Kinetics of carbon dioxide and methane hydrate formation

Experimental data on the kinetics of carbon dioxide hydrate formation and its solubility in distilled water are reported. The experiments were carried out in a semi-batch stirred tank reactor at nominal temperatures of 274, 276 and 278 K and at pressure ranging from 1.59 to 2.79 MPa for the kinetics experiments and at pressure ranging from 0.89 to 2.09 MPa for the solubility experiments. A minor inconsistency in the kinetic model developed by Englezos et al. (1987a) was removed and the model was modified to determine the intrinsic kinetic rate constant for carbon dioxide hydrate formation. The same model was also used to re-determine the intrinsic kinetic rate constant for methane hydrate formation. The model is based on the crystallization theory coupled with the two-film theory for gas absorption in the liquid phase. The Henry's constant (H) and apparent dissolution rate constant (K_La) required in the model were determined using the experimental solubility data. The kinetic model describes the experimental data very well. The kinetic rate constant obtained for the carbon dioxide hydrate formation was found to be higher than that for methane.     

Kinetics of methane hydrate formation in aqueous electrolyte solutions

Experimental data on the kinetics of methane hydrate formation in aqueous electrolyte solutions are reported. The experiments were carried out in a semi-batch stirred tank reactor in three NaCl and two KCl solutions as well as in a solution containing a mixture of NaCl and KCl at three different nominal temperatures from 270 to 274 K and at pressures ranging from 3.78 to 7.08 MPa. The kinetic model developed by Englezos et al. (1987a) was adapted to predict the growth of hydrates. The model is based on the crystallisation theory coupled with the two-film theory for gas absorption in the liquid phase. The kinetic rate constant which appears in the model was that obtained earlier for methane hydrate formation in pure water. The effect of the electrolytes was taken into account through the computation of the three-phase equilibrium conditions and the corresponding fugacities. Overall, the model predictions match the experimental data very well with the largest prediction error being less than 10%.     

Kinetics of gas hydrate formation from mixtures of methane and ethane

Experimental data on the kinetics of formation of gas hydrates from three mixtures of gaseous methane and ethane are reported. the experiments were conducted in a semi-batch stirred tank reactor at temperatures from 273 to 284 K and of pressures from 0.68 to 5.60 MPa. An intrinsic kinetic model for the growth of the gas hydrate is proposed. It is extension of the model for pure component hydrate formation. The model is based on the crystallization theory coupled with the two-film theory for the gas absorption into the liquid phase. the model does not contain any adjustable parameters. The kinetic rate constants which appear in the model are those obtained previously from pure component formation data. The results indicate that the formation rate is proportional to a lienar combination of the differences in the fugacities of the dissolved gases and their three-phase equilibrium fugacities at the experimental temperature. The effect of the mixture composition is taken into account indirectly through the computation of the three-phase equilibrium conditions and of the fugacities. the total gas consumption rate is proportional to the second moment of the particle size distribution.     

Phase equilibria and kinetic behavior of co<Subscript>2</Subscript> hydrate in electrolyte and porous media solutions: application to ocean sequestration of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Understanding the phase behavior and formation kinetics of CO₂ hydrate is essential for developing the sequestration process of CO₂ into the deep ocean and its feasibility. Three-phase equilibria of solid hydrate, liquid water, and vapor were determined for aqueous mixtures containing CO₂ and NaCl/clay to examine the effect of both ocean electrolytes and sediments on hydrate stability. Due to the capillary effect by clay pores and inhibition effect by NaCl the corresponding hydrate formation pressure appeared to be a little higher than that required for simple and pure hydrate at specified temperature. In addition, the hydrate formation kinetics of carbon dioxide in pure water and aqueous NaCl solutions with or without clay mineral were also measured at various conditions. The formation kinetic behavior was found to be strongly influenced by pressure, temperature and electrolyte concentration. A simplified kinetic model having two adjustable parameters was proposed and the estimated results agreed well with the experimental data. This paper is dedicated to Professor Wha Young Lee on the occasion of his retirement from Seoul National University.     

二氧化碳水合物动力学促进剂研究进展

利用水合物法捕获二氧化碳是当今世界的研究热点,但其应用受到了水合物的生成条件苛刻、生成速率缓慢等问题的限制,故需要利用特定促进剂来改善水合物法分离气体的性能。本文从动力学促进剂对二氧化碳水合物生成的影响效果和促进机理两个方面的研究进展进行了分析和介绍：在影响效果方面,主要阐述了不同类型动力学促进剂对水合物生成产生不同的影响以及在高浓度时对水合物生成产生的抑制作用,并分别分析了其原因;在促进机理方面,总结了国内外各学者的研究成果,并指出现有各种关于动力学促进剂促进机理的理论存在的不足。此外,还提出了未来关于二氧化碳水合物动力学促进剂的发展方向：一是着重研究动力学促进剂对水合物生成促进效果与其含有基团的关系;二是目前关于动力学促进剂促进水合物生成机理还没有统一定论,这可能是由于目前的研究主要集中在促进剂对水合物外部形态的改变而未探讨促进剂对水合物内部结构的改变,因此促进剂对水合物内部结构的改变上需进一步研究。     

螺旋内槽管内天然气-水-表面活性剂体系的水合物生成动力学计算

针对多组分气体（天然气）-水-表面活性剂体系在螺旋内槽管内的水合物生成过程,首先采用CFD方法结合群体平衡模型（PBM）,基于溶质渗透模型和Kolmogorov各向同性湍流理论对螺旋内槽管内气液传质系数进行了模拟;其次基于Kashchiev和Firoozabadi的经典水合物成核和生长理论,将其体系从单组分-水系统扩展到多组分气体（天然气-水-十二烷基硫酸钠）系统,同时结合经典结晶理论利用传质系数对水合物生长模型进行了修正,建立了适用于螺旋内槽管流动体系内天然气水合物生成动力学模型。通过模拟计算,获得不同水合物生产条件下天然气在水中的平均传质系数;进而利用Microsoft Visual C++编程计算得到不同条件下水合物生成动力学数据,在考察范围内,天然气水合物的成核速率随着反应体系有效表面能的增大而锐减,而水合物生成驱动力和生长速率未受影响,同时水合物生长速率随着流速和反应压力的增大及温度的降低而增大,成核速率随着压力的增大和温度的降低而增大。     

DSC measurements and modelling of the kinetics of methane hydrate formation in water-in-oil emulsion

The kinetics of formation of clathrate hydrates of methane was investigated in a water-in-oil emulsion using high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry in the range 10-40 MPa, at various temperatures. At high driving force, the heat peak related to the formation of hydrates has a regular and symmetric shape, and its height and width depend on the gas pressure and sub cooling degree. At near equilibrium conditions, hydrate formation is delayed by more than 1 h, but is still clearly observable. A model based on crystal growth theory, coupled with a normal distribution of induction times to take into account the germination in a population of micro-sized droplets, is proposed to represent the hydrate formation rate versus time in the particular case of water-in-oil emulsions. It uses four parameters which appear strongly correlated to the experimental conditions: the growth rate constant, the over saturation of gas in the water phase, the average and standard deviation of the induction time distribution.     

四丁基溴化铵-二氧化碳-水体系半笼水合物相平衡数据的测定

水合物相平衡数据是利用水合物捕集二氧化碳的基础数据,利用定容逐步加热的方法测量了四丁基溴化铵-二氧化碳-水三元体系水合物的相平衡数据,实验测量的压力和温度分别为1.0-4.3 MPa,282.75-292.15 K,四丁基溴化铵水溶液的质量分数为5％ -30％.实验结果表明:在一定的温度条件下,与纯水中二氧化碳水合物形...     

甲烷-四氢呋喃-水体系水合物生成动力学的实验和模型化研究

研究了透明鼓泡塔中含促进剂四氢呋喃（THF）体系中甲烷水合物的生成动力学.分别考察了进气速率、温度、压力、水合物体积分数对甲烷消耗速率的影响.根据Chen-Guo水合物生成机理,采用基础水合物生成反应的量纲1 Gibbs自由焓变-ΔG/RT作为反应的推动力,建立了水合物生成动力学模型,模型中考虑了体系温度、压力和气液接触比表面积的影响.把模型应用于甲烷气体消耗速率的计算,其模型预算结果与实验数据吻合良好,实验结果和反应动力学模型将有助于工业水合反应器的设计和操作条件的设定.     

Clathrate hydrate dissociation conditions for the methane+cycloheptane/cyclooctane+water and carbon dioxide+cycloheptane/cyclooctane+water systems

In this communication, we report hydrate dissociation conditions for the methane+cycloheptane/cyclooctane+water and carbon dioxide+cycloheptane/cyclooctane+water systems. The experimental data were generated using an isochoric pressure-search method. The dissociation data for clathrate hydrates of cycloheptane or cyclooctane+methane are successfully compared with the literature data demonstrating the reliability of the literature data and the experimental method used in our work. The experimental data for all measured systems are finally compared with the corresponding literature data in the absence of cycloheptane or cyclooctane to study the hydrate promotion effects of the latter two chemicals.     

Molecular dynamics study on growth of carbon dioxide and methane hydrate from a seed crystal

In the current work, molecular dynamics simulation is employed to understand the intrinsic growth of carbon dioxide and methane hydrate starting from a seed crystal of methane and carbon dioxide respectively. This comparison was carried out because it has relevance to the recovery of methane gas from natural gas hydrate reservoirs by simultaneously sequestering a greenhouse gas like CO₂. The seed crystal of carbon dioxide and methane hydrate was allowed to grow from a super-saturated mixture of carbon dioxide or methane molecules in water respectively. Two different concentrations (1:6 and 1:8.5) of CO₂/CH₄ molecules per water molecule were chosen based on gas–water composition in hydrate phase. The molecular level growth as a function of time was investigated by all atomistic molecular dynamics simulation under suitable temperature and pressure range which was well above the hydrate stability zone to ensure significantly faster growth kinetics. The concentration of CO₂ molecules in water played a significant role in growth kinetics, and it was observed that maximizing the CO₂ concentration in the aqueous phase may not result in faster growth of CO₂ hydrate. On the contrary, methane hydrate growth was independent of methane molecule concentration in the aqueous phase. We have validated our results by performing experimental work on carbon dioxide hydrate where it was seen that under conditions appropriate for liquid CO₂, the growth for carbon dioxide hydrate was very slow in the beginning.     

Experimental characterization of guest molecular occupancy in clathrate hydrate cages: A review

Study on the microscopic structure of clathrate hydrate has made significant progress in the past decades. This review aims to summarize the state of the art of the experimental characterization of guest molecular occupancy in clathrate hydrate cages, which is an important area of the microscopic structures. The characterizing method and features of different guest molecular, such as hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and inhibitor/promoter, in different hydrate cages have been extensively reviewed. A comprehensive use of advanced technologies such as X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance may provide better understanding on the compositions and microscopic mechanisms of clathrate hydrate.     

初始压力对冰冻石英砂中CO2水合物生成特性的影响

利用冰冻石英砂模拟冻土水合物的赋存条件，研究了压力对二氧化碳水合物生成特性的影响，在300 mL高压水合物反应釜中于271 K下进行了多组CO2液化压力以上及以下的霰状冰粉包裹的石英砂中水合物生成实验。结果表明，充入的CO2未液化时，初始压力越大，水合反应速率越快，压力越早达稳定状态；充入压力达液化压力后，注入的CO2越多，水合反应速率越快。压力作为水合反应的驱动力，压力越高水合物生成越多，冰的最终转化率越高。采用CO2置换冻土区中甲烷水合物时，控制压力低于液化压力或注入过量的CO2，置换效果更好。     

二氧化碳水合物快速生成方法研究进展

气体水合物具有很多优点,却没有大规模的工业化利用,最主要的问题是生成二氧化碳水合物速率缓慢,阻碍了水合物法技术的应用,因此最大程度地提高其生成速率是气体水合物技术得以成功应用的关键。最常见快速生成二氧化碳水合物的方法是加入促进剂,而不同种类和浓度的促进剂对二氧化碳水合物生成速率的作用效果不同。故本文主要概述二氧化碳水合物快速生成的方法,从动力学促进剂、纳米流体以及离子促进剂进行分析, 分别总结了它们对水合物的生成机理。分析了十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）、纳米石墨、氯化钠三者单独作用时及三者和不同促进剂复配时对二氧化碳水合物的诱导成核时间、生成速率、相平衡、表面张力等方面的影响。最后指出：单一的促进剂都存在最佳浓度,但其会随着不同温度、压力等多种因素的改变而改变,以及不同种类的促进剂复配时存在协同作用且生成效果比单一的好,揭示不同温度、不同压力时最适宜的单一促进剂对水合物生成影响的规律及找出最适宜提高水合物生成速率的促进剂是今后研究的重点方向。目前各种单一的及复配的促进剂对水合物的生成影响尚未形成完整的体系,需要进一步研究。     

全可视化反应釜内二氧化碳水合物的生成分解特征

二氧化碳水合物封存技术已成为目前碳封存研究的热点。该技术中对于二氧化碳水合物的生成分解特征及其影响因素的研究是当前的重点和难点。本文设计了高压全透明双反应釜实验平台,以高纯度二氧化碳和去离子水作为研究对象,在17℃、7MPa的初始温压条件下,进行了二氧化碳水合物的初次和二次生成分解实验,并设置对照组对搅拌的影响进行了研究,而后与甲烷在相同条件下的实验进行对比。实验结果表明,搅拌会促进二氧化碳水合物的生成,在400r/min的转速条件下,缩短诱导时间可达40%,增大压降速率可达15%,形成更多且更致密厚实的水合物,并延缓了分解;多次生成可以减少水合物的诱导时间,但对于水合物生成的总量几乎没有影响。与甲烷水合物相比,二氧化碳水合物生成的量大且更难以分解,实验结果有利于二氧化碳的海洋水合物封存技术的开发应用。     

Thermodynamic Model for Prediction of Phase Equilibria of Clathrate Hydrates in the Presence of Water-Insoluble Organic Compounds

A thermodynamic model for the prediction of pressure–temperature phase diagrams of structures II and H clathrate hydrates of methane, carbon dioxide, or hydrogen sulfide in the presence of “water-insoluble” organic componds is presented. The model is based on the equality of water fugacity in the aqueous and hydrate phases. The solid solution theory of van der Waals–Platteeuw (vdW–P) is used for calculation of the fugacity of water in the hydrate phase. The Peng–Robinson (PR) equation of state (EoS) is employed to calculate the fugacity of the components in the gas phase. It is assumed that the gas phase is water and promoter free and the organic compounds do not have marked effects on water activity in the aqueous phase. The results of this model are compared to existing experimental data from the literature. Acceptable agreement is found between the model predictions and the investigated experimental data.     

A water droplet size distribution dependent modeling of hydrate formation in water/oil emulsion

Experimental data on chord length distributions and growth rate during methane hydrate formation in water‐in‐oil emulsions were obtained in a high pressure stirring reactor using focused beam reflectance measurement and particle video microscope. The experiments were carried out at 274.2 K for 10–30% water cuts and agitation rates ranging from 200 to 500 rpm initially at 7.72 MPa. Rapid growth was accompanied by gradually decrease in rate. Free water was observed to become depleted during rapid growth while some water remained encapsulated inside hydrate layers constituting a mass transfer barrier. The apparent kinetic constants of methane hydrate formation and free‐water fractions were determined using a newly developed kinetic model independent of the dissolution rate at the gas–oil interface. It was illustrated that continued growth depends on distribution and transfer of water in oil‐dominated systems. This perception accords with observations of hydrate film growth on suspended water droplet in oil and clarifies transfer limits in kinetics. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1010–1023, 2017     

添加剂对二氧化碳水合物形成的影响研究进展

本文介绍了二氧化碳水合物的基本特性,根据二氧化碳水合物的形成机理,提出了几种促进二氧化碳水合物形成的方法。具体分析了不同添加剂对二氧化碳水合物形成过程的影响,阐述了一些添加剂在缩短诱导时间、提高生成速率、降低相平衡条件中取得的研究成果。     

甲烷水合物在纯水中的生成动力学

引言一些低分子量气体,如石油和天然气中C_1～C_4轻烃、氮气、硫化氢、二氧化碳和惰性气体等,在一定压力和温度的条件下可与水形成一类笼形结构的冰状晶体,即所谓的气体水合物．气体水合物是一类较为特殊的包络化合物：主体水分子通过氢键相互结合形成一种内含空隙的笼形框架,客体分子则被笼罩于这些空隙中．主、客体分子之间的作用力为vanderWaals力．水合物晶体最为常见的两种结构分别称为结构I（体心立方构型）和结构Ⅱ（金刚石构型）．甲烷和水形成结构I水合物．文献阐述了开展水合物生成动力学研究的重要意义．但由于水合物生成…     

甲烷水合物在纯水中的生成动力学

The kinetic behavior of methane hydrate formation in pure water was investigated.12 sets of experimental data on methane hydrate formation were determined at temperatures ranging from 273.65 to 276.15K and pressures ranging from 4.47 to 8.47MPa.The duration of three stages in methane hydrate formation,known as the dissolution,nucleation and growth periods,that are lacking in open literature,was obtained.The effect of pressure and temperature on the kinetics of methane hydrate formation was also studied.