J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 33–40 (January/February 2008)Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces hiroshimensis strain TI-C3 with anti-tyrosinase activity

A bacterial strain, TI-C3, was isolated and verified to display 498 U mL^-1 of anti-tyrosinase activity. Based on morphological, physiological, and chemical analysis, gyr B sequences, and DNA-DNA hybridization analysis, the strain TI-C3 was identified as a strain of Streptomyces hiroshimensis. The anti-tyrosinase activity of the strain was improved to 905 U mL^-1 under cultivation, using glucose and malt extract as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively.     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 15–32 (January/February 2008)A simple analysis of the changes during evaporation of a commercial emulsion of unknown composition

Dead Sea mud and salts are known for their therapeutic and cosmetic properties. The presence of Dead Sea (DS) salts in different types of cosmetics has affected the stability and the flow properties of the finished products. In this study, an attempt was made to find the optimum Dead Sea salt content in a cosmetic emulsion (model of body cream) using both rheology and stability measurements. The rheological properties were tested during a four-month storage period at three different storage temperatures: 8°C, room temperature, and 45°C. In addition to rheological measurements and centrifuge tests, the conductivities of the emulsion samples were also determined. The centrifuge tests showed that the cream samples containing more than 0.25 wt% of DS salt showed phase separation. The addition of DS salt to the cosmetic emulsion led to two maxima in the emulsion viscosity at salt contents of 0.07 wt% and 0.15 wt%. However, the emulsion samples containing 0.15% of DS salt was considered the optimum sample since it contained the maximum amount of salt and exhibited the maximum viscosity at all tested conditions. It was found that the viscosity of the emulsion is increased with storage time and storage temperature. This behavior was accompanied by a decrease in conductivity. This behavior was explained by water evaporation from the emulsion. However, it has been shown that the presence of DS salt in the cosmetic emulsion significantly reduces the rate of water evaporation. The conductivity measurements reflect the rate of water evaporation, and the presence of DS salt reduces the rate of conductivity. Conductivity is observed to decrease with storage time and temperature.     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 441–448 (September/October 2008)Simultaneous determination of heavy metals in cosmetic products

An extremely small amount of several heavy metals have been detected in cosmetic products as impurities, which can cause skin allergies through percutaneous adsorption on the skin. We present here a fast, accurate, and highly sensitive method for simultaneous determination of Pb²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Mn²⁺ in coloring agents and cosmetic products, to be evaluated by ion chromatography. All of these metals are well separated through a bifunctional ion-exchange column (IonPac CS5A) and detected by post-column reaction and spectrophotometric detection. The calibration graphs are linear ( r ² > 0.999), in the range 0.1–1000 μg ml^-1. Detection limits for a 200-μl sample solution are at the μg L^-1 level, which is sufficient for judging whether the product is safe or not. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the retention time and the peak area are less than 0.21 and 1.24%, respectively. The recovery rates are 97–104%. The result shows that the proposed determination method is more sensitive, more accurate, and faster than current methods such as HPLC, ICP-MS and Flame-AAS. The new method was applied to analyse the amount of heavy metals contained in 22 cosmetic products and 11 coloring agents.     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 151–156 (March/April 2008)Comparison of hair shaft damage after UVA and UVB irradiation

Sunlight, especially ultraviolet (UV) light-induced hair damage is difficult to avoid during daily life. Concerns about the effects of ultraviolet light on hair are emerging recently. These photochemical changes mainly come from damage to hair proteins and melanins. In this study, we performed experiments to find the patterns of morphological and biochemical changes in UV-light-induced damage to hair by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and hair protein analysis. In our results, morphological damage is significant in UVB-irradiated hairs, while biochemical changes are greater in UVA-irradiated hairs.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59 , 157–158 (March/April 2008)
Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists Japan
Vol. 41, No. 4, 2007 *
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59 , 159–161 (March/April 2008)
International Journal of Cosmetic Science
Vol. 29 , No 6, 2007 *
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59 , 163–164 (March/April 2008)
IFSCC Magazine
Vol. 10, No. 4, 2007 *
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59 , 165–166 (March/April 2008)
Journal of the Polish Society of Cosmetic Science
Wiadomos´ci PTK
Vol. 10, No. 4, 2007 *
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59 , 167–194 (March/April 2008)
Papers Presented at the 2007 Annual Scientific Meeting and Technology Showcase
(Friday's Program)
December 6–7, 2007
New York Hilton
New York, NY     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 195–202 (May/June 2008) The effects of placental extract on fibroblast proliferation

Human placental extract is used in the treatment of skin wrinkles and wounds. To date, no studies have evaluated the effects of placental extract on dermal fibroblast proliferation. To investigate the effects of placental extract vs. ascorbic acid on fibroblast proliferation and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 expression, cultured human fibroblasts were treated with placental extract (0%, 0.08%, 0.16%, 0.32%, and 0.64%) or L -ascorbic acid-2-phosphate magnesium (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mmol L^-1). Fibroblast proliferation was determined by MTT assay, and TGF-β1 protein expression was analyzed by ELISA. The proliferation of fibroblasts increased significantly after treatment with placental extract at concentrations of 0.32% and 0.64% and with L -ascorbic acid-2-phosphate magnesium at concentrations of 1.0 and 10 mmol L^-1. Placental extract demonstrated no significant effects on TGF-β1 expression; however, TGF-β1 expression significantly increased after treatment with ascorbic acid at concentrations of 1.0 and 10 mmol L^-1. Placental extract and ascorbic acid had similar effects on fibroblast proliferation; however, placental extract did not significantly increase TGF-β1 protein expression.     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 127–137 (March/April 2008)Why women use makeup: Implication of psychological traits in makeup functions

Makeup acts and stimulates three of our senses: touch (which encompasses all sensations from the body surface), smell (fragrance), and sight (the process of becoming and looking beautiful). The positive stimulation of these senses by makeup can induce sensory as well as psychological pleasure. In order to understand the relationship of women to their makeup, we interviewed different groups of women on their quality of life and makeup habits. Then, through four standard well-validated psychometric self-questionnaires, we examined the possible relation between the need to make up oneself and specific psychological features. Our first results clearly showed that makeup could support two opposite 'up' functions, i.e., 'camouflage' vs. 'seduction.' Concerning their psychological profiles, results showed that women of the functional class 'camouflage' are more anxious, defensive, and emotionally unstable compared to those of the functional class 'seduction,' who appear to be more sociable, assertive, and extroverted. Further analyses revealed a division of the two classes into subclasses of volunteers with opposed personality and psychological profiles. This new classification allowed us to define more precisely the relations existing within the subjective experience of women during the makeup process. In conclusion, our study revealed that beyond the simple application of colorful products on the face, makeup has two major functional implications depending on specific psychological profiles of women.     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 431–440 (September/October 2008)Red pigment from Lithospermum erythrorhizon by supercritical CO2 extraction

In this study, a stable red pigment was prepared from Lithospermum erythrorhizon via supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The optimal extraction conditions were 400 bar and 60°C. The patch tests indicated that up to 10% of the red pigment was acceptable from a skin irritation standpoint. According to the results of the CIE LAB chromaticity test, the color difference was acceptable when compared to commercial synthetic red pigments. The light-illuminated color stability test indicated that the pigment was more stable than the red pigment extracted with ethanol. The higher stability was also demonstrated in the DPPH anti-oxidant activity test. The supercritical red pigment harbored elevated amounts of shikonin and derivatives, and appears to be usable as a stable red pigment for cosmetic color products.     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 263–289 (July/August 2008)True porosity measurement of hair: A new way to study hair damage mechanisms

The purpose of this study was the development of a microbiological method for the assessment of the ultraviolet (UV) screening effect of sunscreen preparations and determination of their sun protection factor. The method is based on the lethal effect of UV radiation on Escherichia coli and the protective ability of sunscreens. The time of UV exposure required for the reduction of the E. coli viable count by 90% (decimal reduction time, DRT) was used as the photoprotection assessment parameter. The method was tested by assessing the effect of selected experimental variables on the DRT. The suitability of the method as a quality control tool for sunscreen preparations was then checked by assessing the influence of selected formulation variables on the photoprotective effect of a series of o/w emulsion formulations with different compositions. The method proved valid for detecting changes in the photoprotective effect of a market sunscreen product as a result of modifying experimental conditions. It also proved valid for ranking market sunscreen products according to their UV screening effect. Equally important, the method could successfully detect changes in the photoprotective effect of sunscreen test formulations as a function of the concentration and type of the sunscreen agents.     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 217–224 (May/June 2008) In vivo spectrophotometric evaluation of skin barrier recovery after topical application of soybean phytosterols

The skin's uppermost thin layer, stratum corneum, plays a crucial role in protecting the body against unwanted influences from the environment. Disruption of the stratum corneum, by tape stripping or chemical injury, results in epidermal recovery of the skin barrier. Soy phytosterols are widely used in the cosmetic field as active ingredients in creams and lipsticks. Furthermore, they deserve an important place among nutracosmeceuticals; in fact, after their absorption from the diet they are transferred from the plasma to the skin, playing an important role in the constitution of skin surface lipids. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of the topical application of soybean phytosterols on skin barrier recovery in human volunteers using the extent of methyl nicotinate (MN)-induced erythema in damaged skin as a parameter to evaluate the rate of stratum corneum recovery. MN was chosen as an erythematogenous substance for its capability to cause an erythema whose intensity and duration are proportional to the quantity of the substance that has entered the living epidermis over time. MN-induced erythema was monitored using reflectance spectrophotometry as a non-invasive instrumental technique. The results show clearly that soy phytosterols exert positive results on skin repair; in fact, 3 days after tape stripping, the sites treated with a formulation containing phytosterols showed an appreciable recovery of barrier function compared to those treated with a vehicle control without soy phytosterols.     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 253–262 (July/August 2008)Protocol to predict the dry skin benefit from the unique in-shower body lotion product form

A controlled exposure method was developed to predict dry skin improvement from a new in-shower body lotion product form. An in-shower body lotion is used in the shower after cleansing, and methods for cleansers and leave-on lotions are not applicable. Protocol parameters were chosen on the basis of consumer habits and practices studies and randomized clinical testing. The resulting protocol is consumer-relevant, and reliably and reproducibly predicts dry skin improvement from the in-shower body lotion product form.     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 419–430 (September/October 2008)Anti-inflammatory activity of Crinum asiaticum Linne var. japonicum extract and its application as a cosmeceutical ingredient

Synopsis Crinum asiaticum Linne var. japonicum has long been used as a rheumatic remedy, as an anti‐pyretic and as an anti‐ulcer treatment, and for the alleviation of local pain and fever in Korea and Malaysia. In order to investigate the possibility of Crinum asiaticum Linne var. japonicum extract as a cosmetic ingredient, we measured its anti‐inflammatory effect by its inhibition of iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) and the release of PGE2, IL‐6, and IL‐8. We also measured its anti‐allergic effect by its inhibition of beta‐hexosamidase release. An HPLC experiment after extraction with 95% EtOH at pH 3.5 showed that Crinum asiaticum Linne var. japonicum was mainly composed of lycorine (up to 1%), a well‐known immunosuppressor. The content of lycorine varied, depending on the type of plant tissue analysed and the extraction method. In an anti‐inflammatory assay for inhibition of nitric oxide formation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells, the ethanol extract of Crinum asiaticum showed an inhibitory activity of NO production in a dose‐dependent manner (IC50 = 58.5 μg ml^‐1). Additional study by RT‐PCR demonstrated that the extract of Crinum asiaticum significantly suppressed the expression of the iNOS gene. Moreover, the extract of Crinum asiaticum did not show any cytotoxicity, but did show a cell proliferation effect against LPS (a 10–60% increase in cell viability). In an assay to determine inhibition of the H2O2‐activated release of PGE2, IL‐6, and IL‐8 in human normal fibroblast cell lines, the release of PGE2 and IL‐6 was almost completely inhibited above concentrations of 0.05% and 1%, respectively. Moreover, the release of IL‐8 was completely inhibited over the entire range of concentration (> 0.0025%). In order to investigate the skin‐sensitizing potentials of the extract of Crinum asiaticum, a human clinical test was performed after repeated epicutaneous 48‐h applicaticons under an occlusive patch (RIPT). The repeated and single cutaneous applications of Crinum asiaticum Linne var. japonicum extract under the occlusive patch did not provoke any cumulative irritation and sensitization reactions. The result showed that the extract of Crinum asiaticum Linne var. japonicum has a sufficient anti‐inflammatory effect. Therefore, Crinum asiaticum Linne var. japonicum extract may be useful for development as an ingredient in cosmetic products.     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 203–215 (May/June 2008) Effects of permanent waving on changes of protein and physicomorphological properties in human head hair

Two types of permanent waving [digital perm (DP) and croquignole winding perm (CWP)] and two waving lotions [cysteamine-HCl, pH 9.31, liquid type (lotion A) and sodium thioglycolate, pH 9.97, cream type (lotion B)] were used for this study. The protein content was decreased by permanent waving treatments on the whole, and the degree of reduction was dependent on the hair styling and waving lotion used. The greatest decrease (by 58%) was found in hairs processed with the three-treatment performance of DP using lotion B. SDS-PAGE identified the presence of the two most abundant polypeptides, with approximately 48 and 60 kDa, and two large polypeptides, with approximately 200 and 210 kDa, which would belong to the keratin family. Some physical properties of the hairs (tensile strength, diameter, swelling, and elongation) were examined with the permanent waving treatments. In general, the repeated waving treatment and the use of lotion B showed more negative effects on hair care than other treatments. Some morphological changes were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The most prominent change in the hair surface was observed in the hair specimen with the three-treatment performance of DP using lotion B. More severe signs of damage appeared on the hair with lotion B than with lotion A. As the numbers of permanent waves increased, the degree of damage to the hair surface increased on the whole. However, there was no indication of changes to the hair surface with one permanent waving treatment, as determined by SEM analysis.     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 139–150 (March/April 2008)Enhanced depigmenting effects of N-glycosylation inhibitors delivered by pH-sensitive liposomes into HM3KO melanoma cells

Delivery activity of pH-sensitive 1,2-dioleoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE):cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHEMS) liposomes was assessed as an in vitro intracellular carrier system to increase the bioavailability of depigmentation actives. N-glycosylation inhibitors have a glycosylation-inhibiting effect, which is useful for the skin depigmentation that operates by interfering with the maturation of tyrosinase. However, an N-glycosylation inhibitor does not easily pass through skin or even cellular membranes due to its water-soluble property. Therefore, it should be transported to target cells by an efficient delivery carrier to reduce the glycosylated tyrosinase. Glycosylation-inhibiting and depigmentation effects of Nbutyldeoxynojirimycine (NB-DNJ) and 1-deoxynojirimycine (DNJ)-loaded liposomes were evaluated using Western blotting and measurement of synthesized melanin. Interestingly, it was found that the pH-sensitive liposomes increased the glycosylation-inhibiting and thus, pigment-lightening effects of N-glycosylation inhibitors in vitro. In addition, cargo materials loaded in pH-sensitive liposomes were found to be much more efficiently delivered into the cytoplasm, as observed in fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and confocal laser-scanning microscopic (CLSM) analysis. These results indicate that pH-sensitive DOPE: CHEMS liposomes have a strong potential as a carrier system to promote delivery efficiency and to enhance the biological effects of water-soluble actives for applications in cosmetics, personal care products, and pharmaceutics.     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 263–289 (July/August 2008)Visualization and quantification of skin barrier perturbation induced by surfactant–humectant systems using two-photon fluorescence microscopy

In order to visualize the effects of aqueous surfactant–humectant systems on the skin barrier, an in vitro two‐photon fluorescence microscopy (TPM) study, including dual‐channel visualization, was carried out. TPM is a non‐invasive imaging technique based on two‐photon induced nonlinear excitations of fluorophores, with the capability for deep‐tissue imaging (up to several hundred micrometers). The following aqueous solutions of surfactants, a humectant, and a surfactant + humectant mixture that contacted pig full‐thickness skin (p‐FTS) were studied: (i) a harsh surfactant solution—sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (1 wt%); (ii) a harsh surfactant + humectant solution—SDS (1 wt%) + glycerol (10 wt%); (iii) a mild surfactant solution—sodium cocoyl isethionate (SCI) (1 wt%); (iv) a control solution—phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS); and (v) a humectant solution—glycerol (10 wt%). Sulforhodamine B (SRB), a hydrophilic fluorescent probe, was used to visualize the effects of aqueous contacting solutions i–v on the skin barrier morphology. The results of the TPM visualization study revealed that SDS induces corneocyte damage by denaturing keratins and creating intracorneocyte penetration pathways. On the other hand, SDS + glycerol did not significantly induce corneocyte damage. The dual‐channel TPM images corresponding to aqueous contacting solutions iii–v showed low SRB penetration into the corneocytes, as well as localization of the SRB probe within the lipid bilayers surrounding the corneocytes of the SC. Through a quantification of the amount of SRB that penetrated into the skin as a function of skin depth, we found that adding glycerol to an SDS aqueous contacting solution can significantly reduce the SDS‐induced penetration depth of SRB, which provides evidence of the ability of glycerol to mitigate SDS‐induced skin barrier perturbation. The distribution of SRB in the p‐FTS samples was analyzed using a theoretical model that quantified changes in the skin aqueous pore characteristics induced by aqueous contacting solutions i, ii, iii, and v, relative to aqueous contacting solution iv, the control. The results of the theoretical model indicate the following ranking order in the extent of perturbation to the skin aqueous pores (from the highest to the lowest): i > ii > iii > iv > v. The development of such an in vitro visual ranking methodology, including quantification using TPM, can potentially reduce many costly in vivo screening procedures, thereby significantly reducing the cost and time‐to‐market of new cosmetic formulations containing surfactants and humectants.     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 399–418 (September/October 2008)A study of the chemical composition of traditional eye cosmetics ('kohls') used in Qatar and Yemen

This study looks at the chemical composition of traditional eye cosmetics ('kohls') used in Qatar and Yemen. Of especial interest was how many samples in each country contain the toxic element lead. In Qatar 19 observably different kohl samples were obtained, and in Yemen ten such samples obtained. The analytical techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) were used to study the samples. For the samples from Qatar, six of the 19 (32%) contained galena (lead sulfide, PbS)—all as the main component. However, for the samples from Yemen, five of the ten (50%) samples contained galena as the main component, with another three having it present as a minor component. Overall, the other main components were found to be: amorphous carbon (3), iron oxides (hematite, Fe2O3; and goethite, FeO(OH)) (1), quartz (SiO2) (1), sassolite (H3BO3) (5), talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) (1), and zincite (ZnO) (7).     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 117–125 (March/April 2008)A dual mechanism of 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3[2H]-furanone inhibiting cellular melanogenesis

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of some cellulose polymers mixed in a semipermanent dyestuff on the dye uptake of yak hair fiber and color fading after repeated washing cycles. Two different classes of commercial polymers were tested: non-ionic and cationic. Formulations based on a mixture of HC and basic dyes, with different molecular sizes, were employed as representative dyestuffs. UV-Vis spectroscopy and colorimetric measurements were used to analyze the extracted dyes from the yak hair cuticle and cortex. The results obtained indicate that the presence of cationic polymers in the dye bath improves both the quality of the dyeing process and the anti-fading effect during the first washing cycles.     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 263–289 (July/August 2008)Characterization of curved hair of Japanese women with reference to internal structures and amino acid composition

The variation of hair curvature in Japanese women was quantitatively investigated and the structure of curved hair was characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and amino acid analysis. Two hundred and thirty Japanese women volunteers, aged from 10 to 70 years, were randomly selected. The evaluation of the volunteers' natural hair shape showed that 53% of Japanese women have straight hair, while the remaining 47% have curved hair (varying from a slightly wavy shape to a frizzy style). The average curl radius of the volunteers' hair was determined to be 4.4 ± 2.3 cm, and ranged widely from 0.6 to 16 cm. The TEM observation of curved hair fiber revealed an inhomogenous internal structure between the outer and inner regions of the curved shape. In relation to the inhomogeneous structure of the curved hair, different amino acid composition of the hair keratin was observed between the outer and inner regions. Interestingly, these results of the TEM observation and the amino acid analysis are analogous to the difference between the ortho-and paracortical cells in wool fibers, suggesting the universal structure of curved mammalian hair.     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 233–242 (May/June 2008) Electrospun poly (vinyl alcohol) fiber mats as carriers for extracts from the fruit hull of mangosteen

Electrospinning is a process used to produce ultrafine fibers with diameters in the nanometer range. Electrospun fiber mats have high potentials for biomedical uses, due to their high surface area and ease of drug incorporation into the fibers. They can be used as carriers for drug delivery and can enhance drug release and skin permeability. The aim of this study was to prepare electrospun fiber mats and to incorporate extracts from the fruit hull of mangosteen. Anti-oxidant activity and extract release were determined and compared between the extract incorporated in the electrospun fiber mats and in the cast films. Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was selected as the polymer matrix. Extracts in the amount of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% w/w, based on the weight of PVA, were incorporated with 10% w/w PVA to finally obtain electrospun fiber mats and cast films. The extract content was evaluated by anti-oxidative activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1picryhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The morphology of the electrospun fiber mats was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the diameters of the fibers were in nanoscales and that no crystal of the extract was found at any concentration of the extract. The extract contents in the electrospun fiber mats prepared at 2.5%, 5%, and 10% w/w of the extract were 9.6%, 9.7%, and 10.8% of the initial loading concentration, respectively, whereas, those in the cast films were 23.9%, 14.5%, and 21.0%, respectively. The release of the extract from the electrospun fiber mats prepared at 2.5%, 5%, and 10% w/w of the extract at 120 min were 73.2%, 83.6%, and 81.3% w/w, respectively. However, much slower release from the cast films was observed (i.e. 4.3%, 29.1%, and 40.8% w/w, respectively).     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 385–398 (September/October 2008)Evaluation of liposomal and conventional formulations of octyl methoxycinnamate on human percutaneous absorption using the stripping method

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of vehicles on the penetration of octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), as a UV absorber, to the stratum corneum by the stripping method. The experimental formulations consisted of a conventional o/w emulsion and multilamellar and small unilamellar liposomes (MLVs and SUVs) containing OMC. MLVs containing OMC were prepared by the fusion method and then converted to SUVs by probe sonication. Various formulations were then applied onto the midvolar forearms of six volunteers at a dose of 2 mg cm^-2. After determined timepoints, the stripping method was conducted whereby 22 tape strips were applied and subsequently divided into different stripping groups. The sunscreen agent was assessed by HPLC while the SPF (sun protection factor) of the formulations was determined in human volunteers in accordance with the Australian standard. Overall the results indicate that skin accumulation of OMC in MLVs was significantly greater than in the o/w emulsion and SUVs. Furthermore, SUV's penetration into the deeper skin layers was significantly greater than MLV's and that of a conventional o/w emulsion. Also, higher amounts of OMC were recovered from the upper layers of the stratum corneum than from the deeper layers in all the formulations tested. Finally, the SPF of the liposomes containing OMC was slightly greater than that of the control lotions at a similar concentration of OMC. In conclusion, the result of this study indicates that an MLV prepared by the fusion method could be a better vehicle for OMC as a sunscreen since it has a slightly better SPF compared to a conventional formulation and more remains in the stratum corneum, reducing its penetration to the deeper layers.
Address all correspondence to M. R. Jaafari.