应用蒸汽相变机理脱除燃煤可吸入颗粒物实验研究

应用蒸汽相变机理促进细颗粒凝结长大，然后用湿式洗涤塔脱除长大后的含尘液滴，对燃煤可吸入颗粒物作为凝结核在过饱和蒸汽中凝结长大及湿式洗涤塔对凝结长大颗粒的脱除效果进行了实验研究，考察了蒸汽添加量、颗粒粒径及洗涤塔操作条件的影响。用电称低压冲击器(ELPI)实时测量凝结洗涤脱除前后的颗粒数量浓度和粒径分布。实验结果表明：蒸汽添加量的增加，能够迅速提高小粒径颗粒的脱除效率，蒸汽添加量为0.17kg/m3时，对平均粒径为0.3μm的颗粒的脱除效率超过80%；随着颗粒粒径增大，脱除效率提高；此外，洗涤塔液气比的增加，有利于燃煤可吸入颗粒物的脱除。研究表明蒸汽相变是脱除燃煤可吸入颗粒物的重要预调节措施之一。     

Bipolar Charge Trapping Induced Anomalous Negative Bias-Temperature Instability in HfSiON Gate Dielectric pMOSFETs

Negative bias-temperature (NBT) stress-induced drain current instability in a pMOSFET with a gate stack is investigated by using a fast transient measurement technique. We find that in certain stress conditions, the NBT-induced current instability evolves from enhancement mode to degradation mode, giving rise to an anomalous turn-around characteristic with stress time and stress gate voltage. Persistent poststress drain current degradation is found in a pMOSFET, as opposed to drain current recovery in its n-type MOSFET counterpart. A bipolar charge trapping model along with trap generation in a HfSiON gate dielectric is proposed to account for the observed phenomena. Poststress single charge emissions from trap states in HfSiON are characterized. Charge pumping and carrier separation measurements are performed to support our model. The impact of NBT stress voltage, temperature, and time on drain current instability mode is evaluated.     

Effects of DC ground electrode on converter transformers

The effects of transferred DC voltage to a converter station ground from the DC ground electrode were studied with a time-domain analysis model of a converter substation and interconnected system. The model explicitly represents all grounds of the system (AC and DC) and the nonlinear magnetization characteristics of the converter transformer. The transferred DC voltage from DC ground electrode to station ground has been shown to cause the flow of direct current in the windings of the converter transformer. The effects of these currents have been studied with a parametric analysis. The major parameters considered were the separation distance between station ground and DC ground electrode, and the source voltage. The study suggests that for separation distances larger than 10000 feet, the transferred DC voltage to the station ground is less than 1% of the DC ground potential rise. For smaller separation distances, a substantial percentage of the DC ground potential rise is transferred to the station ground, which causes the flow of direct current in the winding of the converter transformers     

双水内冷同步调相机定子温度场分析

温度场的研究对双水内冷同步调相机安全运行具有重要的意义。针对双水内冷同步调相机,采用有限元法建立了电磁场二维模型以及流体-温度三维温升计算模型,求取了电机不同运行工况下的电枢电流、励磁电流以及对应的电机定子损耗。在此基础上,根据流体-温度耦合的传热理论,以定子线圈和铁心损耗为热源,求解定子各部分温度分布,研究电枢电流、冷却水流速、冷却水进水温度对定子温升的影响。结果表明,双水内冷同步调相机运行时定子下层线圈温度高于定子上层线圈温度,定子线圈最高温升与电枢电流的二次方呈正比,且其温升与冷却水的流速相关,与进水温度成正比。本文中关于温度场的研究可为大型同步调相机散热结构优化及过载能力分析提供理论参考价值。     

Dependence of railgun operation on current rise time

Railguns are facilities to accelerate projectiles up to several kilometers per second by electromagnetic force generated by driving current. Worldwide, a variety of current waveforms are used in railgun systems. This paper describes the dependence of railgun operation on the rise rate of the driving current. The use of the exploding wire as an opening switch makes it possible to change the rise time of the driving current. A secondary arc is likely to appear and the erosion on a rail surface is more severe when current with a short rise time is used. According to the nondimensional railgun simulation, current with a short rise time heats up the plasma so fast that many particles ablated from the bore surface, which seem to be the cause of the secondary arc, increase rapidly in the early phase of acceleration. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 129(3): 17–28, 1999     

软弱岩体对西龙池上库1#副坝应力变形的影响分析

西龙池抽水蓄能电站上库1#副坝为沥青混凝土面板堆石坝,坝址地质地形复杂,有软弱岩层出露。本文采用E-B模型和Bursers粘弹性模型分别模拟堆石材料和沥青混凝土材料的应力应变关系,对该坝进行二维及三维应力变形有限元分析,计算结果较合理地揭示该坝在施工和蓄水过程中的受力和变形性状。本文对改善面板变形的两种软弱岩体开挖处理措施的效果作出了数值模拟和合理评价,为设计提供了参考。     

含沙水流对水轮机导叶部件磨损的数值模拟

建立了低浓度固液两相流（平均固体容积浓度Ｃｖ〈１％，即对于沙水，含沙量低于２０ｋｇ／ｍ＾３）Ｅｕｌｅｒｉａｎ－Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｉａｎ混合湍流模型。给出了颗粒－壁面碰撞模型和为韧性金属材质的水轮机过流部件的磨损模型。利用这些模型可数值模拟水轮机中含沙水流的流动、沙粒在水轮机过流通道内的浓度分布、运动轨迹及水轮机中含沙水流的流动、沙粒在水轮机过流通道内的浓度分布、运动轨迹及水轮机过流部件的磨损率。本文模     

泵站水锤的波追踪计算方法

推导了波追踪法求解水泵-管道系统水锤和断流弥合水锤的方程,讨论了波追踪法和特征线法在理论、求解过程和计算精度上的异同。经计算得到的水泵过渡过程参数和断流弥合处参数的变化规律表明,两种算法的理论本质上是一致的,但波追踪法直接计算压力波（与初始值的水头差值）;不考虑管道摩阻损失时,两者的计算结果完全一致,表明文中提出的针对泵站和断流弥合处的方程和边界条件是正确的;而考虑摩阻时,由于对摩阻项处理方法的差异,导致两者计算结果略有差异,两者相对差值小于0.3%,两种算法具有相同计算精度;计算断流弥合处的瞬变参数变化时,得到的最大值和最小值相同。对于复杂管路或管网系统,波追踪法可直接依据泵站管道的边界条件计算管道内的水力过渡过程,无须采用数值算法,计算效率相较于特征线法提高。     

Dielectric recovery of a residual SF6 plasma between twoparallel plane electrodes

The present work is a theoretical investigation into the dielectric strength of a thin column of hot SF₆ gas left between two contacts after the thermal quenching of an arc at current zero in a modern HV gas-blast circuit breaker. Because of time rapid decay of arc temperature during current zero, this hot gas is still in a plasma state (referred to as the residual plasma) with sufficiently high charge density (both electrons and ions) although electrical conductivity is low. The dielectric recovery of such a residual plasma differs from that of an infinitely large, uniform plasma in two aspects. Firstly, the presence of space charge can distort severely the local electric field and can influence strongly the generation and loss of charged particles by ionization and chemical reactions. Secondly, due to the finite size of the plasma column, electrons diffuse in an ambipolar manner, thus enhancing the loss of charged particles in the plasma. In the present investigation, the gap length between the contacts (electrodes) is 1.0×10^-2 m and the diameter of the plasma column varies between 50×10^-6 and 500×10 ^-6 m. Distribution of the number density of charged species on the axis is obtained by solving their continuity equations using the method of MacCormack with Shuman filter. It is found that formation of space charge creates strong ionization layers close to the electrodes and that the whole column could deviate from electrical neutrality due to the drift of charged particles. The breakdown field of such a bounded plasma at atmospheric pressure or above is approximately equal to the critical field for an infinite plasma within a numerical uncertainty of 5%     

Nano zero valent iron/modified semicoke composites for the removal of coal tar wastewater

ABSTRACT

The coal tar wastewater was treated by self-synthesized nano zero valent iron (NZVI)/modified semicoke composites. Phenol was employed as simulated sample due to high content of phenol in coal tar wastewater. The results show that the phenol removal rate started to rise with the increase of modified semicoke amount and aging time, reached maximum at certain value, and then began to decrease. With the reaction time extending, phenol removal rate increased gradually, while phenol removal rate came down gradually as the initial phenol concentration rise. The XPS, XRD, and SEM results indicate that NZVI with uniform size was well-distributed on the surface of modified semicoke.     

钙质砂压缩过程中颗粒破碎的细观特征

本文采用自设计的透明模型箱，通过侧限压缩试验，结合近景摄影测量技术，探究了钙质砂的压缩与颗粒破碎特征。试验表明，钙质砂的压缩变形可以分为三个阶段：低应力下的初始压密阶段，变形以颗粒位置调整使得颗粒间孔隙被压缩为主；中等应力下的研磨和棱角破裂阶段，变形以颗粒研磨和棱角破裂的破碎模式为主，一定程度上破坏了钙质砂颗粒间的咬合力和摩擦强度，使得变形进一步发生；高应力下的整体破碎阶段，钙质砂颗粒以整体破碎的模式主导钙质砂试样的变形，钙质砂颗粒整体破裂成大量的小颗粒，钙质砂内孔隙被大量释放，钙质砂试样进一步被压密。不同粒径的钙质砂压缩破碎的模式不同，在试验应力条件下（σmax < 6 MPa），粒径大于5 mm的钙质砂试样压缩过程中会经历上述完整的三个阶段。     

直流锅炉启动过程中热回收能力的分析与计算

今后越来越多的火电机组将要承担温态启动和热态启动的调峰任务,因此启动过程中回收热量的能力将直接影响火电机组的运行经济性。该评议对直流锅炉启动过程中热回收能力作了分析,建立了计算热回收能力的数学模型,并对模型进行了实验验证。在此基础上对300MW,600MW直流锅炉启动系统的热回收能力作了定量计算,详细分析了直流锅炉启动系统滑压启动时分离器水位控制旁路阀前疏水压力、疏水流量等参数变化时除氧器水箱的压力变化速率,压力飞升曲线的热回收能力。理论分析和实验都说明,直流锅炉启动系统的热回能力主要取决于启动分离器和除氧器水的工作压力以及除氧器水箱的容积。该分析对直流锅炉启动旁路系统的设计与计算具有一定的参考价值。     

沙尘对电力系统外绝缘电气特性影响分析

为了解沙尘对电力系统运行造成的影响,在查阅有关文献的基础上分析了沙尘对空气间隙和绝缘子放电特性的影响,同时在沙尘模拟实验室进行了风沙对间隙击穿电压影响的实验研究。分析和研究表明:在雷电冲击和操作冲击电压作用下,沙尘对空气间隙的冲击放电特性有一定的影响,主要是由于阴极表面上的沙尘引起;沙尘对空气间隙及绝缘子放电特性的影响程度与风速、沙尘的带电量等因素有关。     

LCL滤波并网逆变器的进网电流相位矫正技术

文中分析了LCL滤波并网逆变器系统的稳定性。该并网逆变器采用逆变器侧电感电流作为反馈量,并采用电网电压前馈控制策略,由劳斯判据得到该系统恒稳定的结论。由闭环系统的传递函数确定了电压前馈系数的大小,并根据闭环系统的根轨迹设计了电流环的控制参数。分析了该闭环系统并网功率因数小于1的原因,为克服这一缺点,提出了进网电流相位矫正技术。该技术根据进网电流与电网电压之间的相位差调节电流环基准值的频率,最终使进网电流与电网电压同相位,并网功率因数等于1。进网电流相位矫正技术不会影响原有系统的稳定性。仿真结果验证了该策略的有效性。     

水玻璃对直流熔断器短路分断性能的影响分析

直流熔断器分断短路电流比交流熔断器困难得多。因此,需要在直流熔断器的石英砂填料中添加水玻璃固化剂来改善其分断性能。建立直流熔断器短路分断试验的电容器组等效试验方法。通过对添加不同水玻璃固化剂的直流熔断器进行短路分断试验对比,验证了水玻璃改善分断性能的效果,确定了水玻璃固化剂配比。     

Surface discharges on polymeric insulator shed surfaces

This paper describes results of an experimental investigation into surface discharges occurring on the surface of polymeric insulators. Discharges on partially hydrophobic surfaces were found to occur across well defined dry bands, while discharges on hydrophobic surfaces appeared as small points of light occurring between discrete water drops. These discharges were observed to produce a localized loss of hydrophobicity. It is shown that these discharges are stable atmospheric-pressure glow discharges. The discharges are characterized by a high cathode voltage fall, dependent on the electrical conductivity of the water drop, and a voltage gradient in the positive column, dependent on the discharge current. A technique is presented for measuring the rate at which surface hydrophobicity of polymeric materials is lost due to the action of this type of discharge. It was found that the loss of hydrophobicity occurred predominantly in the region near the cathode     

风积沙地基工程性质及其输电线路基础抗拔设计

沙漠风积沙地基工程性质及其输电线路杆塔基础抗拔设计是当前我国电网建设中的关键研究课题之一。通过对我国不同沙漠风积沙地基的物理力学性质的试验及其研究成果的统计,分析了我国沙漠地区风积沙地基的颗粒级配组成及其分类,给出了其含水性、容重、孔隙性、相对密度、内摩擦角等典型物理力学特性参数的平均值。基于我国沙漠风积沙地基的工程特性,介绍了沙漠风积沙地基输电线路杆塔基础抗拔稳定性“土重法”设计方法及其正确性。研究并分析了宁夏毛乌素沙漠4 个斜柱扩展基础上拔水平力组合荷载试验、新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠4 个装配式基础上拔水平力组合荷载试验、内蒙库布齐沙漠1 个直柱扩展基础和2 个混凝土拉线盘基础抗拔试验成果,得到了我国典型沙漠风积沙地基极限上拔角标准值为16.9°;在考虑地基抗拔承载力分项系数为1.65 的基础 上,得到风积沙地基上拔角设计值为10.3°。由于该上拔角设计值综合考虑了风积沙地基的区域特征、基础类型、基础几何尺寸、基础荷载工况等不同影响因素,可作为我国沙漠地区输电线路基础设计的依据。     

核电站重要厂用水系统两阶段关阀方案分析

核电站重要厂用水系统负责把设备冷却水系统收集的热量输送至最终热阱（一般为大海）,该系统必须长期安全、稳定运行。为便于核电站重要厂用水系统的设计和优化,以某核电厂为例,利用PIPENET软件对水力瞬态的计算功能,对其重要厂用水系统停泵后水锤过程进行建模模拟计算,分析泵后止回阀在不同的两阶段关阀方案下的液柱分离、阀后压力以及水泵机组倒流百分比等问题。经多方案比选后,提出止回阀两阶段关阀推荐方案：阀门快关时间为4 s,缓关时间为7 s。模拟结果表明,该方案既显著降低了泵的反转率,又保证了水锤产生的压力低于设计压力。     

2.5 kV 2000-A monolithic reverse conducting gate turn-off thyristor

A 2.5 kV 2000 A monolithic reverse-conducting gate turn-off thyristor (RC-GTO) has been developed using a precise lifetime control technique, a precise gate etching control technique, and an electrical separation technique between the GTO part and the diode part. It is most important for the RC-GTO to separate electrically the GTO part from the diode part. A very high separation resistance of 100-150 Ω is attained by applying a double diffused profile, and a high turn-off current of 2000 A is achieved by applying the precise lifetime control technique and the precise gate etching control technique. The development of the 2.5 kV 2000 A RC-GTO has been aided by the use of computer simulation and an image-converter camera     

基于近壁湍流拟序结构的离心泵内沙粒冲蚀角研究

流体机械中的泥沙磨损现象是一个国内外至今尚处于探讨阶段的问题。多年来有关学者们从试验、计算、理论研究等多方面对这一现象进行了大量的研究与探讨。本文尝试从近壁区湍流的拟序结构出发,研究离心泵内的泥沙磨损问题。文中首先从沙粒近壁BBO方程出发得出了沙粒近壁区法向运动速度upy,然后基于拟序结构导出了沙粒"扫掠"情况下的流向速度upx。最后用两个速度得到了基于近壁湍流拟序结构的离心泵内的沙粒对叶轮壁面的冲击角。研究表明在离心泵内正是由于近壁区湍流拟序结构时的"扫掠"作用造成了小粒径沙粒在叶轮壁面附近的小角度切削破坏,这与国外学者的试验观测结果相吻合。