电场及脉冲电流处理对一种镍基高温合金晶间腐蚀行为的影响

对一种镍基高温合金进行电场和脉冲电流处理,研究了电效应对合金组织及腐蚀行为的影响.结果表明,在保证力学性能基本不变的前提下,合金的抗晶间腐蚀能力均得到改善.电场作用下,合金中退火孪晶比例增加,使得大量原始大角度晶界被低能晶界取代,连续分布的原始大角度晶界被分割,降低了晶界Cr、Mo等合金元素的贫化程度,从而导致沿晶腐蚀沟的形成与生长被抑制.而脉冲电流对抗腐蚀性能的贡献,主要是由于电效应能够促进合金元素的扩散(尤其是界面扩散速度),使M23C6型碳化物在晶界处呈不连续析出,从而大幅度降低了大角度晶界处合金元素的贫化现象.因此,在保证力学性能不变的前提下,合金的抗晶间腐蚀能力得到大幅度提高.     

Investigation of the relationship between intergranular corrosion and retrogression and reaging in the AA6063

AA6063 was heat treated with different retrogression temperatures and durations, and the effect of heat treatment conditions on the microstructure, hardness, electrical conductivity, intergranular corrosion (IGC) and electrochemical corrosion behaviours of the AA6063 was determined compared with the T6 condition. The IGC test was applied according to the BS EN ISO 11846: 2008 standard. Moreover, potentiodynamic polarization tests were applied to determine the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of the heat‐treated samples. Electrochemical corrosion tests were carried out by using a Ivium Compactstat potentiostat in 3.5 wt.%. NaCl solution at 24°C with a scanning rate of 0.5 mV/s. The corrosion test cell consisted of the reference electrode (Ag/AgCl), working electrode (test sample) and a reference electrode (platinum). The effect of IGC on the microstructure of AA6063 and corrosion depth values was investigated by using a stereo optical microscope and a light metal microscope, respectively. Corrosion depth examinations were performed on microstructures taken from the cross‐sections of the samples. The chemistry of the precipitates formed at grain boundaries and distribution of the precipitates in the microstructure were investigated by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X‐ray and transmission electron microscope analyses. The results showed that retrogression and reaging heat treatment improves both the corrosion resistance and the mechanical properties of AA6063. After 50°C/15 min RRA heat treatment, the highest corrosion resistance and a higher hardness value than the T6 level were obtained.     

High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of the Intermetallic Compound NbAl3: Influence of Two Processing Techniques on the Oxidation Mechanism

The NbAl₃ intermetallic compound was prepared two different ways:first, by the classical induction-melting technique; the end product is acoarse-grain massive compound, including cracks and pores. Second, bymechanically activated annealing process (M2AP); the end product is afine-grain, powder of submicron crystallites. The oxidation behavior in airunder atmospheric pressure over the temperature range 500–1350°Cwas studied for each material in order to determine the influence of theNbAl₃ microstructure on the oxidation mechanism. In all cases,the massive compound does not form the expected compact alumina, protectivescale. In the lower temperature range, the pest phenomenonoccurs. No grain disintegration was evidenced by oxidation of the M2APNbAl₃ powder despite the high number of crystallites forming onegrain. This is a good argument with expected behavior for a massive materialproduced from the M2AP precursor by powder metallurgy processing.     

Thermodynamic study of intermetallic phases in the Hf---Al system

The vaporization thermodynamics of the aluminum-rich portion of the Hf---Al system have been investigated by Knudsen cell-mass spectrometry in the temperature range 1280–1680 K. The aluminum vapor pressures were measured in the two-phase regions in the composition range 50%–75% at. Al, and the enthalpy changes of the decomposition reactions were determined by second-law and third-law methods. Hence, the enthalpies of formation of the intermetallic compounds were derived: HfAl₃, −44.7 kJ g⁻¹ atom⁻¹; Hf₂Al₃, −40.8 kJ g⁻¹ atom⁻¹. The results of the vaporization experiments which yielded a residue not assignable to a definite phase were tentatively submitted to thermodynamic analysis, by introducing the formation of HfAl or Hf₅Al₄, and their enthalpies of formation were derived.     

热氧化提高钛及钛合金表面性能的研究进展

热氧化作为一种引起广泛关注的钛及钛合金表面改性技术,具有工艺简单、原位生长、薄膜厚度大以及性价比高等特点。通过热氧化表面处理技术能够在钛及钛合金表面形成较厚的由钛氧化层和氧的扩散层组成的硬质氧化膜,氧化膜对材料起到有效的保护作用,提高了材料单一耐磨性、耐蚀性以及生物活性或综合表面性能。从热氧化工艺原理及其对钛及钛合金表面性能影响的角度,综述了热氧化对钛及钛合金表面硬度、耐磨性、耐蚀性、生物相容性等性能影响的研究进展,并对其以后的研究方向进行了展望。通过合理控制氧化温度、氧化时间、氧化气氛及冷却方式等工艺条件,从而得到连续、致密且疲劳性能较好的金红石型TiO_2和氧的扩散层是改善钛及钛合金性能的关键。将热氧化处理与其他工艺相结合,针对性地提高膜层厚度及材料的耐磨性、耐蚀性、生物性能等,以实现复合涂层的制备将是热氧化在钛及钛合金性能改善方面的研究方向。     

The cyclic oxidation resistance of cobalt-chromium-aluminum alloys at 1100 and 1200° C and a comparison with the nickel-chromium-aluminum alloy system

A series of Co-rich alloys in the Co-Cr-Al system were cyclically oxidized in still air for 500 1 -hr heating cycles at 1100° C and 200 1 -hr heating cycles at 1200°C, The specific weight-change data for each sample were then used to determine both an oxide growth constant, k₁, and a spoiling constant, k₂, for each alloy, using the regression equation W/A=k ₁ ^1/2 t^1/2— k₂t±. These in turn were combined to form an oxidation attack parameter, K_a, where K_a=(k ₁ ^1/2 +10k₂). These attack parameters, along with X-ray diffraction results, were then compared with K_a values determined for comparable Al and Cr compositions in the Ni-rich Ni-Cr-Al system. The K_a and X-ray diffraction results indicated that initially, if the Cr and Al contents in both systems are high enough, protective -Al₂O₃ and aluminate spinel(s) are formed. However, in the long run, when the scales eventually start to fail, mainly CoO is formed in the Co-Cr-Al system and mainly NiO in the Ni-Cr-Al system. The Ni-Cr-Al system is considered more oxidation resistant since CoO leads to massive spalling and sudden drastic weight loss, while NiO fails in a more gradual, predictive manner. Both sets of alloys were melted in zirconia crucibles and the resultant Zr pickup increased the cyclic oxidation resistance of the alloys in both systems.     

Mn和Ce对再生Al-Si合金富铁相的影响

研究了Mn、Ce对再生Al-Si合金富铁相的影响。分别采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDX)对试样组织进行形貌观察分析和生成相进行成分分析,利用差分扫描量热仪(DSC)研究相转变温度。结果表明,当Mn的含量为1%(质量分数)时,合金组织出现了初生α-Fe相,同时添加0.1%Ce(质量分数)时,能够有效促进初生α-Fe相形核与长大。     

Oxidation of the three-phase Cu-20Ni-30Cr and Cu-20Ni-40Cr alloys at 700-800 °C in 1 atm O2

The oxidation of two ternary Cu-Ni-Cr alloys containing approximately 30 and 40 at.% Cr, but with a similar Ni content, was studied at 700-800 °C in 1 atm of pure oxygen. Both alloys contain a mixture of three phases, where the phase with the largest copper and lowest chromium content (α) forms the matrix, while the phase with an intermediate content of Ni and Cr (β) and that richest in chromium (γ) are present in the form of particles dispersed in the α matrix. The kinetics of oxidation were rather irregular and presented two approximately parabolic stages which for the alloy with 40 at.% Cr were followed by a final nearly linear stage. Generally, the corrosion rates decreased by increasing the chromium content in the alloy under constant temperature and increased with temperature for a constant alloy composition. The scales formed on the two alloys were rather complex and consisted in most cases of an outermost copper oxide layer followed by a layer containing a mixture of oxides of nickel and copper as well as Cu-Cr and Ni-Cr spinel and finally by an innermost very irregular and convoluted but continuous Cr₂O₃ layer which protruded into the alloy and contained a number of Cu-rich metal islands.     

Effects of Cr-addition and lamellar microstructure on the oxidation behavior of single crystal (Mo0.85Nb0.15)Si2

The oxidation behavior of (Mo_0.85Nb_0.15)Si₂ single crystals and the influence of Cr-addition were studied focusing on its microstructure dependence. Cr-addition to single-phase C40-structured (Mo_0.85Nb_0.15)Si₂ crystal induced the formation of crystalline silica, leading to slightly larger weight gain during the oxidation test at 1200 °C. Furthermore, Cr-addition to C40/C11_b duplex-phase (Mo_0.85Nb_0.15)Si₂ crystal with lamellar structure strongly suppressed the internal oxidation of the C11_b phase, resulting in excellent oxidation resistance. C40/C11_b lamellae-structured crystals showed better oxidation resistance than the C40-structured crystals.     

Criteria for the formation of protective Al2O3 scales on Fe-Al and Fe-Cr-Al alloys

The conditions for the formation of external alumina scales on binary Fe-Al alloys and the nature of the third-element effect due to chromium additions have been investigated by studying the oxidation at 1000 °C in 1 atm O₂ of a binary Fe-10 at.% Al alloy (Fe-10Al) and of two ternary Fe-Cr-10 at.% Al alloys containing 5 and 10 at.% chromium (Fe-5Cr-10Al and Fe-10Cr-10Al, respectively). An Al-rich scale developed initially on Fe-10Al was subsequently replaced by a multi-layered scale containing mixtures of Fe and Al oxides plus a large number of Fe-rich oxide nodules: internal aluminum oxidation was essentially absent from this alloy. Addition of 5 at.% chromium to Fe-10Al did not suppress the formation of nodules, but they were eventually healed by the growth of an alumina layer at their base, resulting in a significant reduction of the oxidation rate. Finally, the alloy with 10 at.% Cr formed continuous external alumina scales without any Fe-rich nodule. Thus, the addition of sufficient amounts of chromium to Fe-10Al produces a third-element effect as expected. However, the process found in this alloy system does not involve a prevention of the internal oxidation of Al. Instead, it shows a transition from the growth of mixed Fe- and Al-rich external scales directly to an external Al₂O₃ scale formation. An interpretation of this kind of mechanism involving a third-element is presented along with a prediction of the critical Al contents required to produce the various possible scaling modes on binary Fe-Al alloys.     

Improvement of the oxidation resistance of superalloys by low-pressure,plasma-sprayed MCrAlYTa coatings. I

The oxidation behavior of two superalloys (CMSX2 and IN100) protected by low-plasma-pressure-sprayed MCrAlYTa coatings (M = Co, Ni) was studied with emphasis on the kinetics and microstructural aspects. The oxidation behavior of each alloy (substrate and coating) was studied separately in order to obtain a better understanding of the oxidation mechanism of duplex systems (coated substrate) under both isothermal and cyclic conditions (mainly at 1100°C and in 1 atm O₂). Although all these systems develop an alumina scale, differences were observed as a result of several factors: (1) the coating and substrate composition, thus the presence, amount and distribution of addition elements (Y, Ta, Ti, C,...); (2) the interdiffusion phenomena that induce microstructural modifications; and (3) the porosity amount and roughness of the coating. The system that appears to be the most resistant against cyclic oxidation consists of CoNiCrAlYTa-coated IN100. This cannot be explained by the present study. Further work was conducted, particularly on the oxidation stresses, as described and discussed in paper II.     

Influence of shot peening and thermal ageing treatment on resistance to intergranular corrosion in shielded metal arc weld metal for type 600 nickel base alloy

Shielded metal arc weld metal for type 600 nickel base alloy (alloy 182) is used for weld components in nuclear power plants. To evaluate the intergranular corrosion resistance of alloy 182 after application of shot peening and subsequent thermal ageing treatment at 593–793 K, we conducted the corrosion test (immersed in boiled 16% sulphuric acid +5.7% copper sulphate aqueous solution at 57.6 ks) using specimens of alloy 182. The results show that the intergranular corrosion resistance of alloy 182 subjected to heat treatment at 893 K for 72 ks was improved by shot peening. Also, the intergranular corrosion resistance was not changed by thermal ageing treatment at 593–793 K subsequent to shot peening. Because remaining chromium depletion layers along grain boundaries were still observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) after shot peening, disappearance of chromium depletion layers cannot be a factor in the improvement of the intergranular corrosion resistance. The results of measurement of surface residual stress by the X-ray diffraction method show that the compressive residual stress introduced by shot peening still remained on the surface of the specimens. Based on these observations, we assumed that chromium depletion layers along grain boundaries near the surface were dissolved by the environment of the corrosion test, the dissolved regions were closed by the compressive residual stress on the surface, and then the remaining chromium depletion layers were protected from the corrosive environment. This assumption explains why the intergranular corrosion resistance was improved although chromium depletion layers remained.     

超音速火焰喷涂NiCoCrAlY/Al2O3-10%B4C涂层的制备及抗氧化性能研究

目的 提高金属/陶瓷体系高温固体润滑耐磨涂层的抗氧化性能。方法 采用离心喷雾造粒、高压氢还原镀镍和固相合金化技术,制备包覆型NiCoCrAlY/Al₂O₃-10%B₄C复合粉体,并采用超音速火焰喷涂技术在镍基高温合金上沉积复合涂层材料,通过SEM和XRD研究粉体和涂层的显微结构和物相组成,通过马弗炉研究涂层在高温下的氧化性能。结果 Al₂O₃-B4C颗粒表面均匀包覆着一层厚度为2～3μm的NiCoCrAlY合金。超音速火焰喷涂NiCoCrAlY/Al₂O₃-10%B₄C复合涂层结构致密,孔隙率仅为0.45%±0.05%,涂层与基体结合良好。涂层和粉体的主晶相均为Ni的固溶体、α-Al₂O₃相和B4C相,涂层衍射峰强度比粉体有所降低。在850℃氧化96 h后,涂层表面生成了一层连续的灰色物质,其厚度为1～3μm,经EDX分析,其主要元素组成为O、Ni、Al和Cr,说明主要...     

硼化物、富Ce混合稀土对再生Al-Si合金中富铁相变质行为的研究

本文研究了硼化物、富Ce混合稀土对再生Al-Si合金富铁相变质行为的影响。采用光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）对试样微观组织进行形貌观察,采用X射线衍射仪分析仪（XRD）、扫描电镜附带的能谱仪（EDS）分别对试样进行相分析与相成分分析,利用差分扫描量热仪（DSC）研究相转变温度。研究表明硼化物可以促进针状β-Fe相向初生α-Fe相转变,且初生α-Fe相尺寸随着硼化物的添加量增加而增大,当硼化物（KBF4）添加量达到1.0%时,开始析出汉字状α-Fe相,汉字状α-Fe相以初生α-Fe相为基底形核并长大;富Ce混合稀土可以抑制初生α-Fe相长大,且能抑制汉字状α-Fe相生成     

内氧化制备Cu/Al2O3弥散强化铜的组织性能研究

实验用Cu2O粉作氧化剂,采用简化的内氧化法工艺,在900℃下使Cu-Al合金薄平板内氧化,获得Cu/Al2O3复合材料。研究不同氧化时间(3、6、10 h)下的Cu/Al2O3复合材料的组织特征及性能。研究表明:复合层中Al2O3颗粒呈弥散状分布;复合层表面和内部的晶粒大小明显不同,由于表面Al2O3析出较早,阻止晶粒的充分长大;表面晶粒较小,表面硬度随时间延长而升高。     

Effects of mode-I stresses on the oxidation and failure mechanisms of Ni-20Cr and Ni-15Cr-8Fe alloys in sulfur dioxide

Two alloys, Ni-20Cr and Ni-15Cr-8Fe, as wire specimens, were exposed to sulfur dioxide between 325 and 800°C, with applied external stresses (mode I). Their mechanical properties have been investigated, and the variation of their radius has been precised by conductivity measurements. For the Ni-20Cr alloy, below 550°C, the failure process combines cracking and corrosion: Cr₂S₃ crystals formed at the tip of the cracks facilitate their propagation. Above 550°C, no barrier effect is observed, and intergranular corrosion takes place. For the Ni-15Cr-8Fe alloy, mode-I stresses bolster intergranular corrosion.     

镁合金熔体防氧化燃烧技术的进展

综述了相关文献,介绍了镁合金氧化燃烧的机制,总结了在熔炼过程中防止镁合金氧化燃烧的各种技术,并对其利弊作了分析,指出了未来发展的方向.     

High-temperature corrosion and creep of Ni-Cr-Fe alloys in carburizing and oxidizing environments

The carburization of NiCr 32 20 and NiCrSi 60 16 has been studied in CH₄-H₂ mixtures in the temperature range 900–1100°C. The methods included thermogravimetric measurements and studies on reacted specimens by X-ray diffraction, metallographic, and chemical analysis. Upon carburization internal carbides M₇C₃ and M₂₃C₆ are formed (M=mainly Cr); the rate of carburization is determined by carbon diffusion in the Fe-Ni matrix with carbide precipitations. The effect of the alloying elements Ni and Si on the carburization resistance of austenitic alloys is explained. By the same methods the oxidation and carburization in CO-H₂O-H₂ mixtures have been studied. The important role of a stable chromium oxide layer for the carburization resistance was confirmed. Creep tests at 1000°C in a CO-H₂O-H₂ atmosphere where Cr₂O₃ is stable showed carburization occurring through cracks in the oxide layer. At high strain rates premature failure occurs by carburization, which is followed by internal oxidation and formation of cracks, voids, and holes.     

Experimental investigation and thermodynamic calculation of the phase equilibria in the Co-Nb-Ta ternary system

The isothermal sections of the Co-Nb-Ta ternary system at 900 °C, 1000 °C, 1100 °C, 1200 °C, 1300 °C have been experimentally determined by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques on the equilibrated alloys. On the basis of the experimental data investigated in the present work, the phase equilibria in the Co-Nb-Ta system has been thermodynamically assessed by using CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) method, and a consistent set of the thermodynamic parameters leading to reasonable agreement between the calculated results and experimental data was obtained.     

Corrosion of nickel with small alloy additions of Si,Fe, and Mn in SO2+O2/SO3 at 700°C

The corrosion of nickel with alloy additions of Si, Fe, and/or Mn up to 4 wt% has been studied in SO ₂+O₂/SO₃ at 700°C. All alloy additions greatly improve the corrosion resistance of nickel in oxygen-rich atmospheres (O₂ with about 4% SO₂); the best improvements are achieved with Si, Fe+Si, and Fe+Mn+Si additions. High-purity nickel corrodes rapidly under these conditions; the scale then consists of NiO+Ni₃S₂, and the sulfide forms a three-dimensional network along the grain boundaries of the NiO grains and serves as the diffusion path for rapid outward migration of nickel. From studies of the microstructure and distribution of the alloying elements in the protective scales, it is proposed that the alloying additions exert their beneficial effects by accumulating/segregating at the grain boundaries of NiO (e.g., as silicates) and thereby influence the wetting characteristics and disrupt the sulfide network.