Urban environment art design simulation based on FPGA and neural network

Environmental process and compositions of the interior and exterior spaces period, outside the species is a continuation of mixing. Ability to Cities Climate Progress Street Development (CCPSD) under development and urban ecosystem is of great interest. Like the collaborative process, the chemical composition and natural finish edge has appeared on the stage. Urban development is inseparable from the appearance of human experience, a more complete overall climate. Gradually different base and current methods of life living material, natural integration plan needs a metropolitan area, then specific social nature and philosophy of environmental protection of the city, and more thoughts. In this article, method will focus on metropolitan areas the natural clear plan to complete the examination. Set best-effort edge within the metropolitan area to explicitly check liner Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The purpose and work planning and layout of the system need to be considered.     

Impact of urban planning on household's residential decisions: An agent-based simulation model for Vienna

Interest in assessing the sustainability of socio-ecological systems of urban areas has increased notably, with additional attention generated due to the fact that half the world's population now lives in cities. Urban areas face both a changing urban population size and increasing sustainability issues in terms of providing good socioeconomic and environmental living conditions. Urban planning has to deal with both challenges. Households play a major role by being affected by urban planning decisions on the one hand and by being responsible – among many other factors – for the environmental performance of a city (e.g. energy use). We here present an agent-based decision model referring to the city of Vienna, the capital of Austria, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area, the latter being more than 25% of Austria's total population). Since the early 1990s, after decades of negative population growth, Vienna has been experiencing a steady increase in population, mainly driven by immigration. The aim of the agent-based decision model is to simulate new residential patterns of different household types based on demographic development and migration scenarios. Model results were used to assess spatial patterns of energy use caused by different household types in the four scenarios (1) conventional urban planning, (2) sustainable urban planning, (3) expensive centre and (4) no green area preference. Outcomes show that changes in preferences of households relating to the presence of nearby green areas have the most important impact on the distribution of households across the small-scaled city area. Additionally, the results demonstrate the importance of the distribution of different household types regarding spatial patterns of energy use.     

Development and application of GIS-based analysis/synthesis modeling techniques for urban planning of Istanbul Metropolitan Area

Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey with an area of around 5750 km² and population of around 10.58 M (2000). The population is increasing because of mass immigration. Planned and unplanned housing are increasing while green areas are decreasing in area. Rapid, uncontrolled and illegal urbanization accompanied by insufficient infrastructure has caused degradation of forest, water basin and barren lands in the metropolitan area, especially within the past two decades. The study includes taking administrative planning decisions about the development of urban sustainability in the metropolitan area of Istanbul, producing rationalist solutions to the problems in environmental and natural resources, and conservation of small-scale (historical, tourist, residential, industrial, etc.) specific urban areas. By the help of this study, settlement suitability analyses have been achieved according to the natural thresholds of the area. Additionally, some kinds of formations, which may limit the development of the metropolitan area of Istanbul, such as natural structures, natural structure, ecological corridors and natural hazard areas, have been defined and developed model on the ArcGIS 9.1 platform. In the light of the policies of the European Union about sustainable cities, environmental impact assessments and sustainability policies have been determined for both the existing settlements and sustainable development areas.     

Integrating spatial nonstationarity into SLEUTH for urban growth modeling: A case study in the Wuhan metropolitan area

Accurate forecasting of future urban land expansion can provide useful information for policy makers and urban planners to better plan for the impacts of future land use and land cover change (LULCC) on the ecosystem. However, most current studies do not emphasize spatial variations in the influence intensities of the various driving forces, resulting in unreliable predictions of future urban development. This study aimed to enhance the capability of the SLEUTH model, a cellular automaton model that is commonly used to measure and forecast urban growth and LULCC, by embedding an urban suitability surface from geographically weighted logistic regression (GWLR). Moreover, to examine the performance of the loosely-coupled GWLR-SLEUTH model, a layer with only water bodies excluded and a layer combining the former with an urban suitability surface from logistic regression (LR) were also used in SLEUTH in separate model calibrations. This study was applied to the largest metropolitan area in central China, the Wuhan metropolitan area (WMA). Results show that the integrated GWLR-SLEUTH model performed better than either the traditional SLEUTH model or the LR-SLEUTH model. Findings demonstrate that spatial nonstationarity existed in the drivers' impacts on the urban expansion in the study area and that terrain, transportation and socioeconomic factors were the major drivers of urban expansion in the study area. Finally, with the optimal calibrated parameter sets from the GWLR-SLEUTH model, an urban land forecast from 2017 to 2035 was conducted under three scenarios: 1) business as usual; 2) under future planning policy; and 3) ecologically sustainable growth. Findings show that future planning policy may promise a more sustainable urban development if the plan is strictly obeyed. This study recommended that spatial heterogeneity should be taken into account in the process of land change modeling and the integrated model can be applied to other areas for further validation and forecasts.     

A method for planning mandatory green in China

Green space positively affects the quality of the environment and urban life. However it is still hard to decide where and how much green space should be planned. In China, mandatory green space required by national and local laws and regulations entails the specifying of locations and quantities of the green space.This paper proposes a new method for automatically generating the plan of mandatory green and presents a case study in the Yuhua District in Nanjing, China. Based on the regulatory plans of this area, GIS data layers are first assembled. A model is built to generate the final plan of mandatory green of the study area. In comparison with the modeled mandatory green plan, the regulatory green plan is found to be arbitrary and to fails to comply with legal requirements.The results present the model for generating the plan of mandatory green is effective and accurate. This model bridges the gap between the legal parameters of mandatory green and practical green space planning and enables those legal parameters to become the guide and assessing criteria for planning.     

A hierarchical systems formulation of the rural development process

A very urgent and significant set of problems facing developing countries arises in the area of rural development. The rural development system is complex in the sense that it is multidimensional, highly interacting and stochastic in nature. In this paper a multilevel/hierarchical formulation of the rural development system is presented and analysed to provide an improved conceptual framework for the design, phasing and interconnection of component management procedures which together comprise an effective rural development planning and control system. This analysis has been applied to design an initial set of procedures which have been introduced and tested in six rural areas of Kenya.     

A framework to bridge digital planning tools' utilization gap in peri-urban spatial planning; lessons from Pakistan

As cities grow, the continued development pressure and land-use change of peri-urban areas pose a key challenge for urban planners to address. In the planning of peri-urban areas, the complexity of intertwining physical, environmental, transportation, social and institutional planning dimensions, rapidness of change, demand for precision, and subjectivity of the situations; application of digital planning tools (GIS, PSS and similar) offers a result-oriented and at times the only way out for realistic planning. Like many other countries, peri-urban growth in Pakistan is being managed by the preparation of Peri-Urban Structure Plans (PUSPs). Since, 2009, such plans have been prepared for 36 urban centres of various scale which offer a considerable size to explore the usage pattern of digital planning tools in real-world practice and learn the lessons. Despite wider development and adoption of geographic information systems (GIS) based planning support system (PSS) in spatial planning all over the world, the utilization of digital planning tools in Pakistan to support planning practise has been very limited. This research adopts a case study-based methodology to review the legal requirements of peri-urban plan-making and highlight tasks where digital planning tools can add value. It investigates why there is a paucity of up taking digital planning tools in the spatial plan preparation and documents key stumbling factors. To understand the user's perspective, a survey of (n = 108) urban planners has been undertaken using an online questionnaire. The survey assesses their understanding of the terms and their perception behind the current utilization level of digital planning tools for plan preparation. The analysis reveals a very low familiarity of urban planners with digital planning tools, particularly planning support systems, in Pakistan which is aligned with the findings from technologically advanced countries. The causes behind low utilization have been documented and grouped under three dimensions, adopted from previous research including ‘user acceptance’, ‘instrument quality’ and ‘diffusion’. Finally, the paper concludes by proposing a framework for bridging the utilization gap to improve spatial planning practice.     

Utilizing a cellular automaton model to explore the influence of coastal flood adaptation strategies on Helsinki's urbanization patterns

A cellular automaton model (SLEUTH-3r) is utilized to explore the impacts of coastal flood risk management strategies on the urbanization parameters of Helsinki's metropolitan area, at a 50-m spatial resolution by 2040. The current urbanization trend is characterized by the consolidation of existing built-up land and loss of interspersed green spaces, whereas the most intense growth is forecast inside the coastal flood risk areas. This baseline is compared to strategies that test various responses of the planning system to real estate market forces and the spatial distribution of flood risks. A set of scenarios translates property price effects of flood risk information into various attraction-repulsion areas in and adjacent to the floodplain, while a second set explores varying degrees of restricting new growth in the flood risk zones without reference to the housing market.The simulations indicate that growth under all scenarios is distributed in a more fragmented manner relative to the baseline, which can be interpreted favorably regarding house prices and increased access to ecosystem services, although the indirect effects should also be considered. Demand for coastal flood-safe properties does not appear to automatically translate to refocusing of development toward those areas, unless planning interventions encourage this redistribution. The character of the planning system with respect to market drivers and the spatial distribution of risks and amenities is thus important. A mixture of market-based measures and moderate zoning interventions may be preferable for flood risk management and provide the necessary precision for adaptation strategies.     

基于BP神经网络的济南市物流需求预测

作为支撑我国国民经济快速发展的基础性、战略性产业之一的物流业,其发展水平极大的影响着一个城市的整体发展。济南市是山东省省会城市、济南都市圈核心城市,能过合理预测济南市的物流需求对于规划城市经济圈物流发展有着至关重要的作用。本文通过建立物流需求规模预测指标体系,并以济南市的历年数据建立BP神经网络模型,进行济南市物流需求预测,为其物流发展规划提供一定的参考。     

Incremental planning using conceptual graphs

Abstract

When performing a planning or design task in many domains it is often difficult to specify in advance what the precise goals are. It is therefore useful to have a system in which the planning process is performed interactively, with the solution approaching the users' intent incrementally through iterations of the planning process. A planning system intended to function in this way must be able to take goal specifications interactively rather than all at once at the beginning of the planning process. The planning process then becomes one of satisfying new goals as they are given by the user, modifying as little as possible the results of previous planning work. Incremental planning is an approach to interactive planning problems that allows a system to create a plan incrementally, modifying a previous plan to satisfy new or more precise goal specifications. In this paper we present an incremental planning system called the general constraint system (GCS) that is based on the conceptual programming environment (CP) developed at New Mexico State University and we show an example of the use of the system for a simple civil engineering design problem     

Application of airborne remote sensing data on mapping local climate zones: Cases of three metropolitan areas of Texas,U.S.

Urban and vegetation morphology profiles are important factors in local climate-related studies, but they are not as easily measured as land cover information to study urban landscape at metropolitan area. This study aims to develop a GIS-based Local Climate Zones (LCZs) mapping scheme to map and compare the LCZs for three major metropolitans in Texas: Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW), Austin, and San Antonio. Based on an analysis of the land cover and urban morphology, variables including land cover, height of roughness elements, building surface fraction, pervious surface fraction (PSF), and land use planning codes were generated and selected as LCZs classification properties. Then we designed the LCZs mapping scheme with decision-making algorithm was built for LCZs mapping. The key findings of LCZs of our study areas are that: 1) Most of the urbanized area are categorized into LCZ “open” types (characterized by building surface fraction of 15–40% and pervious surface fraction of 30–60%) for all three metropolitan areas with different proportions and spatial diversity; 2) LCZ D Low plants is dominant in areas surrounding DFW, while LCZ A Dense trees and LCZ D Low plants are dominant in Austin and San Antonio with clear regional contrast; 3) LCZs maps are in accordance with the underlying regional environment of the areas. Our study indicated that LiDAR-derived products can support LCZs mapping to identify urban morphological information and standardize the mapping scheme for further comparative studies of metropolitan areas.     

近70年内蒙古呼和浩特城市演化的形态特征及影响因素剖析

城市演化的形态特征及其影响因素分析对于城市生态环境治理及国土空间管控具有重要的应用价值。然而,目前对城市形态特征演化过程的长期识别,尤其对北疆地区及少数民族地区的研究仍显不足。以呼和浩特市为例,基于遥感影像、土地利用/覆盖数据集和城市不透水面与绿地空间组分数据集等信息,利用地理统计方法,分析了1949～2018年城市扩展时空特征以及21世纪以来的城市土地覆盖变化,揭示了城市演化的影响因素,进一步探讨了城市规划在城市演化过程中的作用。研究表明：70年间,呼和浩特市区城市土地面积以“减速—保持—加速”的扩展特征增长了67.62倍,在形态上呈现“填充式—圈层式—单轴线外延—双轴线外延”模式。2000年以来,呼和浩特市区城市不透水面比例呈“先上升后下降”的趋势,城市绿地空间比例则呈现“波动上升”的趋势。国家西部大开发战略、城市总体规划等相关规划政策,以及经济因素是影响呼和浩特市城市演化的重要因素。本研究可为呼和浩特市以及北疆少数民族地区的城市可持续发展提供重要的参考。     

Urban growth modeling of Kathmandu metropolitan region, Nepal

The complexity of urban system requires integrated tools and techniques to understand the spatial process of urban development and project the future scenarios. This research aims to simulate urban growth patterns in Kathmandu metropolitan region in Nepal. The region, surrounded by complex mountainous terrain, has very limited land resources for new developments. As similar to many cities of the developing world, it has been facing rapid population growth and daunting environmental problems. Three time series land use maps in a fine-scale (30 m resolution), derived from satellite remote sensing, for the last three decades of the 20th century were used to clarify the spatial process of urbanization. Based on the historical experiences of the land use transitions, we adopted weight of evidence method integrated in cellular automata framework for predicting the future spatial patterns of urban growth. We extrapolated urban development patterns to 2010 and 2020 under the current scenario across the metropolitan region. Depending on local characteristics and land cover transition rates, this model produced noticeable spatial pattern of changes in the region. Based on the extrapolated spatial patterns, the urban development in the Kathmandu valley will continue through both in-filling in existing urban areas and outward rapid expansion toward the east and south directions. Overall development will be greatly affected by the existing urban space, transportation network, and topographic complexity.     

Conceptual design, manufacturability evaluation and preliminary process planning using function-form relationships in stamped metal parts

A large number of design decisions are made during the conceptual design of a part. However, there are few representation and reasoning tools for decision support during conceptual design. The conceptual design stage is characterized by a lack of complete geometric information. Existing geometric modelers require complete geometric information, while a functional reasoning methodology using a <verb, noun > representation is typically too terse. In this paper, we present a new representation called sketching abstraction for conceptual design, using the function-form relations in a design. The functionally critical part of the geometry is presented using a set of functional features, while the rest of the geometry is abstracted as a set of linkages. Part functionality is correlated with the sketching abstraction using data structures called function-form matrices. The sketching abstraction is annotated using a set of primitives, and a set of grammar rules are used to extract canonical relationships between the functional features. The sketching abstraction can be used for extracting designs that are geometrically dissimilar but functionally similar, thus providing the designer with ideas for design alternatives. The sketching abstraction can also be used to carry out domain-dependent manufacturability evaluation checks. A further use of sketching abstractions is to initiate the development of a process plan for manufacturing. Sketching abstractions are related to the solid model of a part. Thus, this representation provides a link between pure functional and pure geometric representations. The domain of application is stamped metal parts. We present the part functionality and the features used in this domain. We also illustrate the use of sketching abstractions for conceptual design, manufacturability evaluation and preliminary process planning.     

An urban containment planning support system for Beijing

Urban containment policies, including urban growth boundaries, urban service boundaries and greenbelts, have been extensively discussed worldwide for managing urban growth. This paper focuses on the issues associated with supporting an urban containment plan and its application in China using a planning support system. The background is that the urban containment plan has been enacted as a new component of the urban plan under the City Planning Law of the People’s Republic of China. In China, the accommodating or restrictive features are integrated as control factors (CFs), which include control indicators for land-use type control, urban activity control, building height control, as well as underground development control. This paper proposes an urban containment planning support system (UC-PSS) based on ArcGIS for automatically compiling the Beijing urban containment plan considering 60 control factors with various control indicators. The compiled plan was also applied for reviewing urban master and district detail plans in Beijing supported by the UC-PSS. The effectiveness of UC-PSS was comprehensively evaluated from the perspectives of planning compilation and planning review via interviewing urban containment planners (main users of the UC-PSS) in Beijing.     

Impacts of urban development on urban water management – Limits of predictability

This study evaluates how random variations in urban development affect projections of urban water management over long time horizons, based on combined simulations of urban development and water management. The urban development was simulated based on existing procedural tools; however, novel procedures were implemented to allow the simulation of re-development in existing areas. The urban layout was parameterised based on the characteristics of existing building stock. A state-of-the-art hydraulic simulation tool was applied to simulate urban water systems. Experiments were conducted based on different degrees of random variation in the projections of urban development. These ranged from simply shuffling the sequences of urban developments foreseen in planning documents, to simulating urban growth with fixed growth rates but without zoning regulations, to simulations where both the growth rates and urban development locations were selected based on past development characteristics. Odense (a city in Denmark) was analysed using this paradigm. The impacts on the annual flow volumes, combined sewer overflows, exceedances of hydraulic pipe capacity, and surcharge volumes were evaluated. In general, the projections of the urban water management parameters were strongly affected by the random variations in the locations of urban development. In addition, most trends resulting from changing population growth rates could only be identified on spatial scales above 10 km². Projections on longer time horizons were less affected by the random variations in urban development locations, as bounded simulation areas were considered. In conclusion, conceptual models are considered sufficient for performing combined simulations of urban development and urban water management in exploratory assessments.     

Understanding urban wetland dynamics: cross-scale detection and analysis of remote sensing

This study aimed to detect and understand remotely sensed urban wetland dynamics as a sensitive indicator of the combined effects of human disturbances and climate impacts in the course of global change. To address this objective, the study developed technical approaches to detect and interpret wetland changes across spatial scales in complex urban landscapes. Using a series of Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) images covering 1992–2010, the study was conducted in the Kansas City metropolitan area of the USA, which has experienced significant urban sprawl in recent decades. As a fine-tuning of the traditional supervised image classification, a knowledge-based classification algorithm was developed to identify fine-scale, hidden wetlands that cannot be appropriately detected based on their spectral differentiability. The analyses of wetland change were implemented at the metropolitan, watershed, and sub-watershed scales as well as being based on the size of surface water bodies in order to reveal real pictures of urban wetland change trends in relation to major driving factors. The results of the study indicated that the knowledge-based classification approach improved the detection capability and accuracy of urban wetlands by fine-tuning the traditional classification results. The cross-scale analysis of detected land covers revealed that wetland dynamics varied in trend and magnitude from metropolitan, watersheds, to sub-watershed scales. The study found that increased precipitation swelled wetlands, which inflated the findings of remotely sensed wetland cover and related trend interpretation. During an 18 year study period, human development activities in the study area resulted in a large increase in impervious surfaces, which was mainly at the expense of farmland/grassland areas and some small wetlands in all urban watersheds. In contrast, increased precipitation in the region swelled large wetlands in particular. This mixed picture of urban wetland dynamics, associated with the analysis of underlying driving factors, provides a new baseline for relevant urban planning, management, and research in a global change perspective.     

3d-Gis for Urban Purposes

New developments in urban planning, especially in environmentally oriented analysis including noise, air pollution, urban climate etc., call for new demands on authorities and planners. Due to the increasing availability of informations systems and of 3D-data, planners and municipalities emphasize modeling the urban space in three dimensions. While the visualization aspect is often and detailed considered, only a few investigations about interactive aspects on urban planning are available. In this paper we present a framework for a 3D-urban-GIS. This includes conceptual aspects and a first outline and implementation of an application prototype. For this representation, new scopes have to be considered from data acquisition to modeling and to storage. First, the urban object space is classified in an hierarchical 3D object structure. In accordance to different planning levels (i.e., levels-of-detail), several data acquisition methods are fused to obtain 3D datasets. The results show that a context specific methodology has to be defined. This includes planning aspects that are traditionally not available in GIS. Based on test sites in Rostock and Stuttgart, a 3D-urban-GIS prototype is in development, joining aspects of a 3D-visualization interface and a database for 3D objects.     

浅析城市景观中的现代技术美

随着科学技术的飞速发展,技术美、生态美的观念引入,通过新材料、新技术及新理念将创造全新的景观形象和美学标准。文章力图挖掘技术美在城市景观中的表现规律,从景观中建筑与技术的良性互动来研究技术带来的美学思考,探讨现代技术美学在城市景观规划中的表现方法和应用原则。