Ecological networks: A spatial concept for multi-actor planning of sustainable landscapes

In this paper, we propose the ecological network concept as a suitable basis for inserting biodiversity conservation into sustainable landscape development. For landscapes to be ecologically sustainable, the landscape structure should support those ecological processes required for the landscape to deliver biodiversity services for present and future generations. We first show that in multifunctional, human-dominated landscapes, biodiversity conservation needs a coherent large-scale spatial structure of ecosystems. Theory and empirical knowledge of ecological networks provides a framework for the design of such structures. Secondly, ecological networks can bridge the paradox between reserve conservation (fixing nature in space and time) and development, which implies change. This is because ecological networks can change structure without losing their conservation potential. Thirdly, ecological networks facilitate stakeholder decision-making on feasible biodiversity goals. They help to focus on an effective spatial scale. We conclude that extending the ecological network concept with multifunctional indicators is a promising step towards sustainable landscape development and stakeholder decision-making.     

国土空间规划体系中 控制性规划的生态拓展——以北京市门头沟区为例

The current reform of China’s territorial spatial planning system is with profound expectation. Key to the implementation of spatial plans, regulatory detailed planning needs an improvement in preparation methods, indicator systems, coordination, and feasibility, etc. More work is urgently needed to make up the deficiencies of land use regulation and ecological restoration of territorial spaces. This paper devises methods for the ecological extension of regulatory planning with the theory of ecological security pattern. With Mentougou District in Beijing as a case study, this paper demonstrates the methods and roadmaps for ecological extension through land use control and community control and management. By analyzing the conflicts of ecological security and construction activities with a balancing mechanism, this study improves ecological control zoning and formulates regulatory principles and indicators. A thoughtful paradigm of preparation methods for the ecological extension of regulatory planning thus comes into being, which would offer references for the implementation and precise regulation of territorial spatial planning in China’s era of Ecological Civilization.     

Comprehensive concept planning of urban greening based on ecological principles: a case study in Beijing, China

Greenspace is an important part of complex urban ecosystems and provides significant ecosystem services. It benefits urban communities environmentally, esthetically, recreationally and economically. Beijing Province is in north of China, and has a total area of 16,807.8 km² and a population of about 13.8 million. This paper aims to develop a comprehensive conceptual framework for urban greening of Beijing Province based on landscape ecological principles. It attempts to answer how to establish an urban greening plan at the regional, city and neighborhood levels to achieve long-term sustainability. At the regional level, a big natural and semi-natural forest area in the northwest and an ecological buffer belt in the southeast are planned to protect the environmental quality of Beijing and provide habitats for wildlife. At the city level, a green network system of green wedges, parks and green corridors has been proposed. This green network helps to limit future urban expansion, improve urban environmental quality and serve as habitats and migration routes for wildlife. At the neighborhood level, green extensions and connections of riverside greenway, road greenway, parks and vertical greening permeate into the built-up areas. They provide open space close to residential areas and offer places for recreation. This three-level green system constitutes an integrated ecological network for urban sustainable development of Beijing. For future development of Beijing, urban parks, forestry, agriculture, water and infrastructure should be planned and designed in an integrated way. After this greenspace plan is legislated and completely realized, Beijing will develop an interconnected and integrated network of urban greenspaces. It has the prospect of achieving the aim of “Green Olympic City 2008” and the long-term goal of developing Beijing towards an “Eco-City”.     

Function-analysis and valuation as a tool to assess land use conflicts in planning for sustainable, multi-functional landscapes

In order to reconcile landscape conservation with changing demands on land use and natural resources, it is essential that the ecological, socio-cultural and economic values of the landscape be fully taken into account in planning and decision-making.This paper presents a comprehensive framework for integrated assessment of ecological services and socio-economic benefits of natural and semi-natural ecosystems and landscapes. The framework can be applied at different scale levels to different ecosystems or landscape-units and basically consists of three steps: (1) Function-analysis: translates ecological complexity into a limited number of ecosystem (or landscape) functions, which, in turn, provide a range of goods and services; (2) Function valuation: includes ecological, socio-cultural and economic valuation methods; and (3) Conflict analysis: to facilitate the application of function-analysis and valuation at different scale levels, it is important to integrate analytical valuation methods with stakeholder participation techniques.The framework presented in this paper facilitates the structured assessment of the (total) value of the goods and services provided by a specific area (landscape) and to analyze the costs and benefits involved in trade-offs between various land use options. The last section of this paper gives some conclusions and recommendations for application-possibilities of function-analysis and valuation to achieve more sustainable landscape use and maintenance of our “natural capital”.     

景观保护设计——美国佛罗里达州西南部景观 保护设计项目案例

景观保护设计(Landscape Conservation Design,LCD)是一种动态性的景观保护方法。该方法以保护生物学和景观生态学的原理为基础,运用GIS技术和空间保护规划软件,识别出场地中对物种、生物多样性和生态系统保护具有关键意义的区域和廊道。LCD的结果可以为自然资源和生态保护的决策者提供基于科学的空间保护策略依据。在中国越来越重视自然资源和生态环境保护的今天,在未来城市的建设中,景观保护设计的概念和方法将对我国的自然资源和生态保护规划起到重要的借鉴作用。以美国渔业和野生动物保护局(U.S Fish&Wildlife Conservation Service,USFWS)与佛罗里达大学景观保护规划中心合作完成的佛罗里达州西南部景观保护设计项目为例,从数据基础、研究方法以及规划结果等方面来对景观保护设计进行探讨,并提出景观保护设计理念在我国生物多样性保护及生态文明建设中的应用前景和挑战。     

APPLICATION OF RESEARCH ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN LA NDSCAPE PLANNING

Landscape planning adjusts spatial structures and functions by altering the types of land use / land cover and the patterns of landscapes, and thus further impacts ecosystem services. This paper examines the impacts of landscape planning on ecosystem services and draws the conclusion that the control over the types of land use / land cover, the altering of landscape patterns, and the adjustment of landscape functional characteristics could change the type, quality, and performance of ecosystem services, respectively. Through an overall review on the application of ecosystem service evaluation, spatial mapping, and scenario simulation, this paper further concludes their roles in landscape planning: ecosystem service evaluation provides means to ensure scientific landscape planning; spatial mapping serves as a basis to the decision making; and scenario simulation visualizes all kinds of possibilities for an optimal choice. At the same time, such applications in landscape planning practices, ranging from green space planning, ecological conservation redline planning, land use planning to biodiversity protection planning, are exemplified. Finally, this paper summarizes existing research findings and limitations and proposes that future research is expected to study the relationship between landscape planning and ecosystem services, to build a dynamic composite planning framework that can improve ecosystem services, and to propel the research on the tradeoff-and-synergy among ecosystem services in landscape planning.     

Planning an ecological network of Xiamen Island (China) using landscape metrics and network analysis

Most Chinese municipal governments and urban planners have attempted to conserve and create urban greenspace in response to rapid urbanization. It is a major task for urban landscape planners to construct an effective and harmonious urban ecological network and maintain a sustainable urban development environment. In this paper, the present situation and a recent greenway augment plan of Xiamen Island were assessed using a series of landscape metrics. The results showed that the recent greenway augment plan could improve the present greenway system considerably. The improvements were indicated by decrease in patch density, and increase in total class area and edge density on the patch level, landscape diversity, landscape evenness and landscape connectivity on the landscape level. On the basis of these analyses, a number of alternative planning scenarios were designed by using network analysis methods for improving the ecological network of Xiamen Island. An alternative planning scenario was proposed to decrease the degree of landscape fragmentation, increase the shape complexity of greenway patches and enhance the landscape connectivity. The results indicated that methods which integrate landscape metrics with network analyses could not only quantitatively assess the present situation and the rationality of planning for urban greenway systems, but also facilitate the design of planning scenarios for urban ecological networks, enabling them to meet the principles of conformity, harmony, circulation, safety, diversity and sustainability. The principles and methods of landscape ecology, and the greenway concepts that have originated in the West can be useful for Chinese landscape planning and can be applied to greenway development in China.     

南京南郊景观调查、评价与规划研究

南京南郊生态环境优越,历史文化遗存丰富.随着南京城市发展的南移,城市建设对南郊景观的影响将逐渐加强,对南郊景观进行科学的规划迫在眉睫.该文在对南郊现状景观调查与生态评价的基础上,按照景观生态规划总体格局原理以及"斑块-廊道-基质"模式,来研究构建南郊的生态化廊道体系和开敞空间景观格局,以期使其廊道、斑块及基质等景观要素的数量结构和空间分布趋于科学合理.     

滨海湿地公园生态化规划设计策略框架建构研究

在分析滨海湿地生态特点和影响因素的基础上,确定了滨海湿地公园规划设计的目标和原则;运用生态学原理,建构了滨海湿地公园规划设计生态策略框架内容,即体现滨海湿地生态承载力限度的生态保护策略、体现系统思想的滨海湿地公园内自然——人工复合生态系统有机组织策略以及体现可持续发展观的滨海湿地公园内人工生态系统的低碳策略。     

Design of Campus Wetland Landscapes: A Case Study of the Bailuxi Wetland of University of Sanya in Sanya,Hainan, China

In this paper, the landscape design of the Bailuxi Wetland in University of Sanya was studied by using the research method of "survey—analysis—design". The questionnaire survey, field observation and landscape pattern analysis were used to analyze the landscape pattern of the Bailuxi Wetland as well as the characteristics and problems of the six subsystems of green space, activity, road, animal, plant, and sound. Then the overall structure and function design of the Bailuxi Wetland landscape, the optimization adjustment of the landscape pattern, the optimization design of the subsystem, and the relationship design between human and the animal, plant, and sound systems were proposed. This study is dedicated to providing effective advice on the planning and design of campus wetland landscapes, with a view to providing examples for the planning and design of campus wetland landscapes. The research indicates that:(1) Scientific and rational spatial structure and functional layout planning are prerequisites for the sustainable development of wetland landscapes;(2) the balanced development of subsystems in the campus wetland system is a necessary condition for maintaining the rationality of the campus landscape pattern;(3) the degree of harmony between humans and animals, plants, and sounds affects the ecological sustainability of campus wetland landscapes.     

山水营区,生态院落——以沿海某山地营区规划设计为例

山地是一种特殊的地形,广泛存在于营区之中。如何结合山地地形并利用其特点打造现代营区,是规划建设面临的重要问题。在现有"山水城市"构想的启发下,该文提出"山水营区,生态院落"的理念。以沿海某山地营区规划设计为例,分析其山水环境现状,并从军事性、地域性、人文性、生态性四个方面对该理念进行解读与构建:突出主轴,铸造军魂;因地制宜,山水环绕;以人为本,文化育人;院落营造,气韵推升。在该理念的指导之下,规划形成了"一轴"、"二场"、"三湖"、"四院"的总体格局,实现营区的生态可持续发展目标。     

Resilient cities: meaning, models, and metaphor for integrating the ecological, socio-economic, and planning realms

Urban designers, ecologists, and social scientists have called for closer links among their disciplines. We examine a promising new tool for promoting this linkage—the metaphor of “cities of resilience.” To put this tool to best use, we indicate how metaphor fits with other conceptual tools in science. We then present the two opposing definitions of resilience from ecology, and give reasons why one is more appropriate for linking with design. Additional specific tools and insights that are emerging from, or being increasingly used in, ecology can further support the linkage with urban design. These include recognizing the role of spatial heterogeneity in both ecological and social functioning of urban areas, the integrating power of watersheds, social and ecological patch dynamics of cities, the utility of spatial mosaic models to capture function, the use of an integrated “human ecosystem” modeling framework, and the consequent perspective of metropolitan areas as integrated ecological-social systems. Three additional tools are related to the adaptability of people and human institutions. First is the recognition of a “learning loop” in metropolitan ecosystems in which people respond to and affect ecological change, the use of urban design as experiments whose ecological and social outcomes can be measured, and finally the potency of a dialog between professionals and citizens, communities, and institutions, to support both research and design. The metaphor of resilience, and its technical specifications, draw these diverse strands for linking ecology and planning together.     

基于生态-文化空间关联的乡土景观区划方法研究

迄今为止,在中国的城镇化进程中,乡土景观资源的保护与利用仍然是个未受到足够重视的薄弱环节。在社会格局剧变和文化高度融合的大背景下,隔离区域生态与文化特征的规划管理模式已无法适应人民对生活质量及其可持续性的更高追求。实现生态与文化视角的融合既是社会实践的要求也是学科发展的趋势。以福建北部地区为研究对象,在实施研究区生态与文化区划的基础上,以空间统计与地理信息技术为手段,验证了研究区生态与文化类型区的空间关联性,并据此构建了乡土景观分类及区划方法体系。对乡土景观区划成果在区域风景道规划及旅游资源空间管制等领域的应用途径做了初步探讨。本研究可视为是区域可持续发展战略中的有关乡土景观资源整合保护的一次有价值的实践探索。     

Energy hierarchy and urban landscape system

The study of ecosystems suggests principles by which the flow of energy generates hierarchies in all systems. From viewpoint of ecological energetics, urban system lies on the highest level of ecosystem hierarchy. The main objective of this paper is to study the effect of energy flows on the hierarchies and spatial organization of urban zonation. This research uses Taipei metropolitan region as the area for the case study. “Emergy” is used as the principal conceptual tool for energy analysis; “transformity” is used to measure the hierarchies of land uses and urban landscape systems. Based on the calculation of the spatial distribution of energy flows, using GIS, the empower density and transformity increase from rural to urban center. In order to delineate zones of different energetics, the 1178 administrative districts of the Taipei metropolitan region are used as units for multivariate classification, in which 19 variables of energy flows are condensed into four factors. The factor scores of each districts are then used as input for cluster analysis and discriminate analysis. As a result, different energy structures, and subsequently, different types and amount of energy flows tend to associate with different intensities of urbanization. The Taipei metropolitan region is classified into six energetic zones: mixed-use urban core; high density urban residential district; service and manufacturing urban district; agricultural district, newly developed suburban district; and natural area. The calculation of transformity and emergy indices further establish the hierarchical order of these zones. The distribution of the six energetic zones, reveals the spatial energetic hierarchies of Taipei metropolitan region. The implication of energetic characteristics to planning practice is also discussed to conclude this research.     

基于生态风险评价的城市生态格局修复 ——以太原市城六区为例

近年来,快速城市化使得城市生 态系统面临日益严峻的挑战,城市发展与生 态保护之间亟待一个平衡。所以生态格局的 构建对于保障城市生态安全、实现城市可持 续发展有着深远意义,同时也是景观生态学 研究领域的热点之一。文中以太原市城六区 生态修复实践为例,通过生态特征与问题识 别、生态敏感性分析以及生态干扰度分析, 得出生态风险评价结果,阐述融合生态本 底、生态过程构建生态格局从而划分生态空 间控制线的技术路线与基本方法。     

Determining the effects of local development regulations on landscape structure: Comparison of The Woodlands and North Houston, TX

The aims of this study were to investigate the relationship between ecological landscape structure and local development regulations over time. Comparison analysis was conducted between two areas that had similar pre-development ecological conditions but were developed under vastly different regulatory environments. The Woodlands (regulated to protect ecological condition) and the North Houston area (which followed traditional subdivision regulations) were examined at three different developmental time periods: pre-development, early development (after 10 years), and matured development (after 30 years). Aerial photos of each site from the three time periods were classified into forested and non-forested classes and the landscape structure was quantified with a number of landscape metrics related to fragmentation – an indicator of habitat degradation. Two factors, the ecological approach to landscape planning and the adoption of more restrictive landscape regulations and guidelines, are discussed on the premise that they exert influence in developing and maintaining the long-term sustainability of ecosystems.This study provides quantified landscape configuration and composition of the effects of development regulations on landscape structure. The ecologically planned community shows that a less fragmented forest pattern and more restrictive development guidelines result in more ecologically structured environments. Understanding how elements of local development regulations affect ecological landscape patterns is important for landscape architects, planners, and administrators because it can lead to better strategies for planning and designing sustainable communities.     

Managing Complex Spatial Planning Processes

This article surveys the way in which the idea of sustainable development is integrated into current spatial planning practice by Swedish local authorities. The Brundtland Report's definition of sustainable development calls for all dimensions of sustainability to be considered. Given that today's planning processes deal with large volumes of basic data where epistemological and technical knowledge must be co-ordinated with the actors' values and views of society, this makes spatial planning a very complex process for local planning authorities. The question is whether these ideals of sustainability are manageable in a complex planning situation. Case histories of the implementation process in Sweden indicate that local authorities seek to limit this complexity by dividing the main topics, i.e. ecological, social and economic, into separate planning processes and planning documents. Furthermore, each of the sustainability dimensions seems to be strengthened by social discourses, which can be recognised in the visions of the local plans. The various modes of planning correspond to and are strengthened by these discourses.     

人工橡胶林的蜕变 ——西双版纳三达山热带雨林生态修复规划

Tropical rainforest, a unique forest ecosystem with the richest biodiversity on the earth, is now suffering from rapid biodiversity loss and ecological degradation. Xishuangbanna is such a typical example in China, where the ecosystem of Sanda Mountain is fragmented by agricultural practices and rubber plantation, and the vegetation productivity decreases sharply, threatening its role in the regional ecological security pattern. For an overall ecological improvement of the study area, since 2017, the project team has examined the existing habitat conditions in Sanda Mountain and proposed a thirty-year planning scheme for the ecological restoration by introducing constructive and pioneer plant species, employing a mixedspecies planting mode, and facilitating the natural regeneration of vegetation community to recover natural succession through ecological restoration planning at patch-, corridor-, and regionalscales. The team simulated the changes in carbon storage, habitat quality, and ecosystem service value before and after planning via the InVEST model to guide the dynamic adjustment of the tropical rainforest restoration. This exploratory ecological restoration planning for such a largescale tropical rainforest may provide research and practical references for other studies in China and abroad.     

布景·在场·共享：滨水工业遗产作为 城市景观的演进

从景观体验的角度,探讨滨水工业遗产体验方式的演变,及其对景观设计手法的影响。基于历史研究、类型学和案例比较的方法,提出滨水工业遗产作为城市景观的演进有3个阶段:布景-在场-共享。布景式的如画"景观"与在场式的体验"观景",是滨水工业遗产景观体验中相互交织的2条重要线索。进入信息时代,虚实交互的"共享"成为滨水工业遗产新的体验方式,改变了空间认知、组织和形式的塑造。通过对景观体验演化的技术驱动、价值转换和空间特征进行剖析,为设计师在处理滨水工业遗产景观体验方式和景观设计方法提供新的思路。     

法国市镇空间规划的景观生态营建经验及对中国的启示——以莱斯帕尔镇为例

法国空间规划极其重视景观生态环境营建,通过长期系统地开展国土空间的规划与治理,塑造了可持续的生态环境与良好的多样景观,积累了丰富的经验.以莱斯帕尔镇《地方城市规划》为例,概要介绍了法国市镇空间规划的成果构成,全面总结了该市镇规划从基础研究到规划成果再到成果修正中,包含的景观格局构建、景观更新、生境营建、自然资源利用、空...