Ground Control to Tony Blair …!

Emphasis on the creative class as promoters of economic prosperity is based on two main claims: first, people working in occupations dependent on the exercise of creativity (the ‘creative class’) make a disproportionate contribution to wealth generation; second, creative class professionals are highly mobile and have a preference for localities that are tolerant of social diversity and rich in creative resources. In essence, bohemia is good for business as creative class professionals are stimulated by and supporters of the creative arts. These propositions have encouraged cities and regions around the industrial world to assess their attractiveness to the creative class and to invest in amenities appealing to creative workers. A core challenge for the creative class thesis is to demonstrate that the openness and tolerance of communities is the causal agent of enhanced business performance. Pending confirmation of actual interaction between, on the one hand, creative people and activities, and on the other hand with entrepreneurship and business growth, this review identifies three areas where the creative class thesis has application to urban policy: art sector support based on industry-specific policies; the attraction of migrant professionals, including return migrants; application of the interest in diversity and tolerance to reduce racial segregation.     

创意与城市

文章从创意城市的基本含义入手,着重分析在当前城市发展战略中文化创意越来越处于核心地位的原因,以及文化创意与城市空间存在着的一种互动关系,进而解释创意城市建设中的重要环节。     

全球化进程中的创意城市及创意规划

全球化提升了城市的竞争力,其中一种最成功的发展模式是创意城市。将创意作为城市发展的基本要素,需要重新界定城市的发展目标和重点,提出新的发展战略。从经济发展角度看,创意城市的发展需要依赖文化创意产业的系统化;从空间形态角度看,创意城市中包括文化特区和创意集群两种空间形态。从多伦多文化计划和加拿大圣凯瑟琳斯创新总体规划两个案例来看,创意城市规划应在战略或规划目标中突出体现"创意",以挖掘城市空间的新的增长潜力。     

Impacts of transit and walking amenities on robust local knowledge economy

As of 2013, knowledge economy has held more than 10% of U.S. employment, generated nearly 20% of national GDP and expect to increase to 25% during the next 20 years. Likewise, Eurostat 2020 aims to increase investment in Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS) to bypass the competitors, Japan and the U.S. As the result, investigating the determinants of robust knowledge economy is a continuing concern between city scholars, planners and leaders. To date, several locational and non-locational factors have been found to be influential. For instance, transit service, walkable street networks and dense neighborhoods that provide walkable access to urban amenities are the location preferences for the creative class. Creative class, in turn, attracts KIBS, and produces innovation which are all contributive to the knowledge-based economic vitality. While such trend is widely supported by the theoretical efforts, there is little empirical evidence on these complex multidimensional relationships and hence this study seeks to investigate both direct and indirect impacts of transit and walking amenities on the robust local knowledge economy. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), we developed a comprehensive model that accounts for KIBS, creative economy and innovation productivity and investigates their locational and non-locational determinants with the particular focus on walking and transit amenities. Our results generally echo the findings of previous studies about the key role of industry clustering, place quality amenities, diversity and tolerance on the three drivers of robust local knowledge economy. We found that among all exogenous variables racial diversity and industry clustering have the most significant direct effect on innovation productivity. We also found that transit service quality and walkability contribute to a robust local knowledge economy through KIBS and creative class, but they have an adverse relationship to the innovation production of the STEM small firms. This might be due to the fact that walkability and transit access increase the property values and, therefore, make them unaffordable for small innovative firms. Our findings on the impacts of walkability and transit access on innovation productivity in vulnerable small firms call for attention to the equity aspects of innovation-supportive urban developments.     

Urban regeneration through cultural creativity and social inclusion: Rethinking creative city theory through a Japanese case study

This paper aims to rethink creative city theory by analyzing urban regeneration processes in Japan through cultural creativity and social inclusion. The impact of Florida’s theory has led to the common misperception that cities prosper as people of the creative class, such as artists and gays, gather. However, attracting people of the creative class does not automatically make a creative city. Empirical analyses of Kanazawa City, clarify that the creative city needs a ‘culture-based production system’, a well-balanced system of cultural production and cultural consumption that takes advantage of accumulated cultural capital. This paper also examines Osaka City, where creative city policies failed to produce adequate results because they did not take root as a comprehensive urban strategy. However, in spite of these failures, a lively and inclusive grassroots movement has emerged around the creative city. This movement brings Osaka towards being a socially-inclusive creative city.     

Cultural urban branding and creative cities: A theoretical framework for promoting creativity in the public spaces

In response to the fragmentation of individuals brought on by globalization, it is important to expand the positioning of the four quadrants of public space, based on cosmopolitanism, in order to re-establish the creativity of cities. By examining cases such as that of cultural urban branding at BMW-MINI, and Montreal’s puppet theatre, which chose to adopt the methods of Bunraku for its displays, this paper points out a direction for the building of an urban strategic management system that will expand the city’s capabilities. For creative cities, it is important to motivate people for implementing cultural urban branding by inserting balance into the process of expanding the four public spaces. Design and the arts can have integrative functions for attaining this.     

Do “creative” and “non-creative” workers exhibit similar preferences for urban amenities? An exploratory case study of Omaha,Nebraska

Research into the locational decisions of creative class or knowledge workers has indicated that “classic” or “hard” factors, particularly employment opportunity and social connections, generally take precedence over “soft”, “quality of place” amenities such as art and cultural venues, historical assets, and tolerance/diversity. However, “soft” amenities are expected to shape where creative class/knowledge workers live within cities, and potentially whether they remain in the community long-term, or seek opportunities elsewhere. In this study, an online survey and questionnaire were employed to explore whether residents living in downtown Omaha, Nebraska with “creative” occupations exhibit stronger preferences for urban amenities relative to those with “non-creative” occupations. Generally in support of Richard Florida’s creative class thesis, the results suggest that creative workers may exhibit a stronger affinity for certain, primarily “soft,” urban amenities and characteristics, such as dining establishments, “third places”, arts/cultural venues, unique sense of place, and the hip, trendy, and youthful feel of Omaha’s downtown neighborhoods.     

影响小型创意产业空间分布的地理区位因素分析：以英国剑桥市为例

本文以英国剑桥为例,采用GIS分析手段,探索12个地理区位因素对剑桥市创意产业（小型艺术创作工作室）空间区位选择的影响。研究结果表明：城市公共交通和城市绿色活动空间等区位要素的重要性居于首位,而“创意阶层”和“创意城市”等理论所强调的休闲设施（如咖啡馆和小酒馆）和文化设施（如博物馆和图书馆）等区位因素的重要性则相对处于次级位置。区域交通等对于传统制遣业而言非常重要的区位要素则相对并不重要。     

迁入者与创意街区的社会建构——基于一种绅士化的视角

面向新经济时代,大城市的经济复兴、都市更新和城市转型表现出与创意产业的紧密关联。创意产业的发展使得城市传统空间被重新利用,形成一种空间转换。在创意街区的社会建构过程中,迁入者引发内城的社会分化与文化重塑,导致文化价值的生产和消费转换创造出新的社会空间意义。城市绅士化使得迁入者通过对内城空间的再发现,一方面提升了传统空间的文化与社会价值,使得空间增值,另一方面更多经济资源的导入,使得市场与商业力量最终驱逐了创意与艺术,导致创意人群的疏离、创意街区的异化和创意城市的发展悖论。     

LOCATION CHOICES OF THE CREATIVE CLASS: DOES TOLERANCE MAKE A DIFFERENCE?

Human capital and members of the creative class are bearers of economic growth, yet little is known about exactly what the relevant factors are for the concentration of the highly skilled in a specific place. Tolerance for example is supposed to make the difference between creative and human capital. But does tolerance really make a difference for anybody? And what about other factors: Are they specifically relevant for creative individuals or simply valid for the whole population? This study contributes to the discussion on the highly skilled by investigating whether tolerance, taxes, or other regional amenities contribute to their concentration and dynamics. The results show that tolerance in particular toward immigrants, but also toward same‐sex partnerships, is a rather dynamic concept, differs largely between and within functional urban regions, and makes a difference regarding the highly skilled.     

城市文化创意园区研究--以台北华山1914文化创意园区为例

文化创意园区是文化创意产业在空间上出现群聚,产业之间连接而形成的结果。不可忽略的是,文化创意园区的形成与后工业时代都市产业结构的改变是有关的,其与都市的发展是息息相关的。延续中西方文献对都市中闲置空间再利用的研究成果,结合文化产业的创新与文化园区的设置,引导出台湾文化产业与文化园区的设置,并以华山1914为例,分析台北市与设置文化园区的利害关系。台湾设置文化创意园区、对台湾的后工业时期经济的发展、产业结构的转型,产业能量的提升、城市营销高附加价值的创造有很大的正面影响。     

南京奥体中心

博普乐思建筑事务所设计的南京奥体中心是一个集体育活动、工作、商业、休闲和娱乐为一体的体育馆。项目以为南京市民创造一个"人的场所"为总体布局理念,采用对称式布局,提供高标准的公共设施,成为最具可持续性和活力的综合性体育运动场的典范。     

The flagship concept of the ‘4th urban environment’. Branding and visioning in Malmö, Sweden

In the process of turning the post-industrial city of Malmö, Sweden, into a knowledge-based, creative city, new urban planning strategies and visions are being developed. An important component of developing the “knowledge city” is the spatial conceptualization for renewal of urban life. One such concept introduced in Malmö is “the 4th urban environment” (det 4.e stadsrummet). In this article, based on critical urban studies, the development, branding, and practice of the 4th urban environment as a strategy to generate a creative economy and knowledge city is critically analyzed as part of a neoliberal planning discourse. The article raises the question, what kind of vision is “the 4th urban environment”? What is it an expression of; what does it mean for planning practice and to urban development? Contextualizing and investigating trends of neoliberal planning ideas are important to an understanding of the social and economic consequences of unequal power relations. The 4th urban environment and its application in Malmö is illustrative of existing neoliberal planning practices in a Nordic context, and in other similar economies with legacies of redistribution policies and long-standing leadership of the Social Democratic Party. This article focuses on what is articulated within discourses that re-present particular notions of space and place, to gain a better understanding of what neoliberal planning does to space.     

创意产业园区集聚效率比较研究——以南京“晨光1865”园区为例

创意产业园区的开发是城市再生的一种新型模式。创意产业园区作为衰退的内城地区城市再生的一种有效途径获得了国内外相关学者的热切关注。纵观国内外研究,目前经济学界与城市规划界对创意产业集群效率均未形成系统研究。本文试图从城市经济学的角度探索理论研究方法,对创意产业园区集聚效率进行概念界定、效率评价流程和指标体系建立、测评方法选取和模型修正。本文选取南京"晨光1865"园区为参照,取样国内其他典型园区进行横向比较研究。尝试通过基于创意产业集聚效率的实证测评,探析物质空间表象背后的园区运营机制及经济要素条件。最后得出结论和优化建议,提供今后园区的规划筹建和高效运作的思路。     

The role of the private actor in cultural regeneration: Hybridizing cultural heritage with creativity in the city

Building on the most relevant literature on cultural regeneration and creative cities, this paper provides an integrated framework to investigate the factors exploited by private actors to stimulate the hybridization of urban cultural heritage with creativity and the strategies adopted to engage stakeholders in bottom-up cultural regeneration processes. Two recent Italian cases of cultural regeneration driven by private actors, which exemplify two sharply contrasting urban extremes, have been chosen to validate this integrated theoretical framework of cultural regeneration in the city. Both have been recognized nationally and internationally as examples of best practice: IlCartastorie Museum in Naples and the Farm Cultural Park, Favara. Our results show that private actors mainly draw upon the innovative thinking of the creative class and innovative approaches to stimulate cultural regeneration. The evolutionary processes, and the resulting models of cultural regeneration, are shaped by the visions of these private actors, which are, in turn, influenced by specific urban conditions. In Naples' highly touristic inner city, the managerial innovation of the IlCartastorie Museum is fostered by the Foundation's pro-tourism growth strategy aimed at increasing both social inclusion and the organizational value of the actual museum. In Sicily, Favara's socio-economic marginalization means that its transformation into a creative city has to be supported by a strategy conducive to social inclusion and sustainability, which conjoins the explicit strategy of the private actor with an implicit emerging community strategy. Preliminary managerial recommendations and suggestions for effective private engagement and community involvement in cultural regeneration and creative city building are given.     

Urban history and cultural resources in urban regeneration: a case of creative waterfront renewal

In recent decades, the role of culture and history has often become a driving factor in the process of urban regeneration. The focus on culture and history as factors in regional transformation has been particularly extensive in response not only to competitiveness among cities but also to sustainability requirements in the cultural sector. In the same perspective of this approach, culture in its broadest sense assumes a decisive role in constructing a system of interventions where employment and social and sustainable development become the product of the integration of places, people, economies and traditions. Creative cities are currently working on how to improve the interaction between regeneration building, economic development and social renewal in order to achieve more comprehensive development of the city. Existing creative cities may be seen to revolve around the design, promotion and activation of urban areas established due to their particular local characteristics. Such areas become creative clusters as a result of economic and structural innovations, related to the realization of innovator projects achieved with the help of local development strategies based on the economies of excellence, culture and territorial quality. Starting from such premises, this article aims to show the main factors which condition creativity in cities – such as new policies, participation, history, place identity, cultural resources and sustainability – and an emblematic case study of creative regeneration. This concerns the HafenCity district in Hamburg, where the history has assumed an important role in re-constructing the maritime identity and for many choices of urban nature.     

The influence of urban and natural amenities on second home prices

This paper estimates a spatial hedonic model to examine the influence of urban and natural amenities on second home prices in south Sweden, incorporating local and regional heterogeneity. With the results obtained in this paper, several important relationships between amenities and second home prices are revealed and price formation in this particular study region is indicated to be strongly related to place-specific factors, regional context and amenities. Key findings show that natural amenities have a significant influence on pricing of second homes when located in regions classified as rural, whereas access to an attractive local house market is shown to be more important for prices of urban second homes.     

南京历史文化名城保护思考

南京是我国著名的历史文化名城之一,在现代化城市建设中,名城保护任务日益迫切。本文首先介绍了历史文化名城的内涵;然后分析了南京历史文化名城的特色和现状;最后,对南京历史文化名城保护工作提出了建议。     

Exploring preference homogeneity and heterogeneity for proximity to urban public services

Given that the majority of the world's population lives in urban places, the quality of the urban environment has emerged as an issue of fundamental concern for citizens, academic researchers, and policy makers. This study explores residents' preferences and valuation of living in proximity to urban amenities in the built environment. The study demonstrates that environmental evaluation techniques can be used as a tool to help relevant decision makers (e.g., urban managers, developers, city officials, planners, realtors and researchers) with policy making, effective decision making and efficient city management procedures. The models indicate how household preference for proximity to urban amenities change as a function of the cost of provision as exemplified by a change (increase or decrease) in annual property tax. The study reports the results for two different models: one which assumes preference homogeneity and the other preference heterogeneity in the sampled population. The results show that older residents and higher educated people are more likely to be willing to pay a higher property tax for having proximity to parks. Middle and low income residents prefer close proximity to bus stops and local shopping centres. This research suggests that a win-win strategy for residents and local government lies in increasing and maintaining residents' accessibility to urban amenities, and in increasing an urban area's sustainability.     

欧美城市设计教学的启示

文章介绍了美国麻省理工大学（MIT）和瑞典隆德大学（Lund University）研究生阶段的城市设计课程。从课程安排、设计方法、特色创新等方面分析两所学校的城市设计教学特点,并比较它们的异同。最后把中国与欧美这两所学校的城市设计教学进行比较,并总结中国教学中存在的问题。