基于宽频-多模态的复合俘能器的解析模型与实验研究

为提高单频压电振动俘能器的能量转换效率和工作频带,结合压电和电磁能量转换机制,提出了一种新的混合俘能器系统。该系统由PZT悬臂梁、弹性悬挂磁铁块、粘附于悬臂梁末端磁铁块及谐振器等组成,引入谐振器及磁铁可实现增加系统模态数量和非线性。基于此混合振动俘能器建立了改进型连续体机电耦合解析模型,并由龙格-库塔算法进行了求解。在此基础上,研制了振动俘能器原理样机,并搭建了实验系统,通过实验和解析评估方法完成了单一式和复合式俘能器性能比对和评估;研究表明,所研究的混合型振动俘能器相对常规振动能量俘集原理可实现较宽的频率范围及多模态振动能量俘集,且能量俘集效率明显提高,具有较好的应用前景。     

Pressure-dependent dissipation effect at multiple cantilever resonant modes

Based on the optical deflection method, the resonant characteristics of a microcantilever under various pressure have been observed at room temperature to understand the pressure-dependent dissipation effect. Especially, the quality factor of the cantilever has been measured for up to fourth harmonic mode of cantilever resonance as a function of pressure between 0.1 and 1000 Torr. By considering the intrinsic dissipation present in the system at 0.1 Torr, the pressure-dependent fluidic quality factors were determined for the multiple cantilever resonant modes. The inverse of the fluidic quality factor appears to follow two different asymptotic behaviors at high and low pressure limits, which indicates that the dynamics of the fluid, due to the oscillating cantilever, changes from Newtonian to non-Newtonian with decreasing pressure. The experimentally observed transition of the fluidic dissipation effect agrees well with the recently proposed rapidly oscillating flow model based on the Boltzmann equation, regardless of the different mode shapes.     

Influence of bending-twisting and extension-bending coupling on damping of laminated composites

This paper describes a three-dimensional finite element-strain energy method for characterizing vibration coupling effects on damping of laminated composites. The analysis was performed on graphite-epoxy laminated cantilever beams in two stacking sequences: (i) 12-ply symmetric laminates [12()], and (ii) 12-ply antisymmetric laminates [6()/6(–)]. Thus, the effects of vibration coupling between bending and twisting in symmetric laminates, and between extension and bending in antisymmetric laminates on damping were studied. A modal strain energy method was applied in a finite-element formulation to solve for the natural frequencies, mode shapes and energy dissipation of the laminates. The coupling energy dissipation was separated from the non-coupling energy dissipation by the decomposition of the total energy dissipation in order to study its contribution to damping. The results of the first three modes, which includes two flexural modes and one torsional mode, are presented. The resulting torsional damping data are generally higher than the flexural damping data. The coupling effects on damping in flexural modes were found to be more significant than those in torsional modes, and such effects appear to be dependent upon the fibre angle and the vibration mode of interest. The coupling effects appear to increase damping in flexural modes, and were found to be maximized at a fibre angle around 30°. The non-coupling energy dissipation was found to be more dominant for the flexural modes at a fibre angle of 90°, and it appears to be more dominant at a fibre angle of 0° in torsional modes, however.     

Correlation of fiber pull-out strength and interfacial vibration damping techniques by micromechanical analysis

Adhesion between fiber and matrix in fiber-reinforced polymer composites plays an important role both in controlling mechanical properties and in the overall performance of composites. This suggests that analytical and experimental methods to characterize the interface can be used to predict the mechanical performance of the material. To this end, vibration damping techniques have been used as a non-destructive method to evaluate interfacial effects on composites. According to the theory of energy dissipation, the quality of the interfacial adhesion can be evaluated upon separating the predicted internal energy dissipation associated with perfect adhesion from the measured internal energy dissipation of a composite system; this enables the quantification of interfacial adhesion. A micromechanics-based model for evaluating the adhesion between fiber and matrix from the damping characteristic of a cantilever beam was developed that shows an inverse relationship between the damping contributed by the interface and its adhesion strength. A simple optical system was used to measure the damping factor of unidirectional fiber-reinforced-polymer composites. Cantilever beam specimens containing either a single glass fiber or three types of single metallic wires embedded in an epoxy resin matrix were tested. A correlation was found between the measured interfacial adhesion strength directly from microbond pull-out tests and the micromechanics-based calculations from vibration damping experiments.     

Timoshenko梁的行波与模态的混合控制方法

基于Timoshenko梁理论，采用行波控制和独立模态空间混合方法。对悬臂梁的振动主动控制问题进行了研究。采用行波方法实现了对Timoshenko梁结构的振动控制。首先。采用模态控制方法，控制低频振动。而后，采用行波控制方法吸收高频振动能量，实现结构的振动控制。可见，行波／模态混合控制提高了振动控制精度和系统的鲁棒性。本文给出了悬臂梁振动的混合控制策略，最后给出了数值仿真结果。     

On the Efficiency of Using Damping Characteristics of Structural Components for Damage Diagnostics

Using the generalized relationship between energy dissipation in a fatigue crack and the range of the stress intensity factor, which was derived earlier, the author has performed an analytical study of the influence of various factors on the logarithmic decrement of vibrations of a cantilever beam with an edge crack and a surface semielliptical crack. In particular, it is demonstrated that an increase in the vibration damping characteristic of a beam due to the crack initiation and growth can serve as an efficient damage diagnostics method for structural components in case such components, when intact, have a fairly low level of dissipation properties.     

Influence of temperature and strain rate on cohesive properties of a structural epoxy adhesive

Effects of temperature and strain rate on the cohesive relation for an engineering epoxy adhesive are studied experimentally. Two parameters of the cohesive laws are given special attention: the fracture energy and the peak stress. Temperature experiments are performed in peel mode using the double cantilever beam specimen. The temperature varies from −40 to + 80°C. The temperature experiments show monotonically decreasing peak stress with increasing temperature from about 50 MPa at −40°C to about 10 MPa at + 80°C. The fracture energy is shown to be relatively insensitive to the variation in temperature. Strain rate experiments are performed in peel mode using the double cantilever beam specimen and in shear mode, using the end notch flexure specimen. The strain rates vary; for peel loading from about 10⁻⁴ to 10 s⁻¹ and for shear loading from 10⁻³ to 1 s⁻¹. In the peel mode, the fracture energy increases slightly with increasing strain rate; in shear mode, the fracture energy decreases. The peak stresses in the peel and shear mode both increase with increasing strain rate. In peel mode, only minor effects of plasticity are expected while in shear mode, the adhesive experiences large dissipation through plasticity. Rate dependent plasticity, may explain the differences in influence of strain rate on fracture energy between the peel mode and the shear mode.     

可调永磁双稳态非线性能量阱及应用研究

为了实现对主系统的宽频振动抑制,研发了一种可调的双稳态非线性能量阱(BNES)。介绍了BNES的结构和工作原理;其次分析了BNES的刚度构成以及其非线性动力学特性,并建立了悬臂梁-BNES系统动力学微分方程;采用数值方法探究了不同磁铁间距时的BNES对悬臂梁瞬态时域振动抑制效果和稳态频域的宽频抑振能力;对两组不同的悬臂梁系统进行了实验,验证了不同磁铁间距时的双稳态非线性能量阱的宽频振动抑制能力。研究结果表明,该BNES对悬臂梁的瞬态时域响应和稳态频域响应都有很好的振动抑制能力。     

中低频集中质量悬臂式簧片仪基频分析方法研究

簧片仪是一种中低频冲击响应谱测量装置,设计时可将其简化为端部附带集中质量的悬臂梁。簧片仪的振型方程中存在超越函数,对于等截面簧片仪来说,可使用二分法等数值方法求解,计算量较大,该方法不适用于复杂截面簧片仪基频设计。首先利用悬臂梁自由端受集中力的挠度公式,推导出其等效刚度等效单自由度的弹簧振子系统,利用弹簧振子相关频率公式解决求解集中质量等截面悬臂梁的基频问题,该方法与振型方程求解的基频对比,发现在10 Hz以下的中低频区域,可以很好的保证等截面悬臂梁的基频精度,大于10 Hz的中频段,误差随频率的升高而迅速增大。接下来,通过Mohr积分的方法,推导出等强度集中质量悬臂梁自由端的最大挠度,并给出其基频的设计公式,该方法与试验进行对比,发现误差与等截面悬臂梁有相同趋势,因此利用瑞利能量法修正设计公式中的质量参数,修正后与实验误差在5%左右。经理论与试验验证,所提出的簧片仪设计方法简单可行、计算结果可信。     

Detection of bacteria based on the thermomechanical noise of a nanomechanical resonator: origin of the response and detection limits

We have measured the effect of bacteria adsorption on the resonant frequency of microcantilevers as a function of the adsorption position and vibration mode. The resonant frequencies were measured from the Brownian fluctuations of the cantilever tip. We found that the sign and amount of the resonant frequency change is determined by the position and extent of the adsorption on the cantilever with regard to the shape of the vibration mode. To explain these results, a theoretical one-dimensional model is proposed. We obtain analytical expressions for the resonant frequency that accurately fit the data obtained by the finite element method. More importantly, the theory data shows a good agreement with the experiments. Our results indicate that there exist two opposite mechanisms that can produce a significant resonant frequency shift: the stiffness and the mass of the bacterial cells. Based on the thermomechanical noise, we analyse the regions of the cantilever of lowest and highest sensitivity to the attachment of bacteria. The combination of high vibration modes and the confinement of the adsorption to defined regions of the cantilever allows the detection of single bacterial cells by only measuring the Brownian fluctuations. This study can be extended to smaller cantilevers and other biological systems such as proteins and nucleic acids.     

作动器／传感器配置优化的遗传算法应用

针对空间柔性结构,研究了振动主动控制中作动器/传感器的配置和控制器增益的全局优化问题。首先采用空间柔性结构的状态空间模型建立了以最大耗能准则为基础的目标函数,将优化问题归结为一个有约束的非线性优化问题,然后根据其特点,采用了一种十进制浮点数编码的遗传算法,并融合、设计了一些简单且优良的遗传操作,使得优化过程不依赖于初值,而且可以快速可靠地求得全局最优解。通过一个悬臂梁单点同位配置算例,证明了该算法的可行性和优越性。     

两侧受液时悬臂梁的自由振动分析

本文研究悬臂梁在两侧受有液体作用时的横向自由振动问题,给出了两侧液深不等时悬臂梁自由振动的振型函数和固有频率的精确计算公式,结果可由计算机解出。分析表明,液体对悬臂梁自由振动的影响等效一附着于梁上的广义分布质量。     

考虑裂纹表面摩擦阻尼的振动疲劳裂纹扩展分析

以含表面裂纹悬臂梁为研究对象,研究了裂纹面摩擦效应对裂纹疲劳扩展的影响。分析时,用双线性弹簧描述裂纹呼吸行为,用Galerkin方法把呼吸裂纹梁简化为单自由度系统,基于Coulomb摩擦模型和能量耗散理论推导了摩擦阻尼损耗因子,运用广义的Forman方程模拟疲劳裂纹扩展,通过振动分析与裂纹扩展计算同步进行的方法考虑振动与疲劳的耦合效应,探讨了摩擦阻尼对裂纹梁疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的影响。结论表明,摩擦阻尼损耗因子随裂纹扩展呈单调递增趋势,摩擦阻尼对振动疲劳裂纹扩展的影响不容忽视     

磁流变阻尼器特性的实验研究

结合磁流变阻尼器的工作原理和阻尼力简化模型,对不同激励振幅、激励频率、控制电流下的磁流变阻尼器的阻尼力特性、耗能特性、响应时间进行了一系列的实验研究。分析得出,磁流变阻尼器具有极强的减振耗能作用,且耗能能力随着控制电流、激振振幅和频率的增加而增大。磁流变阻尼器的响应时间随控制电流的变化不太明显,但是随着激振速度的增加迅速减小。     

柔性悬臂梁振动主动控制实验研究

以压电陶瓷为作动器，并采用独立模态控制法，对冲击载荷作用下的大柔度悬臂梁前三阶模态进行了振动主动控制研究。实验结果表明，使用独立模态控制方法，能有效地抑制悬臂梁的振动，控制效果非常明显。采用模态滤波和相移控制器进行模态分离和相位调节，可获得最大结构阻尼，取得良好的动态控制效果。     

Measuring phase shifts and energy dissipation with amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy

By recording the phase angle difference between the excitation force and the tip response in amplitude modulation AFM it is possible to image compositional variations in heterogeneous samples. In this contribution we address some of the experimental issues relevant to perform phase contrast imaging measurements. Specifically, we study the dependence of the phase shift on the tip-surface separation, interaction regime, cantilever parameters, free amplitude and tip-surface dissipative processes. We show that phase shift measurements can be converted into energy dissipation values. Energy dissipation curves show a maximum (～10?eV/cycle) with the amplitude ratio. Furthermore, energy dissipation maps provide a robust method to image material properties because they do not depend directly on the tip-surface interaction regime. Compositional contrast images are illustrated by imaging conjugated molecular islands deposited on silicon surfaces.     

非线性能量阱技术研究综述

结构振动问题普遍存在于各个工程领域,有效地抑制结构振动对提高零件的加工质量、延长机械的使用寿命以及增加结构的安全性与舒适度至关重要。非线性能量阱(NES)以其轻质,鲁棒性强,减振频带宽等优点,在非线性消能减振方面具有良好的应用前景;介绍了非线性能量阱的基本概念、发展与研究现状,综述了非线性能量阱在土木工程、航空航天领域、机械领域、生命线工程以及能量采集中的应用进展。在此基础上,对非线性能量阱的设计与应用进行了评述,指出其在工程应用中的优势与不足,并针对实际工程可能遇到的问题提出了建议,对非线性能量阱技术的后续研究进行了展望。     

Vibration energy harvester with sustainable power based on a single-crystal piezoelectric cantilever array

We designed and fabricated a bimorph cantilever array for sustainable power with an integrated Cu proof mass to obtain additional power and current. We fabricated a cantilever system using single-crystal piezoelectric material and compared the calculations for single and arrayed cantilevers to those obtained experimentally. The vibration energy harvester had resonant frequencies of 60.4 and 63.2 Hz for short and open circuits, respectively. The damping ratio and quality factor of the cantilever device were 0.012 and 41.66, respectively. The resonant frequency at maximum average power was 60.8 Hz. The current and highest average power of the harvester array were found to be 0.728 mA and 1.61 mW, respectively. The sustainable maximum power was obtained after slightly shifting the short-circuit frequency. In order to improve the current and power using an array of cantilevers, we also performed energy conversion experiments.     

How fast can a crack go?

The assumption of a material specific relation between the energy dissipation at the edge of a crack propagating under small scale yielding conditions leads to upper limits of the crack velocity: the Rayleigh wave velocity for modes I and II, and theS wave velocity for mode III. If a mode II crack can pass the “forbidden” subsonic super-Rayleigh region, then the upper limit would be theP wave velocity. Experiments invariably show lower maximum speeds, typically less than 60% of theS wave velocity, but they also frequently show accelerations to a constant velocity, depending on the acceleration history, and increasing surface roughness, even during the constant velocity phase. Other experiments show that the energy dissipation at the crack edge usually is several times larger at very high than at very low velocities. These results indicate a considerable growth of the process region, so much that the intrinsic length parameter which determines its height at very low crack speeds becomes insignificant, and then the rationale for a material specific relation between energy dissipation and velocity disappears. This disappearance can contribute to the explanation of the experimental results. Department of Mathematical Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland. Published in Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 91–98, January–February, 1996.     

带Z字形悬臂梁段拼接的装配式钢框架节点抗震性能试验研究

提出一种适用于装配式钢结构的带Z字形悬臂梁段拼接的梁柱节点。以滑移耗能的理念设计了基础试件,通过关键参数的变化得到六组试件。对六组试件进行了低周往复荷载作用下的试验研究,对节点的破坏模式和拼接区的滑移情况进行了分析,获得了节点的滞回曲线、骨架曲线、耗能能力、转动能力以及刚度退化等抗震性能。结果表明:带Z字形悬臂梁段拼接的梁柱节点属于半刚性连接节点,节点变形性能良好。节点能有效利用拼接区摩擦面滑移、螺栓和孔壁挤压以及板件屈服实现耗能。适当减少翼缘高强螺栓数目能有效提高节点延性性能和塑性转动能力。翼缘和腹板螺孔开大孔和使用三角形垂直加劲肋对节点的耗能能力和承载能力影响很小。