大型循环流化床锅炉一次风机的设计及分析

通过对大型循环流化床(CFB)锅炉一次风机结构、材质及特点等的研究,确定了CFB锅炉一次风机的设计方案,并进行了一系列的设计与分析计算。现场应用表明,该风机的设计是可行的。     

化工企业循环流化床锅炉燃烧运行优化分析

分析了优化循环流化床(CFB)锅炉燃烧的主要内容,并以某化工企业260t/h循环流化床锅炉为对象,通过优化调整风量、床压、床温、一二次风比率等参数,改善锅炉运行性能,缓解了锅炉热效率低、运行稳定性差等问题,为锅炉安全、稳定、经济运行提供了技术依据。     

提高CFB锅炉热效率的探讨

从影响CFB锅炉效率的燃煤粒度,床温和料层厚度,过剩空气系数几方面进行分析,并采取优化运行措施,提高了锅炉运行热效率。     

提高CFB锅炉炉内脱硫效率的试验研究

为了提高CFB锅炉脱硫效率,以宁夏国华宁东发电有限公司330MW CFB锅炉炉内脱硫系统为试验对象进行了研究。发现影响脱硫效率的主要因素有CFB锅炉运行床温、上下二次风配比、床压、石灰石粒度、石灰石品质等。通过优化调整,在降低20%～40%石灰石耗量的基础上,脱硫效率可达96%,SO2排放质量浓度可控制在100 mg/m3以内。试验研究表明,CFB锅炉采用炉内脱硫,SO2排放浓度满足最新环保标准要求。     

600MW超临界CFB锅炉耐火材料应用探索

根据四川白马电厂600 MW超临界循环流化床锅炉运行情况,结合循环流化床锅炉循环系统中炉膛、回料器、外置床、灰控阀等重要设备工况特点,分析了各部位耐火材料作用行为和特性要求。运行6年的实践证明:大型循环流化床CFB锅炉设备合理选择耐火材料,可有效解决金属受热面磨损造成爆管,克服金属材料高温变形、耐磨性能差、不耐高温等问题,保证了机组安全稳定运行。大型循环流化床CFB锅炉对耐火材料的性能提出了更高要求,有待进一步分析和研究耐火材料在超临界CFB锅炉中的应用,提高机组耐磨性能和运行稳定性。     

300 MWCFB锅炉提高SO_2超低排放经济性试验研究

为了提高锅炉机组SO_2超低排放的经济性,在某300 MWCFB锅炉开展了实炉试验,研究了CFB锅炉炉内干法脱硫与CFB-FGD脱硫相结合的两级联合脱硫技术。结果表明:通过理论分析和试验室检测可优选出炉内干法脱硫和CFB-FGD的最佳脱硫剂品种。CFB锅炉运行参数中负荷的变化同时影响两级脱硫效率。随着锅炉负荷的升高,床温和脱硫塔入口温度均呈现上升趋势。床温的升高降低了炉内脱硫效率,脱硫塔入口温度的上升提高了CFB-FGD脱硫效率。按照推荐的石灰石和生石灰物化参数及两级脱硫系统匹配方式运行,锅炉净烟气SO_2浓度满足超低排放限值要求,炉内干法脱硫与CFB-FGD脱硫剂耗量均下降,提高了SO_2超低排放的经济性,降低了脱硫成本。     

紧凑型CFB锅炉安装防磨梁存在的问题及解决对策

中石化镇海炼化公司紧凑型CFB锅炉存在水冷壁磨损严重的问题,安装多阶防磨梁装置（专利技术）后,取得了良好的防磨效果,但床温等运行参数发生了改变,经调整后床温降低,热经济性明显提高,保证了锅炉安全稳定、经济运行。     

75 t/h循环流化床锅炉运行分析

对UG75t／h-3．82-M35循环流化床锅炉(CFB)运行中出现的床体温度高、给煤系统易堵塞、料层流化不好、锅炉受热面磨损严重等问题进行分析并采取相应措施,使锅炉机组达到长周期、高负荷、安全稳定运行。     

CFB锅炉给煤机测速系统改造

给煤机测速系统故障频繁,严重影响CFB锅炉长周期运行的问题,剖析其工作原理,针对引起测速电机轴断裂的主要原因进行分析,对给煤机测速系统进行改造,解决传动小轴和测速电机轴在工作时受附加弯曲应力的问题,从而降低故障率,达到CFB锅炉长周期运行的目的。     

循环流化床锅炉超低氮氧化物排放理论与实践

循环流化床(CFB)能够燃用低热值燃料,在我国广泛应用。其重要优势是无成本的低氮氧化物(NOx)原始排放,这是缘于CFB较低且均匀的燃烧温度及其固有的燃烧还原性气氛。随着中国燃煤电站污染排放要求日益严格,CFB燃烧原始NOx排放浓度超过了排放限制的最新要求。笔者理论分析了CFB燃烧过程,根据CFB燃烧条件下NOx生成与还原的途径,认为可以通过气固流态的优化调控NOx生成与还原反应,进一步降低NOx的原始排放。进而提出流态优化的工程实现途径:提高床质量、减少粗颗粒床存量、增加循环量。详细讨论了该技术路线的基本原理:床质量提高、粗颗粒床存量减少以及循环量增加,可显著强化燃烧过程中的密相区和稀相区的还原性气氛、减少NOx生成,并在稀相区乃至分离器中加强对生成的NOx的还原,配合合理的床温和风配比,使CFB锅炉在不采用烟气脱硝条件下,实现NOx低于50 mg/m3。该技术设想的关键点经实验室验证后,在150、260和560t/h CFB锅炉上进行了工程实践。运行效果表明,通过流态优化后,NOx排放显著下降,可达到NOx原始超低排放;同时,未见由此导致的燃烧效率显著降低;这些原始超低排放工程案例涵盖了烟煤、贫煤和无烟煤。通过流态设计优化降低NOx排放浓度的技术路线为CFB锅炉NOx控制提供了一条新途径。     

Study on design of Huadian oil shale-fired circulating fluidized bed boiler

On the basis of the physical and chemical performance of Huadian oil shale and the design experience of Huadian 65 t/h oil shale-fired circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler operation, this paper introduces several main characteristics of oil shale, such as platy structure, high volatile and Ca/S content, and low ignition temperature, which are relevant to the design of CFB boiler, and analyses key design technologies of large-scale oil shale-fired circulating fluidized bed boiler. The design principles of large-scale oil shale-fired CFB boiler are suggested: (1) to adopt a II-shape configuration natural circulation mode with medium-temperature cyclone with downward gas exhaust, reliable antiwear technology and self-desulfurization technology; (2) to determine a circulating ratio of 6, hot state superficial air velocity of 5–6 m/s, combustion portion of about 0.5–0.6 in dense phase zone, and air velocity at the nozzle hole of air cap of 50–60 m/s; (3) to adopt an igniting system with hot gas generator below distributor plate and oil guns as auxiliary ignition device above distributor plate, and fluidized bed ash cooler retrieving the heat taken by hot slag. Lastly, the design scheme of 420 t/h superhigh pressure oil shale-fired CFB boiler is put forward and the general configuration and technical data are given at the end of this paper.     

降低循环流化床锅炉飞灰含碳量的因素分析

循环流化床锅炉的飞灰含碳量是锅炉燃烧工况好坏的直接反映 ,其对锅炉的热效率的影响是很大的 ,它还直接影响着粉煤灰的综合开发和利用 .在对云天化循环流化床锅炉的生产实验研究中 ,分析了影响循环流化床锅炉飞灰含碳量的各种因素 (床温、煤质煤粒、一次风、二次风、床压和旋风分离器效率等 ) ,通过实验研究找到了降低循环流化床锅炉飞灰含碳量的具体而又行之有效的操作方法 ,以指导实际生产 .     

Unburned carbon fraction with operation variables in a commercial circulating fluidized bed boiler during co-combustion of various anthracites

Reduction of unburned carbon fraction in exhaust during co-combustion of various coals in a circulating fluidized bed boiler (CFB) is required to save energy loss and to optimize coal utilization as well as to improve the boiler efficiency. In this study, the effects of operation variables such as coal, air and heat flow rates, co-combustion ratio of each coal, primary to secondary air ratio on unburned carbon fraction were analyzed and evaluated in two units of 200 MWe circulating fluidized bed boiler in the Tonghae thermal power plant. From the results, the comprehensive correlation among unburned carbon fraction and operation variables in #1 and #2 units of the CFB boiler could be derived with a good agreement. This would be expected to give a good guideline to reduce the unburned carbon content in exhaust in the CFB boiler.     

Characteristics of clinker formation in a circulating fluidized bed boiler firing Korean anthracite

To shed light on the causes of clinker formation during the initial operation period of the Tonghae circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler, which uses Korean anthracite as fuel, the properties of ash, sand and limestone particles and the mixtures of each gradient have been characterized. The clinkers formed in the loopseals and the fluidized bed ash cooler (FBAC) of the CFB boiler were also characterized by analyzing the composition, the surface phenomena and the crystal structure of the clinkers. As a result, the black clinker was found to come from the sand particles and the composition of the white clinker was found to be similar to that of ash particles. The cause of the clinker formation in the FBAC proved that ash was sticking to molten or sintered phases in the high temperature regions in the boiler. On the other hand, the composition of the ash changed with the particle size, showing an enrichment of Fe₂O₃ as the particle size decreased. Also, the ash particles between 75–100 μm contained more than 11% CaO which resulted in low initial deformation temperature of the particles. So it is possible to explain that the amount of Fe and Ca in the fine particles of the ash plays a crucial role in the formation of agglomerates in the CFB boiler.     

煤粉炉和循环流化床锅炉飞灰吸附汞动力学及其吸附机制

在固定床吸附反应器内对两台300MW等级燃煤发电机组循环流化床锅炉和煤粉锅炉飞灰样品进行气相零价汞吸附实验,通过改变实验工况研究温度、入口汞浓度和入口气体流量对飞灰汞吸附能力的影响。采用颗粒内扩散模型、准一阶和准二阶动力学模型、耶洛维奇（Elovich）模型对实验数据分别进行拟合,从动力学的角度探讨两种锅炉飞灰对气相零价汞吸附的影响机制以及两种锅炉飞灰与气相零价汞之间吸附动力学行为差异。结果表明：相同工况下循环流化床锅炉飞灰汞吸附过程的穿透时间和平衡吸附量远大于煤粉锅炉飞灰。吸附温度为150℃时,两种锅炉飞灰对气相零价汞的平衡吸附量最大。由于外扩散阻力随气体入口流量的增加而减小,入口汞浓度的增加可提高传质推动力,飞灰对汞的吸附得以增强。动力学分析表明飞灰的零价汞吸附由外扩散、内扩散和表面化学吸附共同控制,其中表面化学吸附是该吸附过程中的控制步骤;准二阶动力学模型和Elovich动力学模型更适合于描述该吸附过程。相同实验条件下,循环流化床锅炉飞灰吸附过程拟合所得的颗粒内扩散系数、准一阶动力学常数和初始吸附速率均大于煤粉锅炉飞灰。     

Regulating characteristics of loop seal in a 65 t/h oil shale-fired circulating fluidized bed boiler

In this paper, an industrial cold experiment was conducted for studying regulating characteristics of a loop seal in a 65 t/h oil shale-fired circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. The starting characteristic of the loop seal, and the effect of the supplying air and the fluidizing air in the loop seal were investigated. Compared with other regulating modes, the combined regulating mode of keeping the fluidizing air rate constant and regulating the supplying air rate can make the loop seal obtain better regulating quality, and offer more reliable guarantee for steady operation of the CFB boiler as well. In order to prevent circulating material depositing and slagging at the bottom of the loop seal, it was suggested that the fluidizing air rate and the supplying air rate is 2-3 and 1.2-1.5 times of the minimum fluidizing velocity of circulating material, respectively. These experimental results may be used as a reference for regulating the loop seal of the 65 t/h CFB boiler in hot condition and designing a new loop seal.     

Characteristics of a Float Nozzle Designed for CFB Boilers

A float nozzle was designed and developed for use with large‐scale industrial circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers. The gas distributor equipped with the float nozzle has a unique pressure drop characteristic. It has a higher resistance than other nozzles which results in the formation of an effective barrier against backflow at low boiler loads, which results from the pressure fluctuation caused by bubble burst and solids coming from the recycle system. In addition, it has a relatively low pressure drop at high or full boiler loads, which can greatly reduce the energy cost of the primary air fan.     

1D modeling on the material balance in CFB boiler

An 1D model of the circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler is developed specifically to predict the material balance in CFB boiler. This model emphasizes on the important factors that influence the ash balance in CFB boilers, such as ash formation, attrition and size reduction, residence time and segregation in dense bed. The corresponding sub-models are discussed in detail. In the simulation of a 135MWe CFB boiler in Zibo power plant, China, the parameters in mass balance model under full load operation, such as segregation parameters and axial decay constant, are optimized. The model can predict the mass balances at different operating loads in the same boiler.     

Development of a novel fluidized bed ash cooler for circulating fluidized bed boilers: Experimental study and application

A novel bottom ash cooler (BAC) called compound fluidized bed ash cooler (CFBAC) was developed in this paper. The CFBAC combined the major technical features of spouted bed and bubbling bed, and could achieve the selective discharge on the bottom ash. Experiments about the gas-solid flow characteristics of the CFBAC were conducted in a visible cold test rig. The experimental results indicated that the separation chamber working in the spouted bed state had a good particle separation effect on the boiler bottom ash. A small quantity of fluidizing air was needed for the cooling chambers to work in the bubbling bed state. The particle separation effect could be controlled by the fluidizing air flow and physical dimensions such as the height of separation partition. The CFBAC had also been industrially applied in a 300 MW circulating fluidized bed unit. The application showed that the CFBAC had a well separation effect, an excellent adaptability on the bottom ash, a good cooling effect and a large ash discharge capacity over 30 t/h. Compared with the water-cooled BAC, the CFBAC had a better energy conservation performance.