1470MPa级双相钢的性能特征与强韧化机制

对0.16C-1.38Si-3.2Mn双相钢进行轧制和退火处理,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)等手段表征试验钢的微观组织和断口形貌,分析试验钢经退火后钢板的力学性能和加工硬化行为,重点研究了试验钢晶粒细化的强韧化机制。结果表明:试验钢在800℃退火后的显微组织主要由8.8%铁素体和91.2%回火马氏体构成。退火后的钢板具有良好的综合力学性能,屈服强度为873 MPa,表现为连续屈服特征,抗拉强度为1483 MPa,总伸长率为11%,屈强比为0.58;试验钢的Mn含量、退火前的初始组织、冷轧大变形以及退火过程中关键工艺参数等都有利于试验钢退火板的晶粒细化,铁素体尺寸为1-2μm,马氏体板条束的有效晶粒尺寸为0.2-1.5μm。细小的晶粒有利于阻碍位错的运动和增加裂纹扩展的阻力,从而提高了钢板的强度和塑韧性。     

一种新型铁素体不锈钢的深冲性能研究

为探究一种新型铁素体不锈钢的深冲性能,在840~920℃不同温度下对新型铁素体不锈钢的冷轧板做再结晶退火处理,通过XRD、SEM和EBSD等分析方法研究了退火2 min或4 min后,材料微观组织、宏观织构的变化规律对深冲性能的影响及其内在机理.研究表明:保持退火时间2 min,退火温度900℃时,试验钢拥有较多的有利γ纤维织构,主要为{111}112取向,并有少量α纤维织构,此时平均塑性应变比r-=1.77,高于其他退火温度下的值;延长退火时间,在900℃下保温4 min,不同取向晶粒获得了长大机会,晶粒尺寸均匀性显著改善,r-值提高至1.82,试验钢有望取得理想深冲性能.     

铸态ZK60 镁合金往复挤压的组织与性能

目的探索工艺参数对微观组织和力学性能的影响。方法材料选用铸态ZK60合金,通过试验研究挤压比、往复挤压道次对镁合金微观组织演变的影响,分析挤压比对T6处理的材料力学性能的影响。结果在一定范围内增大挤压比和增加往复挤压道次均有助于组织细化。在350℃、挤压比为8时,经过8道次往复挤压变形可以细化晶粒到3μm左右。晶粒尺寸达到5μm以下,增加往复道次使晶粒细化的效果不明显,但有利于晶粒的均匀化。在往复挤压温度350℃,挤压比8,往复道次8的条件下,经过T6处理的试样具有良好的综合力学性能,伸长率达到22.1%,抗拉强度为308.6 MPa。结论 ZK60镁合金在往复挤压和动态再结晶过程中,晶粒的细化与往复挤压道次和挤压比有关。若挤压比较小,尽管往复道次较大,但是晶粒细化的效果不明显;合理的匹配挤压比与往复道次,能获得细小、均匀的组织。     

Ti-26钛合金斜轧穿孔管坯热处理工艺研究

为选择一种Ti-26钛合金斜轧穿孔管坯成品退火工艺,采用感应加热处理,氩气保护热处理和真空热处理3种退火工艺进行实验.对经3种热处理后的试样用金相显微镜观察微观组织,用X射线衍射和透射电镜进行物相分析.对3种试样进行了力学性能测试.用扫描电镜对拉伸断口的形貌进行观察分析.对比3种退火工艺试样的力学性能和显微组织得出,感应退火试样的组织均匀,晶粒细小,拉伸断口布满韧窝,显示延性断裂.XRD和TEM分析表明,合金为bcc结构的β单相组织.相应试样的抗拉强度达802.5 MPa,延伸率为15.25%,断面收缩率为41%,综合力学性能比其它2种工艺试样优越.因此,确定790℃,3 min AC感应退火为Ti-26钛合金斜轧穿孔管坯成品退火工艺.     

亚温淬火对硼镍添加含铌低合金高强度H型钢组织性能的影响

将硼镍添加的含铌低合金高强度H型钢进行亚温淬火及完全淬火,对淬火以及淬火并高温回火后的试样进行了力学性能和微观组织的研究。结果表明:亚温淬火并回火后,这一新钢种的屈服强度达到512MPa,抗拉强度达到595MPa,伸长率达到27%,韧脆转变温度达到-88℃,具有优异的综合力学性能。近似等轴的铁素体及其上弥散分布的细小碳化物,使得回火时塑性大幅提高而强度下降不多;回火碳化物钉扎晶界,抑制了晶粒的长大,起到了细化晶粒的效果;不连续的细小碳化物分布在晶界上,没有对材料的韧性造成破坏。     

第二相对铸轧3003铝合金箔坯再结晶行为的影响

目的 铸轧法因工艺流程短、生产效率高而被广泛应用于3003铝合金箔板的生产。但铸轧法生产的坯料组织为Mn元素过饱和的固溶体,在后续再结晶退火时易析出细小弥散的第二相,这些第二相会抑制再结晶形核使得合金组织异常粗大,为解决这个问题,需探索最优的热处理工艺。方法 采用均匀化退火预处理工艺,在均匀化退火过程中使Mn元素脱溶并析出粗大的第二相,为后续再结晶退火提供形核质点。研究均匀化退火温度对该过程中析出第二相的尺寸和数密度的影响,并研究均匀化退火对再结晶析出行为、形变再结晶晶粒形貌和织构特征的影响。结果 经过450、500、550℃均匀化预处理的试样析出了大量粗大的第二相,从而诱发再结晶形核,促使合金组织细化;而原始铸轧样和400℃均匀化预处理的试样在再结晶退火时析出了大量细小的第二相,阻碍再结晶的发生,从而形成粗大的晶粒组织。由于均匀化处理过程中产生粗大粒子诱发形核（PSN）作用,使得500、550、600℃预处理冷轧板退火后具有较弱的再结晶织构。结论 在500、550、600℃进行预处理可析出粗大的第二相,促使合金组织细化。通过数学拟合的方法,获得粗大第二相（d>200 nm）数密...     

双重退火对ZTC18铸造钛合金组织及性能的影响

目的 研究ZTC18合金双重退火热处理时合金微观组织和力学性能的变化规律。方法 通过对ZTC18合金熔模精密铸造拉伸试棒试验件进行双重退火热处理实验,对比不同热处理工艺铸件的微观组织和力学性能,分析其变化规律。结果 不同的双重退火温度下,晶粒尺寸无明显变化,随着第2级退火温度升高,晶粒内部初生α相由长针状逐渐变化为棒状及等轴颗粒,次生α相逐渐减少,合金的强度随第2级退火温度升高而降低,塑性则呈增加趋势。结论 通过双重热处理可以达到调整合金强度塑性比的目的,对比HIP后的室温拉伸数据,在二级退火温度为610和590 ℃的试样（空冷或炉冷）的强度和塑性综合匹配性较好,抗拉强度能够达到1100 MPa,伸长率大于11%。     

不同压下率低碳铝镇静钢板再结晶实验研究

将不同冷轧压下率的低碳铝镇静钢进行不同保温温度和时间的退火再结晶实验研究,利用维氏硬度计、金相显微镜和X射线衍射仪研究了退火后试样的硬度、金相显微组织及织构的变化情况。结果表明:在相同的退火工艺制度条件下,随着冷轧压下率的增加,再结晶开始和结束温度降低,晶粒尺寸减小。当冷轧压下率升高到68%后,冷轧压下率的增加对再结晶晶粒细化的作用减弱,甚至没有细化作用;680℃保温退火时,一开始就发生了再结晶,基本不需要孕育期。随着保温时间的延长,晶粒均匀长大,晶粒饼形程度增加;退火温度由660℃升高到720℃时,{111}面有利织构增加,{100}面不利织构减少,720℃退火温度较为适宜。冷轧压下率为58%的试样在760℃退火时发生了二次再结晶对实验钢板的力学性能产生不利影响。     

AZ31B镁合金带材热轧过程组织均匀性及性能研究

本文开展了变形温度为300、350、400 ℃和总压下率分别为15%、30%、45%、60%的AZ31B镁合金带材热轧试验,分析了不同工艺参数对轧后带材的微观组织及力学性能的影响规律。研究表明:随着轧制温度的升高,再结晶百分数增加,晶粒细化显著,组织均匀性增强;当温度达到350 ℃时,由于中间退火保温导致再结晶晶粒长大,使温度进一步升高,对再结晶程度的影响减弱,轧后带材晶粒度和延伸率均有降低;相比温度参数,提升总压下率对晶粒细化效果更为显著,轧制温度为300 ℃,压下率为60%时近表面平均晶粒尺寸由10 μm细化至3.7 μm,中心层晶粒尺寸细化至4.9 μm,组织分布较为均匀;压下率的增加有效改善了组织均匀性,使轧后带材延伸率显著增加,拉伸断口的韧窝增多,且逐渐加深。     

基于动态大压下的510MPa级超细晶粒钢的组织及性能

基于动态大压下方法在1450热连轧机上生产出了510MPa强度级别超细晶粒热轧钢板。结果表明,通过基于动态大压下的热轧工艺,可以使Q235碳素钢的铁素体晶粒细化到4~6μm,可获得屈服强度为400MPa以上、抗拉强度510MPa以上强度级别的超细晶粒热轧钢板。超细晶粒热轧钢板的显微组织为铁素体和珠光体,铁素体晶粒多为细小均匀的等轴铁素体,铁素体晶粒内部及晶界位错密度较高,珠光体中的渗碳体大多以短棒状或颗粒状渗碳体存在。与用常规热轧工艺生产的Q235热轧钢板相比,基于动态大压下工艺生产的超细晶粒热轧钢板具有较高的强度和良好的韧性。     

Effect of high magnetic field on the processing of pearlitic steels

This paper compares data from various sources concerning the impact of high magnetic field (HMF) on changes that occur in pearlite with respect to microstructure, phase transition, and mechanical properties. HMF raises the transformation temperatures of both ferrite and pearlite. This effect can be enhanced by increasing the carbon content. Other alloying elements may influence austenite decomposition temperature, Curie temperature, and magnetic moment, thus either increasing or decreasing the effect of HMF on phase transformation temperature. By altering the transformation thermodynamics, HMF increases the volume fraction of proeutectoid ferrite, decreases that of cementite, and decreases the lamellar spacing. HMF introduces the microstructure anisotropy and aligns proeutectoid ferrite grains parallel to the direction of the HMF. This effect becomes smaller when the cooling rate is higher. By affecting both phase transformation and the alignment of grains, HMF affects the morphology and microstructure of proeutectic ferrite and pearlite, and, consequently, their mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.     

Evaluation of Railroad Wheel Steel with Lamellar Duplex Microstructures Using Diffuse Ultrasonic Backscatter

The effects of lamellar duplex microstructure within grains that contain alternating phases of cementite and ferrite on ultrasonic scattering in railroad wheel steel are evaluated using a diffuse ultrasonic backscatter technique. A new singly scattered response (SSR) model that considers the lamellar duplex microstructure within grains is developed based on a previous SSR model. The results show that the amplitude of ultrasonic scattering decreases with decreasing lamellar space. Corresponding experiments are performed with 10 MHz and 15 MHz focused transducers by scanning both unquenched and quenched wheels. The experimental results show that the ultrasonic scattering amplitudes drop dramatically near the quenched tread surface, a result which is attributed to the creation of duplex microstructure (pearlite phase) within grains due to the quenching process. The lamellar spacing within grains increases progressively from the tread surface to the deeper locations due to the non-uniform cooling rate. The distribution of lamellar spacing within grains as a function of depth is quantified with the modified SSR model. Good agreement with optical microscopy is observed. The diffuse ultrasonic backscatter technique exhibits strong sensitivity to microstructure changes, an outcome that may be applicable for quality control during manufacturing.     

Multiscale prediction of mechanical behavior of ferrite–pearlite steel with numerical material testing

Multiscale mechanical behaviors of ferrite–pearlite steel were predicted using numerical material testing (NMT) based on the finite element method. The microstructure of ferrite–pearlite steel is regarded as a two‐component aggregate of ferrite crystal grains and pearlite colonies. In NMT, the macroscopic stress–strain curve and the deformation state of the microstructure were examined by means of a two‐scale finite element analysis method based on the framework of the mathematical homogenization theory. The microstructure of ferrite–pearlite steel was modeled with finite elements, and constitutive models for ferrite crystal grains and pearlite colonies were prepared to describe their anisotropic mechanical behavior at the microscale level. While the anisotropic linear elasticity and the single crystal plasticity based on representative characteristic length have been employed for the ferrite crystal grains, the constitutive model of a pearlite colony was newly developed in this study. For that reason, the constitutive behavior of the pearlite colony was investigated using NMT on a smaller scale than the scale of the ferrite–pearlite microstructure, with the microstructure of the pearlite colony modeled as a lamellar structure of ferrite and cementite phases with finite elements. On the basis of the numerical results, the anisotropic constitutive model of the pearlite colony was formulated based on the normal vector of the lamella. The components of the anisotropic elasticity were estimated with NMT based on the finite element method, where the elasticity of the cementite phase was numerically evaluated with a first‐principles calculation. Also, an anisotropic plastic constitutive model for the pearlite colony was formulated with two‐surface plasticity consisting of yield functions for the interlamellar shear mode and yielding of the overall lamellar structure. After addressing the microscopic modeling of ferrite–pearlite steel, NMT was performed with the finite element models of the ferrite–pearlite microstructure and with the microscopic constitutive models for each of the components. Finally, the results were compared with the corresponding experimental results on both the macroscopic response and the microscopic deformation state to ascertain the validity of the numerical modeling. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fabrication and properties of WC–10Co cemented carbide reinforced by multi-walled carbon nanotubes

High-velocity parting-off has been applied to 80 mm bars of pearlitic 100CrMn6, resulting in shear localisation and white-etching bands in a severely deformed region below the fracture surface. Electron microscopy showed that going from the bulk material towards the fracture surface the grains become elongated and refined. The region below the fracture surface can be divided into three subzones: 50–100 μm below the surface grains are elongated, cementite lamellae are distorted, break up and the lamellar spacing decreases. <50 μm below the fracture surface the microstructure becomes a mix of cementite lamellae and carbides in a ferrite matrix. Within the white-etching band the microstructure consists of equiaxed ferrite refined to a grain size of 50–150 nm. Several twinned regions caused by the deformation can be observed. Selected area electron diffraction and low angle convergent beam electron diffraction indicate nanocrystalline cementite dispersed in the ferrite matrix.     

低碳钢形变诱导相变组织在保温中的变化

通过热模拟实验，考察了在不同变形温度和不同奥氏体晶粒尺寸等条件下保温对低碳钢形变后组织演变的影响。结果表明，在较低温度下变形得到的铁素体在保温时更稳定，随温度升高，易发生铁素体向奥氏体的逆相变。细晶奥氏体转变后的铁素体在保温时长大缓慢，所得组织稳定，并且保温后的组织也更为均匀。     

Control of Microstructure in Iron–Carbon Thin Films by Means of Electromigration

Herein, it is demonstrated that high DC electric current densities can be used to tailor the microstructure of iron–carbon thin films. Specifically, elongated ferrite grains can be formed in a nanocrystalline matrix via a process involving electromigration-induced carbide migration. Herein this article, the parameters that are required to produce and control elongated grain formation in the Fe(C) system are mapped out and they are interpreted in terms of carbon electromigration, and the flux divergences need to reach a critical carbon concentration for precipitate growth and migration. Possible approaches to allow more precise control of the elongated grains are discussed, as are the requirements for material systems where microstructure control through electromigration should be feasible.     

Ultrafine ferrite formation through cold-rolling and annealing of low-carbon dual-phase steel

Formation process of ultrafine grained ferrite through a simple thermomechanical route composed of cold-rolling and annealing of dual-phase starting microstructures was investigated. A 0·1%C steel having a ferrite–martensite dual-phase microstructure was cold-rolled by 91% and subsequently annealed below the eutectoid (A1) temperature. During the annealing, the cold-rolled microstructure gradually changed to be equiaxed ultrafine ferrite, without preferential growth of particular ferrite grains. Hardness of the cold-rolled specimen continuously decreased without a significant drop. The main components of texture in the cold-rolled specimen, α-fibre and γ-fibre, did not change greatly after the formation of ultrafine grains. It was suggested that finely subdivided region having large misorientations in the cold-rolled state grew with recovery to form the ultrafine ferrite.     

变形制度对低碳锰钢组织性能的影响

为了获得细晶铁素体/贝氏体的复相组织,通过控轧控冷工艺研究了低碳锰钢在奥氏体区变形时变形量、终轧温度和卷取温度对组织演变和力学性能的影响规律.研究表明,增加变形量(对应道次间隔时间缩短)可以细化铁素体晶粒,但当终轧温度降低到800℃时,变形量的增加以及开冷温度的降低不利于贝氏体组织的获得.通过调整变形量、终轧温度、可开冷温度并适当降低卷取温度,可使实验钢获得晶粒尺寸约为5μm的铁素体和10%~20%的贝氏体组织,低碳锰钢强塑性能良好.     

PECVD法低温制备二氧化硅薄膜(英文)

针对金属层间介质以及MEMS等对氧化硅薄膜的需求,介绍了采用等离子增强型化学气相沉积(PECVD)技术,以SiH4和N2O为反应气体,低温制备SiO2薄膜的方法.利用椭偏仪和应力测试系统对制得的SiO2薄膜的厚度、折射率、均匀性以及应力等性能指标进行了测试,探讨了射频功率、反应腔室压力、气体流量比等关键工艺参数对SiO2薄膜性能的影响.结果表明:SiO2薄膜的折射率主要由N2O/SiH4的流量比决定,而薄膜均匀性主要受电极间距以及反应腔室压力的影响.通过优化工艺参数,在低温260℃下制备了折射率为1.45～1.52、均匀性为±0.64%、应力在-350～-16MPa可控的SiO2薄膜.采用该方法制备的SiO2薄膜均匀性好、结构致密、沉积速率快、沉积温度低且应力可控,可广泛应用于集成电路以及MEMS器件中.     

冷变形后不同回火温度对低碳贝氏体钢组织和力学性能的影响

通过在690℃高温回火后对15SiMn2Mo低碳贝氏体钢进行10％拉伸变形或不同变形量压缩变形,再进行不同温度回火,研究了冷变形（拉伸和压缩）和变形后不同温度回火对试验材料的组织和性能的影响。结果显示,随着回火温度增加,试验柯料的抗拉强度增加,300℃回火强度达到最大值,与热轧低温回火强度相当。超过300℃回火材料的强度下降,伸长率和断面收缩率增加。随着压缩变形量的提高,材料的硬度值升高,加工硬化效果显著,组织中出现铁素体形变带。压缩变形后随着回火温度的提高,材料组织发生回复与再结晶,形成细小等轴晶粒,组织细化,压缩变形量增加,细化效果增加。