指导,使其能够快速采取积极措施。结论系统实现了对军车乘员的实时生理状态监控及应急干预指导,对于保障乘员作业能力起到了支持作用。     

军用特种车辆工业设计研究综述

目的 探究影响军用特种车辆造型的功能因素和技术因素;总结军用特种车辆的设计方法及评价方法;分析军用特种车辆造型的设计趋势.方法 通过对车辆基础形态、结构布局、外表面造型及涂装的变化研究,归纳国内外军用特种车辆的造型演变规律及影响因素;针对军用特种车辆的功能属性、用户及使用场景,结合设计项目实践总结车辆造型的设计及评价方法;通过对未来陆军作战模式及创新型国防应用技术的调研,总结未来军用特种车辆的造型优化方向及设计趋势.结论 工业设计方法与技术手段在军用特种车辆上的设计应用能有效提高车辆造型美观度,优化造型的形态功能,同时构建合理高效的设计流程.工业设计与多学科领域的交叉融合,能赋予军用特种车辆造型创新的功能与性能表现.未来军用特种车辆的造型设计趋势将遵循模块化、高机动性、优良隐身性的设计理念.伴随着技术产业的不断发展,军用特种车辆的造型将会匹配新的驱动模式、驾驶控制模式、供能模式,形成体系化的军用特种车辆设计平台.     

爆炸冲击下车辆底部结构与座椅系统多参数优化研究

为了减少爆炸冲击环境下某防护型车辆内的乘员损伤,对车辆底部结构与座椅系统进行多参数优化。优化过程中,利用多物质单元与流-固耦合算法仿真乘员损伤,并通过试验标定。以乘员小腿受力、颈部力矩为目标函数,以车辆底部结构的厚度、材料、座椅安装位置为设计参数,建立了底部结构及座椅系统的优化数学模型。引入多元统计学的降维技术,形成了基于因子分析的多参数优化方法,在满足精度的条件下,合理缩减参数样本空间,节省了计算成本。通过该算法得到了优化模型的帕累托解集,最终获得了减小乘员损伤的底部结构与座椅系统设计方案。     

磁浮轨检车横向振动及其对磁浮轨道几何参数测量精度的影响

磁浮轨检车是用来检测磁浮轨道几何参数,保证磁浮列车安全运行的轮式特种车辆。建立了磁浮轨检车横向振动二自由度模型,研究了在磁浮轨道随机路面激励下横向振动幅值的大小及其对激光三角法测量磁浮轨道几何参数精度的影响,结果表明该影响在所要求的测量精度范围之内。     

汽车乘员人体质心位置计算方法研究

乘员质心位置作为计算汽车整车各种加载质量状态质心的重要输入数据,直接影响最终的计算结果。本文以国家标准给出的成年人人体惯性参数为基础,结合汽车人体坐姿布置设计情况,进行分析和转换,通过求解人体各体段质量及质心位置,得到汽车乘员人体质心位置的计算公式。由此得到的人体质心数据能更好地满足汽车整车质心位置计算的需要。     

特种车辆方舱结构设计和优化

特种车辆方舱是一种在现代军队中应用较多也是较为广泛的一种装备,特种车辆方舱凭借其良好的通用性和机动性广泛活跃于指挥、通信、后勤保障等多个领域,特种车辆方舱作为机动式的工作平台其能够完成人员和电子通信、指挥设备的搭载。受制于空间和结构的限制在特种车辆方舱的设计过程中应当尽量通过通用化、规范化的标准化设计来构建通用化、系列化和模块化的用以提高特种车辆方舱零部件的互换性以及特种车辆方舱的设计、生产效率,从而有效地增强特种车辆方舱的生存和维修的效率。本文在分析特种车辆方舱特点的基础上对特种车辆方舱设计中的要点进行分析阐述。     

参数化人体模型驱动的产品人机工程设计

针对产品人机工程设计的要求,提出了通过人体模型对产品的形态与结构进行驱动设计的思路.基于人体测量数据库建立了结构模型、尺寸模型和曲面模型3种参数化人体驱动模型,实现了产品人机工程设计的驱动设计,即通过对人体模型的操作将人体测量数据直接映射为产品设计尺寸,为人机工程设计原则的合理应用提供了效率和可靠性的保障.通过座椅的人机设计进行了验证.     

基于正交试验设计的间断式砼护栏研究

为设计出能满足碰撞安全要求的山区公路间断式砼护栏,联合应用正交试验设计方法及动态显式有限元方法,以乘员头部伤害指数HIC值为考核指标,对间断式砼护栏的设计参数进行了优化。采用正交试验表L25(56),对间断式砼护栏的6个设计变量进行了研究,其中,每个设计变量安排了5个水平,基于eta/VPG及ls-dyna软件平台及“汽车-护栏-乘员-座椅-安全带”一体化模型,共进行了25次仿真试验。模型中,汽车采用总重10000kg、重心高1212mm的大货车,其长×宽×高为8575mm×2445mm×3278mm,驾驶室内置自重78kg的50百分位成年男性假人,并配置1.2mm厚的三点式安全带。大货车以60km/h的速度、行驶方向与护栏纵向平面成20°的角度撞击砼护栏。最后,应用SPSS统计软件包,对仿真试验结果进行了方差分析,并据此确定了间断式砼护栏设计参数的最优结果。发现间断式砼护栏的6个设计变量中,只有砼墩长度、砼墩间距、下斜坡高度这3个变量为显著变量,应该选择其最好的水平,因为水平的变化会造成指标的显著不同,而对不显著的另外3个变量,则可根据工程需要来考虑其水平的选择。结果表明,只要设计参数合理,间断式砼护栏也可以在有较强吸能能力的同时,具有一定的引导失控车辆返回正确行驶方向的导向能力。     

国际标准ISO10326.1-1999《机械振动—评价测量座椅振动的实验室方法第1部分:基本要求》内容简介

国际标准ＩＳＯ 10 32 6 1-1999《机械振动—评价车辆座椅振动的实验室方法　第 1部分 :基本要求》规定了通过车辆座椅传递振动给乘客的实验室试验的基本要求 ,给出了车辆座椅振动的实验室测量和评价方法。这些测量和分析方法可用来把不同实验室的实验结果进行比较。该标准提出了座椅振动特性的主要试验包括模拟车辆和机器在实际使用范围内的测量。标准对测试仪器作了详细规定 ,规定传感器应安装在人体与座椅的交界面上即座椅坐垫和靠背上。坐垫上的传感器安装在座椅乘员的两个坐骨结节之间的中间部位 ,椅背上的传感器安装在通过座椅中心线…     

海军舰（艇）员人体测量数据

本文介绍了海军４０６名舰（艇）员４３个项目的人体测量数据，并且给出了平均值与标准差，以及５％、９５％、１％、９９％的范围值，此为海军舰艇人一机一环境系统优化设计提供了人体参数。     

包装产品公路运输环境模拟试验的加速因子

目的研究了GJB 150.16A推荐的包装运输试验条件对应的试验加速因子。方法基于Miler-Palmgrem模型的疲劳损伤等效基本理论,导出了车辆实际运输时的行驶速度、结构的材料疲劳参数与试验加速因子之间的数学表达式,并对不同的运输工况进行了加速因子的定量分析。结果不同的运输工况(行驶速度)和不同的结构材料(疲劳参数),当应用GJB150.16A推荐的包装运输试验条件时,其试验加速因子相差很大,变化范围为1.6~9.0。结论设计包装产品的运输试验时要考虑运输工况对加速因子大小的影响。     

轨道车辆运行过程中人体振动仿真研究

在人体振动模型研究基础上,建立了人体轨道车辆运动方程。利用来自二系悬挂的冲击输入以及来自轨道的随机干扰输入,研究在车体上以及人体头部和内脏引起的响应。结果表明:人体的振动与车体的振动有较大的差异,横向人体振动较大,垂向人体振动较小;人体头部的横向振动较内脏的振动大,垂向头部振动较内脏的振动小。     

Impacts to the chest of PMHSs – Influence of impact location and load distribution on chest response

The chest response of the human body has been studied for several load conditions, but is not well known in the case of steering wheel rim-to-chest impact in heavy goods vehicle frontal collisions. The aim of this study was to determine the response of the human chest in a set of simulated steering wheel impacts. PMHS tests were carried out and analysed. The steering wheel load pattern was represented by a rigid pendulum with a straight bar-shaped front. A crash test dummy chest calibration pendulum was utilised for comparison. In this study, a set of rigid bar impacts were directed at various heights of the chest, spanning approximately 120 mm around the fourth intercostal space. The impact energy was set below a level estimated to cause rib fracture. The analysed results consist of responses, evaluated with respect to differences in the impacting shape and impact heights on compression and viscous criteria chest injury responses. The results showed that the bar impacts consistently produced lesser scaled chest compressions than the hub; the Middle bar responses were around 90% of the hub responses. A superior bar impact provided lesser chest compression; the average response was 86% of the Middle bar response. For inferior bar impacts, the chest compression response was 116% of the chest compression in the middle. The damping properties of the chest caused the compression to decrease in the high speed bar impacts to 88% of that in low speed impacts. From the analysis it could be concluded that the bar impact shape provides lower chest criteria responses compared to the hub. Further, the bar responses are dependent on the impact location of the chest. Inertial and viscous effects of the upper body affect the responses. The results can be used to assess the responses of human substitutes such as anthropomorphic test devices and finite element human body models, which will benefit the development process of heavy goods vehicle safety systems.     

On the conversion coefficients for cosmic ray dosimetry

Calculations of fluence-to-effective dose conversion coefficients have typically been limited to the standard irradiation geometries of the human body: anterior-to-posterior (AP), posterior-to-anterior (PA), lateral from the right side to the left side (RLAT), lateral from the left side to the right side (LLAT), rotational around the vertical axis (ROT), and isotropic incidence from all directions (ISO). In order to estimate the doses to air crew members exposed to cosmic radiation, the geometrical conditions of irradiation are usually assumed to be isotropic. However, the assumption of isotropic irradiation is in many cases invalid for the high energy component of the radiation field, which is often peaked in the forward direction. Therefore, it was considered useful to extend the calculations of conversion coefficients to other geometries. New sets of conversion coefficients fluence-to-effective dose are presented for the semi-isotropic irradiation of the human body and for the irradiation from the top. Their application to cosmic ray dosimetry is discussed.     

European Contribution to Human Aspect Investigations for Future Planetary Habitat Definition Studies: Field Tests at MDRS on Crew Time Utilisation and Habitat Interfaces

Human factors are a dominant aspect in space missions, which may strongly influence work results and efficiency. To assess their impact on future long term space missions and to attempt a general quantification, the environmental and technical conditions to which astronauts may be confronted need to be reproduced as closely as possible. Among the stressors that occur during space missions, limited resources, limited social interactions, long term living and working in confined and isolated areas are among the most important for future planetary exploration. The European Space Agency (ESA) has a strong interest in obtaining data and insights in human aspects to prepare for future studies on the definition of future Lunar and Martian planetary habitats. In this frame, ESA’s Directorate of Human Space Flight was associated to the EuroGeoMars campaign conducted by the Crews 76 and 77 in February 2009 in The Mars Society’s ‘Mars Desert Research Station’ (MDRS) in the Desert of Utah. The EuroGeoMars Campaign lasted 5 weeks and encompassed two groups of experiments, on human crew related aspects and field experiments in geology, biology and astronomy/astrophysics. The human crew related aspects covered (1) crew time organization in a planetary habitat, (2) an evaluation of the different functions and interfaces of this habitat, (3) an evaluation of man–machine interfaces of science and technical equipment. Several forms and questionnaires were filled in by all crew members: time and location evaluation sheets and two series of questionnaires. In addition, the crew participated in another on-going food study where the type of food was imposed and crew impressions were collected via questionnaires. The paper recalls the objectives of the human crew related experiments of the EuroGeoMars project and presents the first results of these field investigations. Some recommendations and lessons learnt will be presented and used as first inputs for future planetary habitat definition studies.     

Man on the Moon: the technology of lunar exploration

Spurred on by President John F. Kennedy's 1961 speech, which challenged America to place a man on the Moon before the end of the decade, NASA and its industrial contractors succeeded in doing so in July 1969. Delivering three astronauts to the vicinity of the Moon was challenge enough in those early days of the Space Age, but landing a crew on the lunar surface, supporting their science and exploration activities, and returning them to the relative safety of lunar orbit was a separate, equally difficult challenge. The solutions, in the shape of the Apollo lunar module and lunar roving vehicle, are the subjects of this article. Lunar module design and mass reduction are discussed. Power supply and power processing for the lunar module is discussed. The lunar rover is then described with particular emphasis on navigation, operation and performance.     

基于傅里叶幅值检验扩展法的轨道车辆垂向模型全局灵敏度分析

为筛选明显影响轨道车辆垂向振动特性的设计参数,简化车辆模型参数优化设计过程,采用傅里叶幅值灵敏度检验扩展法对典型轨道车辆垂向模型进行参数灵敏度分析。研究结果表明,二系悬挂与一系悬挂阻尼变化对车体沉浮运动影响较一系悬挂刚度大;调整车辆定距也会影响车体点头运动;模型设计参数间存在微弱的交互作用。所用该研究方法及结论对轨道车辆模型的振动特性研究及参数优化设计具有一定参考价值与工程意义。     

A numerical study on the optimal geometric design of speed control humps

The aim of the present paper is to find an optimum speed control hump geometric design by using the sequential quadratic programming method. Theoretical investigation of the dynamic behavior of the driver body components and the vehicle due to crossing speed control humps is presented. The vehicle–driver system represented as a mathematical model consists of 12 degrees of freedom (DOF). Seven DOFs are used for the human body model in the heave mode and the rest are for the vehicle body, suspension system and tires. An optimum design method for the hump geometry is proposed to reduce the excessive shocks experienced by drivers when crossing the hump below the speed limit, while being unpleasant when going over the speed limit. The pleasant or unpleasant ride, or what is called comfort criteria (CC), is modeled by calculating the driver's head acceleration. In this regard, the geometry of the hump will be controlled to match an optimum practical shape that can be implemented economically. Three types of humps are discussed and evaluated in the optimization technique. These humps are Watts, flat-topped and polynomial humps. For Watts and flat-topped humps, different rise and return profiles which are used as design variables, are sinusoidal, harmonic, cycloidal, circular and modified harmonic. The global design was selected from 42 optimal designs which are found by combining different rise/return profiles for the three types of humps. The effect of special cases such as symmetrical roads, design limitations, CC, critical speed (CS) and system parametric variations on the optimal design of speed control humps are presented at the end of this paper.     

采用变换矩阵计算运动人体惯性参数

根据测量的25个人体形体指标,用Barter回归方程以及人体模型的定义计算得到人体环节的质量、几何尺寸和质量惯性矩等环节惯性参数。用Hanavan人体模型采用变换矩阵获得运动中人体环节相对惯性参考系的环节惯性参数,同时根据合力矩定理和平行轴定理计算运动中人体质心和主转动惯性等惯性参数,为研究人体运动提供可靠的定量分析依据。研究方法很好地体现了人体惯性参数的个体特征和任意姿态特征,其计算结果与国内报道用CT法和三线摆的研究结果相符。