“欧洲绿色之都”评选与城市可持续性评估的思议

在全球城市化率整体已经跨越50%时,城市维度的可持续性水平早已是影响全球可持续发展的关键。对城市可持续性的评估已经成为近年来城市研究领域的热点议题之一＂。欧洲绿色之都＂奖项就是基于这一理念提出的,对建设良好可持续环境做出努力的欧洲城市的表彰称号。评选建立在对城市可持续性评估的理解上,其理论框架和实践经历一定的发展过程,反映了可持续思想的变化发展。结合2010/2011年的欧洲绿色之都的评选案例,对作为评选核心技术的城市可持续度评估指标体系进行分析和解读,最后在此基础上总结评选项目和评估体系的经验和作用。     

弹性网格:曼哈顿城市形态及合并街区特征研究

研究应用空间句法考察了曼哈顿城市形态演变及曼哈顿街区合并对城市局部及整体城市形态的影响,以探讨其背后反映的城市形态与城市社会经济活动之间的互动关系。研究认为,曼哈顿城市形态具有弹性特征,使其在因街区合并等带来的城市形态演变过程中保持了较高的可达性,同时形成了具有多中心性及多样性的城市形态。不同功能合并街区呈现的差异化空间形态表明,城市形态对社会经济活动具有重要的支撑作用。本研究对中国高密度紧凑城市中的物质空间形态规划有重要的借鉴意义。     

促进城市的可持续发展:多维度、多尺度的城市形态研究——中美城市形态研究的综述及启示

自20世纪80年代中期开始,人们对城市土地粗放利用、空间无序蔓延的批判和反思,以及对精明城市形态的寻求,重新引起了美国城市规划者和政策制定者对城市形态的研究兴趣.本文综述了美国和中国城市形态研究的主要文献,认为中国的城市形态研究目前主要分别集中于城市地理学、城市规划、建筑和城市设计等领域,尚未进行跨领域的研究.而从过去20多年美国相关研究进展来看,美国的城市形态研究趋向于多尺度下的多维度形态识别,即可分为景观生态、城市经济、城市交通、城市社区以及城市设计等五个维度,分别对应大区域、大都市区、次区域、社区和街区等五个尺度.这些多维度、多尺度的城市形态研究成果对制定城市公共政策有直接相关意义.美国城市形态研究的最新进展不仅可以为中国城市形态研究提供启示,也将为21世纪中国城市塑造更健康、可持续的城市形态提供借鉴.     

Local experiences of urban sustainability: Researching Housing Market Renewal interventions in three English neighbourhoods

Ideas and thinking about sustainability and sustainable development have permeated over the last decades into most disciplines and sectors. The area of urban studies is no exception and has generated an impressive body of literature, which aims to marry ‘sustainability’ and ‘urban development’ by grounding the many interpretations of sustainability in an urban setting. This has taken many forms and inspired a range of initiatives across the world including ‘healthy cities’, ‘urban villages’, ‘millennium communities’ and the ‘mixed communities’ movement. Moreover, urban regeneration has come under considerable scrutiny as one of the core mechanisms for delivering sustainable urban development. At the most basic level, it can be argued that all urban regeneration contributes to a certain extent to sustainable development through the recycling of derelict land and buildings, reducing demand for peripheral development and facilitating the development of more compact cities. Yet, whether urban regeneration bears an effect on urban sustainability is an underresearched area. In addition, little is known about these impacts at local level. This paper aims to extend our understanding in these areas of research. We do so, by taking a closer look at three neighbourhoods in Salford, Newcastle and Merseyside. These neighbourhoods underwent urban regeneration under the Housing Marker Renewal Programme (2003–2011), which aimed to ‘create sustainable urban areas and communities’ in the Midlands and North of England. Approximately 130 residents from the three areas were interviewed and a further 60 regeneration officials and local stakeholders consulted. The paper looks at the impact of urban regeneration on urban sustainability by examining whether interventions under the Housing Market Renewal Programme have helped urban areas and communities to become more sustainable. It also discusses impacts at local level, by probing into some of Housing Market Renewal's grounded ‘sustainability stories’ and looking at how change is perceived by local residents. Furthermore, it re-opens a window into the Housing Market Renewal Programme and documents the three neighbourhoods within the wider context of scale and intervention across the whole programme.     

“紧凑”与“集约”的并置比较——再探中国城市土地可持续利用研究的新思路

上个世纪末可持续发展的观念被普遍接受后,“紧凑城市”开始出现在西方发达国家的政策法规中,并被相关学者认为是控制城市蔓延、实现城市可持续性的主导模式之一;与此同时,我国正处于超常规的城市快速发展时期,城市的急剧膨胀造成了对土地资源的巨大需求,为应对我国城市土地资源短缺与土地粗放利用的情况,国内学者试图寻找实现城市土地利用由粗放型向集约型转变的有效方案,以推动城市化进程与城市的可持续发展。本文通过并置和比较这两大理论框架在概念、研究动力、研究方法和研究结论等方面的异同,拓宽研究城市可持续问题的视野,并进一步探求我国城市土地利用可持续性研究的新思路。     

也谈城市街区—读C.莫丁《城市设计：绿色尺度》有感

城市待区是城市发展的基本单元,也是保证城市可的续发民的基本要素,C.莫丁在《城市设计-绿色尺度》一书中以欧洲传统的城市街区为例,从待区功能,规模,形态等角度出发,探讨如何创造充满活力的街区以保证城市的可持续发展。     

Urban form resilience: A meso-scale analysis

Impacted by the compounding effects of climate change and urbanization, cities are facing a panoply of risks that threaten their sustainability. Recognizing the potentially catastrophic ramifications of inaction, local governments are increasingly involved in resilience-building activities that are informed by a vast body of research related to different socio-economic, environmental, and institutional aspects of urban planning and design. However, despite its significant impacts on growth and evolution of cities, limited research exists on how urban form can enhance resilience by increasing the abilities to plan for, absorb, recover from, and adapt to adverse events. As a step towards filling this gap, this paper explores how meso-scale urban form elements can affect urban resilience. This is done through synthesizing theoretical and empirical evidence reported in the literature. The focus is on morphological parameters related to the following urban form elements: neighborhoods, blocks, lots, and open spaces. Results show that existing evidence is mainly related to the associations between ‘neighborhood density, size and configuration of open spaces, and land use mix’ and resilience to ‘climate change impacts’, ‘earthquakes’, ‘social issues’, and ‘resource scarcity’. There is also considerable evidence on the association between design of blocks/lots and resilience in terms of climate change adaptation/mitigation and adaptability to changing circumstances. The analysis also shows that each element influences and is influenced by other elements in the urban system and different elements should not be studied in isolation and the interplay between them should be considered. Existing evidence on conflicts is mainly related to density, but measures related to other elements may also involve conflicts. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for future research towards improving resilience of urban form at the meso-scale.     

城市小区规划可持续发展指标体系

阐述了指标的概念，在研究了河南省城市小区可持续发展能力指数的基础上，从人口指标、资源指标、环境指标、经济指标方面，对城市小区可持续发展能力进行了综合评价。     

天津原日租界区街廓形态研究

街廓是构成城市肌理的重--素,对街廓形态的研究是解读城市形态特征的重要部分。本文从城市形态学的视角出发,以天津原日租界为研究对象,对街廓进行形态特征的归纳整理,分别从尺度和长宽比方面分析其与规划时期之间的关系。研究发现,看似不规则的原日租界街廓形态存在一定的规律性,且其形态是日租界规划控制的重要层面,是租界城市规划机制的体现。     

关于转变当前城市住宅区规划结构模式的探讨

指出当前我国城市住宅区规划中的小区模式的缺陷和给城市发展带来的问题，分析了适宜居住的规划原则，提出了以邻里街区的规划结构模式代替小区模式的观点，并对街区的结构规模做了初步的探讨。     

Top-down sustainable urban development? Urban governance transformation in Saudi Arabia

This paper focuses on transformation in sustainable urban governance by examining the prospect of fostering sustainable development through top-down urban governance. It takes a case study of urban development in Saudi Arabia, which had been administered through a centralized framework devoid of the environmental assessment of policies and plans. Urban planning documents made limited references to the environment. Consequently, Saudi cities have been ranked low on environmental sustainability. However, recently, due to the political imperative of addressing the problems, low oil prices, and the Arab Spring, there has been a remarkable transformation in urban governance. The planning of some of the major cities has been decentralized and some policies implemented to curb unsustainable development. This article reviews these changes to investigate how top-down approaches might still be relevant in promoting sustainable development. It concludes that there is a need to implement a framework of legislation and administrative procedures integrated with strategic environmental assessment (SEA) to ensure proper sustainable institutionalised urban governance. The findings could serve as lessons for those operating under similar political contexts especially in developing countries.     

建筑环境评估体系在中国农村地区的适应性研究

在中国的快速城市化和农村建设 发展过程中,绝大多数建筑环境评估体系只 适用于城市地区,适用于农村地区的建筑环 境评估体系还比较缺乏。本研究从农村可 持续发展理论和中国农村现状出发,对国内 外现有的具有代表性的建筑环境评估体系 进行了分析和对比,得出了目前现有的评估 体系在中国农村应用的局限性,并提出了相 应的改进策略和建议,为进一步发展适合中 国农村地区的建筑环境评估体系提供了新 的思路和方法     

A Study on Planning Strategies for Urban Housing Block Development

As a city is the carrier of human society and housing is an important part of a citizen's life and survival, the citizens' choice of their housing mode will inf luence the material and spiritual life of the individuals, families, and society. In view of the diversification of values and investments, people are eager for a harmonious relationship between the community and the city. As a kind of compact and efficient housing mode, the housing block highlights the organic link of the community within the city in an open and shared living environment. This paper reviews the development of housing blocks in various countries and summarizes the characteristics of housing blocks through a comparison with traditional gated residential quarters and urban blocks. It then analyzes the current diffi culties of housing block development in China from aspects such as the planning concept, planning system, management mode, and development mode and accordingly proposes planning principles and strategies in hope of providing theoretical supports for the development and construction of housing blocks in China.     

汉口原租界片区城市空间形态研究

汉口租界对武汉城市结构发展和城市空间形态演进具有不可磨灭的影响。本文以武汉市近现代城市规划活动为时间轴线,通过城市空间形态理论的分析方法,从土地利用、街道模式以及地块模式等三方面对汉口原租界片区城市空间形态进行探讨,探索其空间形态发展的现状、特征以及对未来租界片区可持续化发展提出若干策略。     

Factors affecting environmental sustainability of urban renewal projects

Urban renewal programmes offer an opportunity to improve the environmental sustainability of urban areas by creating well-designed and well-constructed built environments. In this study, the contributions of built environment design elements to environmental sustainability were evaluated through a questionnaire survey with the participation of 323 people who previously worked in urban renewal projects. Implementing factor analysis, interrelated elements have been gathered under five factors: ‘transportation and accessibility’, ‘conservation of natural resources’, ‘built environment quality’, ‘supporting social life’ and ‘high-density usage’. To identify the importance weights of these factors, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) analysis was carried out with 40 academics and practitioners. Based on the results, ‘conservation of natural resources’ was found as the most important factor affecting the environmental sustainability of urban renewal projects. It is expected that the results of this study shall guide a wide range of urban renewal stakeholders, extending from designers to citizens, along the path of creating environmentally sustainable cities.     

A Tale of Two Cities: Physical Form and Neighborhood Satisfaction in Metropolitan Portland and Charlotte

Problem: Literature advocating compact development and mixed uses frequently claims that this form of development supports a higher quality of life, yet the empirical basis for this claim is weak.

Purpose: I assess the relationship between physical form and quality of life using neighborhood satisfaction as an empirical definition of quality of life.

Methods: I examine the effects of block and neighborhood housing density, land use mix, the mix of housing structure types, and street network connectivity on residents' ratings of neighborhood satisfaction. Using a multilevel dataset that combines individual household information with neighborhood contextual variables, I compare the Charlotte, North Carolina and Portland, Oregon metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), which have very different development patterns and land use policies.

Results and conclusions: At the neighborhood level, I find density and mixed land uses to be associated with higher neighborhood satisfaction in Portland, but lower neighborhood satisfaction in Charlotte. At the block level, however, I find blocks that are exclusively single family detached housing to be associated with higher neighborhood satisfaction in both MSAs. These findings suggest that the influence of compact development and mixed uses on residents' quality of life depends upon the context, and may be sensitive to the spatial scales at which urban form is examined.

Takeaway for practice: Planners should understand that strategies promoting compact development and mixed uses will have different consequences in different contexts, and should pay careful attention to the appropriate spatial scale for implementing such policies. I conclude that compact growth and mixed uses improve quality of life by contributing to higher levels of neighborhood satisfaction, though they may not succeed in low density metropolitan areas. I conclude that in considering such development, planners should: rely on evidence to identify appropriate strategies; learn how to create conditions that foster urban amenities and discourage urban problems; pay attention to factors that complement the appeal of compact and mixed environments; and consider the possibility that the market will not tolerate mixing different housing types at a fine grain for the purpose of achieving higher density and diversity.

Research support: This research was supported by a dissertation research grant from the Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Department of City and Regional Planning, Cornell University.     

城市阴影区的形态特征及模式机制研究——上海“人-地-业”多源大数据视角的实证

城市空间的不均衡发展导致阴影区现象,这种现象包含了人群活动聚散、物质空间形态变化、服务业态布局在城市地理上的投影,并在形态特征、空间模式和内在机制上体现出一定的规律性。本文在城市全域三维街坊建筑、人群活动手机信令、业态POI等多源大数据平台的基础上,以上海为实证样本,从城市阴影区的空间界定入手,通过对其空间形态、用地结构、人群聚散变化、业态机构分布等进行量化分析,以解释阴影区的各项特征规律,分析城市阴影区的特征指标以及与城市土地价值、空间形态布局的关系,据此可探析城市阴影区的空间深层次规律,进而探讨城市空间要素集聚与扩散效应的叠合机制,阐明城市阴影区形成与演化机理。     

Comprehensive concept planning of urban greening based on ecological principles: a case study in Beijing, China

Greenspace is an important part of complex urban ecosystems and provides significant ecosystem services. It benefits urban communities environmentally, esthetically, recreationally and economically. Beijing Province is in north of China, and has a total area of 16,807.8 km² and a population of about 13.8 million. This paper aims to develop a comprehensive conceptual framework for urban greening of Beijing Province based on landscape ecological principles. It attempts to answer how to establish an urban greening plan at the regional, city and neighborhood levels to achieve long-term sustainability. At the regional level, a big natural and semi-natural forest area in the northwest and an ecological buffer belt in the southeast are planned to protect the environmental quality of Beijing and provide habitats for wildlife. At the city level, a green network system of green wedges, parks and green corridors has been proposed. This green network helps to limit future urban expansion, improve urban environmental quality and serve as habitats and migration routes for wildlife. At the neighborhood level, green extensions and connections of riverside greenway, road greenway, parks and vertical greening permeate into the built-up areas. They provide open space close to residential areas and offer places for recreation. This three-level green system constitutes an integrated ecological network for urban sustainable development of Beijing. For future development of Beijing, urban parks, forestry, agriculture, water and infrastructure should be planned and designed in an integrated way. After this greenspace plan is legislated and completely realized, Beijing will develop an interconnected and integrated network of urban greenspaces. It has the prospect of achieving the aim of “Green Olympic City 2008” and the long-term goal of developing Beijing towards an “Eco-City”.     

城市边缘区绿色空间格局研究及规划策略探索

城市边缘区是城市发展到特定阶段所形成的位于城乡之间的地域实体,城市边缘区绿色空间承担着城市边缘区的形态建构、社会空间融合、可持续发展维护等方面的重要功能。对城市边缘区及绿色空间进行了释义,总结出目前我国城市边缘区绿色空间格局的3种类型:"绿环/绿楔""镶嵌式绿块""绿色补丁",分析了目前我国城市边缘区绿色空间所存在的问题,并以此为基础,对我国城市边缘区绿色空间的规划进行了探索。     

Sustainability assessment of flooring systems in the city of Tehran: An AHP-based life cycle analysis

In recent years, numerous attempts have been made to reduce the global environmental and associated socio-economic impacts of construction activities to achieve sustainable development goals. A sustainable system or activity refers to an eco-friendly, cost effective and socio-politically viable solution. This paper utilizes triple-bottom-line (TBL) sustainability criteria for the selection of a sustainable flooring system in Tehran (Iran). Three types of block joisted flooring systems – concrete, clay, and expanded polystyrene (EPS) blocks – have been investigated using life cycle analysis (LCA). Proposed approach provides a comprehensive evaluation system based on TBL criteria that are further divided into thirteen sub-criteria. It includes: (1) Environmental concerns (resource depletion, waste and emissions, waste management, climate change, environmental risk, embodied energy and energy loss); (2) Economic concerns (material cost, construction cost, and occupation and maintenance cost); and (3) Socio-political issues (social acceptance, vulnerability of area, and building weight). Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is used as a multi-criteria decision making technique that helps to aggregate the impacts of proposed (sub)criteria into a sustainability index (SI) through a five-level hierarchical structure. Integration of AHP and LCA provides a framework for robust decision making that is consistent with sustainable construction practices. A detailed analysis shows that the EPS block is the most sustainable solution for block joisted flooring system in Tehran.