柠檬酸盐-酒石酸盐体系锌基合金碱性无氰镀铜工艺

以柠檬酸盐、酒石酸盐为主配位剂,研究了锌基合金上碱性无氰镀铜工艺.镀液组成和工艺条件为:二水合氯化铜16g/L,柠檬酸钾82g/L,酒石酸钾钠20g/L,胺化合物29g/L,硼酸30g/L,氯化钾28g/L,氢氧化钾20g/L,光亮剂0.01 mL/L,温度45 ℃,pH为9(用KOH或盐酸调节),镀液搅拌,电流密度1.0A/dm2.研究了搅拌,镀液温度、pH、铜离子质量浓度和添加剂对镀层外观的影响.测试了镀液的电流效率,深镀能力,分散能力,抗杂质能力,与基体的结合力,表面形貌和结构.结果表明,添加剂体积分数在0.01～1.50 mL/L范围内均可获得光亮的镀层;电流效率随电流密度,温度和pH的提高而增大;镀液有较强的抗杂质能力,深镀能力达100%,分散能力为84.1%,电流效率在90%左右.镀层晶粒细小、致密、平整,颗粒分布均匀,与基体结合牢固.     

钢铁基体上柠檬酸盐碱性无氰镀铜

以柠檬酸盐为配位剂,结合胺化合物为辅助配位剂,研究了钢铁基体上无氰镀铜工艺.探索了搅拌方式、温度、pH、铜离子质量浓度和添加荆质量浓度对镀层质量的影响以及该工艺抗Fe2+、Fe3+、Zn2+,Sn4+等杂质的能力.试验结果表明,电流效率在90%左右,并随电流密度、温度和pH的提高而增大;镀液深镀能力达100%.通过极化曲线,解释了配位剂和添加剂的作用.     

钢铁基体酒石酸盐碱性无氰镀铜

以酒石酸盐为络合剂,胺化合物为辅助络合剂,研究钢铁基体上碱性无氰镀铜工艺,探讨了搅拌、镀液温度、pH、ρ(Cu2+)和添加剂对镀层外观的影响.考察了镀液的深镀能力和抗Fe2+、Fe3+、Zn2+及Sn4+杂质能力以及镀层与铁基体的结合力.实验结果表明:可以在宽广的工艺条件下获得光亮的铜镀层;阴极电流效率随温度、pH和ρ(Cu2+)提高而增大,在实验确定的工艺条件下ηκ为82%左右;镀液深镀能力达91%;计时电位曲线试验结果表明,基体上的钝化膜在沉积初期被破坏而处于活化状态,使得铜镀层与钢铁基体有足够的结合力.     

HEDP溶液钢铁基体镀铜工艺的研究

采用赫尔槽试验和直流电解方法研究了HEDP镀液在钢铁基体上预镀铜的工艺过程,给出了最优镀液组成和最佳工艺条件:Cu2+10g/L,HEDP 160g/L,K2CO 360g/L,pH9.0,温度50°C,通气搅拌,阴极电流密度2A/dm2。试验结果表明,上述HEDP镀液组成简单、容易维护,不加任何添加剂的平均分散能力为62.21%,深镀能力为100%;可操作的阴极电流密度范围较宽,阴极电流密度为2A/dm2时的镀速达0.37μm/min;得到的半光亮铜镀层结合力良好、结晶细致。     

超厚镀钯技术在光电经纬仪上的应用

以黄铜为基材,研究了吡啶添加剂-氨盐体系的电镀钯工艺,分析了钯盐、氯化铵、吡啶添加剂质量浓度,温度及pH对镀液和镀层质量的影响.在Pd(NH3)2Cl220 g/L,NH4Cl 15 g/L,NH3·H2O 35 mL/L,吡啶添加剂25 g/L,pH 7～8,温度25～35℃和电流密度0.4～0.5 A/dm2的条件下,获得了厚度达35 μm的光亮钯镀层.该镀层与基体结合力良好,能满足光电经纬仪的工作要求.     

亚硫酸盐／硫代硫酸盐体系无氰镀铜

采用黄铜和不锈钢为基体,以SO2-3/S2O2-3为还原剂和配位剂,胺化合物为配位剂,研究了一价铜无氰镀铜工艺,其镀液组成和操作条件为:CuCl2·2H2O 16.0～21.3 g/L,SO32-/S2O2-3 0.475 mol/L,胺化合物0.76 mol/L,H3BO3 36 g/L,葡萄糖0.38 mol/L,光亮剂(有机胺类化合物)0.04 mL/L,温度40℃,pH 8(以KOH调节),搅拌,电流密度0.5～2.0A/dm2.讨论了温度、pH、铜离子质量浓度和光亮剂体积分数对镀层质量及电流效率的影响,分别采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射表征了镀层的表面形貌和结构.结果表明,控制合适的条件可使电流效率超过90%.使用本工艺电镀时,应采用较高的镀液pH,但镀液在存置时宜控制在较低的pH.添加剂能提高镀液的整平性能,使铜镀层只出现(111)和(200)晶面,光亮度提高,晶粒更细小、致密,颗粒分布均匀.     

新型钢铁无氰镀铜工艺及其应用

在第一代钢铁无氰镀铜工艺的基础上,开发出第二代无氰碱性镀铜新工艺,成功地解决了镀液的稳定性问题。镀液的基础配方和工艺条件为:CuSO₄·5H₂O25.0g/L,C₆H₅O₇K₃·H2O0.2mol/L,辅助配位剂0.05mol/L,稳定剂0.2mol/L,活化剂0.02mol/L,H3BO330g/L,KOH20g/L,添加剂10mL/L,温度45°C,pH8.8⁹.2,电流密度1.0¹.5A/dm2,阳极为电解铜。在新工艺镀液中引入一价铜稳定剂和活化离子,保证了其稳定应用。通过赫尔槽和挂镀试验研究了镀液组分和工艺条件对镀层性能和电流效率的影响,以及镀液的抗杂质能力。结果表明,在本工艺条件下,所得镀层性能良好,电流效率高于90%,镀液的抗杂质性能优良。本工艺适用于钢铁、铜合金预镀铜。经数月的连续生产,镀液保持稳定,产品结合力合格。     

工艺因素对滚镀镍镀液分散能力的影响

采用由100 g/L Ni_2SO_4·6H_2O、120 g/L NiCl_2·6H_2O、40 g/L导电盐、50 g/L H_3BO_3和适量BH-959系列复合光亮剂[按300 mL/(kA·h)补加]组成的镀液对铁基铰链滚镀镍。研究了温度、pH、施镀时间、滚筒转速及电流密度对滚镀镍液分散能力和镀层厚度的影响,得到最佳条件为:温度60°C,pH 4.4,电流密度4 A/kg,滚筒转速8 r/min,时间90 min。BH-959滚镀镍工艺在光亮剂消耗量、镀液分散能力等方面都优于行业同类工艺,目前该工艺已成功应用于广东某家具五金表面处理公司。     

柠檬酸-酒石酸盐无氰镀铜工艺研究

研究了一种柠檬酸-酒石酸盐无氰镀铜工艺,通过正交试验确定的最佳工艺条件为:碱式碳酸铜55g/L,柠檬酸260g/L,酒石酸钾钠32g/L,碳酸氢钠1.5g/L,光亮剂(二氧化硒和三乙醇胺)0.02g/L,pH为9.0,温度35°C,电流密度为1.5A/dm2,阴、阳极面积比为1:2,时间8min。镀液和镀层的性能测试结果表明:镀液稳定,镀液分散能力为84.52%,镀液覆盖能力为4.5,工艺得到的镀层达到二级光亮以上,镀层结晶细致、均匀,镀层结合力良好、孔隙率低,可作为碳钢制品的装饰性镀层和续镀其他金属或合金的底层或中间镀层。     

焦磷酸盐体系电镀Ni_(70)Cu_(30)合金工艺

为了得到Ni70Cu30合金镀层,研究了镀液中主盐浓度比、配位剂浓度、温度、pH、电流密度等工艺参数对合金镀层成分、外观等的影响,并考察了多种添加剂对镀层性能的影响.确定了最优镀液组成及工艺条件为:七水合硫酸镍70 g/L,五水合硫酸铜10 g/L,三水合焦磷酸钾242 g/L,硼砂38 g/L,二乙二醇3mL/L,,温度55℃,pH 8.7,电流密度4～9A/dm2.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。