姜黄素对脓毒症小鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用及对细胞间黏附分子-1和肿瘤坏死因子-α表达的影响

目的 研究姜黄素对脓毒症小鼠急性肺损伤(Acute lung injury,ALI)的保护作用及对细胞间黏附分子-1(Intercel-lular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)表达的影响。方法将SD小鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham组)、脓毒症组(Sep组)、二甲基亚砜组(DMSO组)和姜黄素组(Cur组)。采用盲肠结扎穿刺术(Cecal ligation andpuncture,CLP)复制脓毒症相关性ALI模型,造模24 h后,Cur组给予200 mg/(kg.d)姜黄素,Sham和Sep组给予等量生理盐水,DMSO组给予等量DMSO,均经腹腔注射给药。HE染色观察小鼠肺组织病理形态学变化;ELISA法检测小鼠血浆中ICAM-1和TNF-α含量的变化;Western blot分析小鼠肺组织中ICAM-1和TNF-α蛋白的表达。结果 Cur组小鼠在给药后12 h肺组织病理变化与Sep组相比有所减轻,48 h姜黄素作用达最强,且各种病理改变明显减轻,部分肺组织已恢复到正常形态;Cur组小鼠血浆中lCAM-1的含量在给药后6、12、24和48 h均明显低于Sep组(P<0.05),Cur组小鼠血浆中TNF-α的含量在给药后24 h明显低于Sep组(P<0.05);给药后24 h,Cur组小鼠肺组织中ICAM-1和TNF-α蛋白的表达水平与Sep组相比明显降低(P<0.05);DMSO组与Sep组各项指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论姜黄素能够有效减轻脓毒症所致ALI,这一作用与抑制ICAM-1和TNF-α的过度表达有关。     

乙脑患儿脑脊液和血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1的变化及其临床意义

目的探讨流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)患儿脑脊液和血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1变化的临床意义。方法对45例乙脑患儿采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法测定脑脊液和血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1,20例无神经系统疾病而需外科手术的腰麻患儿为对照组。结果乙脑患儿极期轻型、普通型、重型脑脊液可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1分别为(4.78±0.74)ng/L、(6.42±0.84)ng/L、(9.12±0.75)ng/L,血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1分别为(432.47±124.32)ng/L、(687.43±154.85)ng/L、(952.64±187.54)ng/L;对照组脑脊液可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1为(2.43±0.31)ng/L,血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1为(235.31±55.26)ng/L。乙脑患儿极期脑脊液和血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1水平显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。并且,乙脑患儿脑脊液和血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1水平随临床分型加重而增高(P<0.01)。乙脑患儿恢复期血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1为(394.76±142.76)ng/L,较极期下降(P<0.01)。结论乙脑患儿脑脊液和血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1水平呈正相关,且与临床分型相关,检测乙脑患儿血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1水平的变化,有助于判定脑组织受损的严重程度及评估患儿的预后。     

血管细胞黏附分子-1对脑心肌炎病毒体外增殖的影响及其作用机制

目的 探讨血管细胞黏附分子-1(vascular cell adhesion molecule-1,VCAM-1)对脑心肌炎病毒(encephalo-myocarditis virus,EMCV)体外增殖的影响及其作用机制.方法 将EMCV按MOI=0.001感染C2C12细胞,于感染24及48 h时,采用qPCR及W...     

肠道病毒71型感染患儿外周血自然杀伤细胞比例、亚群、表面受体及免疫效应分子的变化

目的探讨肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus 71,EV71)感染患儿外周血中自然杀伤(Natural killer,NK)细胞比例、亚群、表面受体及免疫效应分子的变化。方法将EV71阳性的急性期患儿按疾病严重程度分为重症病例组和普通病例组,同时设健康对照组。提取各组患儿外周血,采用流式细胞术检测外周血中NK细胞比例、NK细胞亚群、自然细胞毒受体NKp30和NKp46、激活性受体NKG2D、抑制性受体CD94和NKG2A、脱颗粒标记CD107a及免疫效应分子(PF、GrB和GNLY)阳性细胞所占NK细胞的比例。结果重症病例组患儿外周血NK细胞比例较健康对照组明显减少(P<0.01),普通病例组CD16+NK细胞亚群比例较健康对照组升高(P<0.05),重症病例组较普通病例组低,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);重症病例组和普通病例组NKG2D阳性细胞百分率均较健康对照组低(P<0.01),而CD94和NKG2A阳性细胞百分率均较健康对照组明显升高(P<0.01),NKp30和NKp46阳性细胞率3组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);重症病例组和普通病例组CD107a、PF、GrB、GNLY的阳性细胞百分率均较健康对照组明显降低(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论 EV71感染可能抑制宿主NK细胞的增殖、激活及其杀伤功能。重症病例组与普通病例组比较,NK细胞比例和CD16+NK细胞亚群降低,抑制性受体CD94表达增高,胞浆内CD107a、GrB和PF表达显著降低,可能与重症病例的发生有关。     

人源细胞间黏附分子-1基因SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立、验证及应用

目的建立并验证细胞间黏附分子-1(intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)基因的SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,并用该方法检测不同细胞中ICAM-1的基因水平。方法根据GenBank中登录的ICAM-1基因序列设计并合成引物,建立ICAM-1基因的SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR法,验证方法的适用性、线性范围、灵敏性、特异性及精密性。同时采用该方法对人胚肺成纤维细胞(MRC-5)、人星形神经胶质瘤细胞(u251)、人原发性肝癌细胞(PLC/PRF/5)、人胚肾细胞(HEK293)及人脐静脉内皮细胞(HuvEc)进行检测。结果该方法的溶解曲线峰单一,无非特异性产物和引物二聚体;标准质粒在6. 74×10~4～6. 74×10~9 copies/μL浓度范围内与Ct值呈良好的线性关系,线性方程为y=-3. 576 log x+42. 982,R~2=1. 000;建立方法的灵敏性是普通PCR法的10倍;该方法检测不同物种细胞无交叉反应,仅能检出人源细胞ICAM-1;批内和批间CV均1%。不同组织来源的细胞内ICAM-1基因含量不同,其中MRC-5细胞含量最高。结论成功建立了ICAM-1基因的SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,且具有良好的特异性、灵敏性及精密性,可用于ICAM-1基因的定量检测。     

消毒剂对重组Ⅲ型人源化胶原蛋白促细胞黏附活性的影响

通过CCK8实验探究75%乙醇、碘伏、葡萄糖酸洗必泰、苯扎氯铵、苯扎溴铵对细胞的毒性以及对重组Ⅲ型人源化胶原蛋白（rhColⅢ）促细胞的黏附活性的影响,预测消毒剂的使用在面部填充时对胶原蛋白活性的影响,为临床应用提供指导。结果显示：各消毒剂对NIH/3T3小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞和HFB人皮肤成纤维细胞均表现出细胞毒性,比较结果为：葡萄糖酸洗必泰<苯扎氯铵、苯扎溴铵<75%乙醇、碘伏,该结果也间接提示75%乙醇、碘伏消毒效果较佳;将各消毒剂原液稀释100倍后,其对rhColⅢ促细胞黏附活性影响比较为：葡萄糖酸洗必泰、苯扎氯铵<75%乙醇<碘伏、苯扎溴铵。碘伏和苯扎溴铵工作液直接接触rhColⅢ均显著降低其促细胞黏附活性,碘伏、葡萄糖酸洗必泰、苯扎溴铵工作液直接接触rhColⅢ可导致其发生聚集。     

抗ICAM-1单克隆抗体的制备及其活性

目的制备具有生物活性的抗人细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)单克隆抗体。方法以人ICAM-1为抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用杂交瘤技术并经HAT选择培养和克隆化,筛选出稳定分泌抗人ICAM-1 McAb的杂交瘤细胞株,并对McAb进行纯化。用ELISA间接法测定效价并鉴定其亚类,Western blot鉴定其抗原特异性,细胞黏附试验检测其中和活性。结果筛选出1株可稳定分泌抗人ICAM-1抗体的杂交瘤细胞株3F2,杂交瘤染色体众数为98~104。纯化后的单抗蛋白浓度为1.253 mg/ml,纯度达83.6%,效价可达2.56×105。其分泌的抗体亚型为IgG1,腹水效价达5.12×105,可与ICAM-1特异性结合,可抑制ICAM-1与淋巴瘤细胞间的黏附,具有明显的中和ICAM-1的活性。结论已成功制备出抗ICAM-1的McAb,为其进一步的研究和应用奠定了基础。     

抗人ICAM-1单链抗体表达载体的构建及在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的构建抗人细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)单链抗体(ScFv)的表达载体,并在大肠肝菌中表达。方法从分泌ICAM-1单抗的杂交瘤细胞中提取RNA,用RT-PCR扩增抗体VH和VL基因,重叠延伸PCR扩增人ICAM-1-ScFv基因,将其连接到pET-22b(+)载体上,转化大肠杆菌BL2(DE3),IPTG诱导表达,表达产物纯化及复性后,检测特异性及活性。结果序列分析表明抗ICAM-1 ScFv基因全长为744bp,编码247个氨基酸,其中含357bp的VH基因片段和342bp的VL基因片段。表达蛋白以包涵体形式存在,表达量占菌体总蛋白的32%。经变性和复性后,纯度达80%以上,复性率达25%。Western blot和ELISA检测,ScFv均可与ICAM-1抗原特异性结合。细胞黏附试验表明ScFv能抑制ICAM-1与HSB2细胞间的黏附,其作用稍弱于亲本mAb。结论已成功构建了抗人ICAM-1的ScFv表达载体,其表达产物具有抗体特异性和活性。     

神经细胞黏附分子样蛋白对小鼠NK细胞活性的影响

目的　研究神经细胞黏附分子样蛋白对小鼠NK细胞活性的影响。方法　将神经细胞粘附分子样蛋白的编码基因连接在补体C3d基因的下游 ,构建融合基因 ,再将此融合基因克隆入真核细胞表达质粒。用此重组质粒免疫小鼠 ,检测小鼠体内的抗体和NK细胞的活性。结果　小鼠体内产生了神经细胞粘附分子样蛋白的特异性抗体 ,而且小鼠脾细胞的NK活性增强。结论　神经细胞粘附分子样蛋白可能具有抑制NK细胞的活性 ,在被特异性抗体识别和结合后 ,这种抑制作用减弱或消失。     

肺炎球菌表面黏附素A和表面膜蛋白A的研究进展

肺炎球菌表面黏附素A(Pneumococcal surface adhesin A,PsaA)为脂蛋白,属于ABC型转运蛋白复合物(ATPbinding cassette transporter),存在于各型肺炎球菌中,是其重要的毒力因子和黏附因子,编码基因高度保守,具有转运Mn2+及黏附功能。肺炎球菌表面膜蛋白A(Pneumococcal surface protein A,PspA)是与其毒力相关的一种重要的表面抗原,在目前发现的所有临床分离的肺炎球菌中几乎均存在,其编码基因变异性较大。PsaA和PspA均为肺炎球菌的保护性抗原和新型肺炎球菌疫苗的研发热点之一。本文就这两种蛋白的结构、功能、免疫学特性及应用的研究进展作一综述。     

A Hot Topic: Cancer Immunotherapy and Natural Killer Cells

Despite significant progress in recent years, the therapeutic approach of the multiple different forms of human cancer often remains a challenge. Besides the well-established cancer surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, immunotherapeutic strategies gain more and more attention, and some of them have already been successfully introduced into the clinic. Among these, immunotherapy based on natural killer (NK) cells is considered as one of the most promising options. In the present review, we will expose the different possibilities NK cells offer in this context, compare data about the theoretical background and mechanism(s) of action, report some results of clinical trials and identify several very recent trends. The pharmaceutical industry is quite interested in NK cell immunotherapy, which will benefit the speed of progress in the field.     

Infections,Reactions of Natural Killer T Cells and Natural Killer Cells,and Kidney Injury

Natural killer T (NKT) cells and NK cells are representative innate immune cells that perform antitumor and antimicrobial functions. The involvement of these cells in various renal diseases, including acute kidney injury (AKI), has recently become evident. Murine NKT cells are activated and cause AKI in response to various stimuli, such as their specific ligand, cytokines, and bacterial components. Both renal vascular endothelial cell injury (via the perforin-mediated pathway) and tubular epithelial cell injury (via the tumor necrosis factor-alpha/Fas ligand pathway) are independently involved in the pathogenesis of AKI. NK cells complement the functions of NKT cells, thereby contributing to the development of infection-associated AKI. Human CD56⁺ T cells, which are a functional counterpart of murine NKT cells, as well as a subpopulation of CD56⁺ NK cells, strongly damage intrinsic renal cells in vitro upon their activation, possibly through mechanisms similar to those in mice. These cells are also thought to be involved in the acute exacerbation of pre-existing glomerulonephritis triggered by infection in humans, and their roles in sepsis-associated AKI are currently under investigation. In this review, we will provide an overview of the recent advances in the understanding of the association among infections, NKT and NK cells, and kidney injury, which is much more profound than previously considered. The important role of liver macrophages in the activation of NKT cells will also be introduced.     

Natural Killer T Cells Are Involved in Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability in Apolipoprotein-E Knockout Mice

The infiltration and activation of macrophages as well as lymphocytes within atherosclerotic lesion contribute to the pathogenesis of plaque rupture. We have demonstrated that invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, a unique subset of T lymphocytes that recognize glycolipid antigens, play a crucial role in atherogenesis. However, it remained unclear whether iNKT cells are also involved in plaque instability. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) knockout mice were fed a standard diet (SD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. Moreover, the SD- and the HFD-fed mice were divided into two groups according to the intraperitoneal injection of α-galactosylceramide (αGC) that specifically activates iNKT cells or phosphate-buffered saline alone (PBS). ApoE/Jα18 double knockout mice, which lack iNKT cells, were also fed an SD or HFD. Plaque instability was assessed at the brachiocephalic artery by the histological analysis. In the HFD group, αGC significantly enhanced iNKT cell infiltration and exacerbated atherosclerotic plaque instability, whereas the depletion of iNKT cells attenuated plaque instability compared to PBS-treated mice. Real-time PCR analyses in the aortic tissues showed that αGC administration significantly increased expressional levels of inflammatory genes such as IFN-γ and MMP-2, while the depletion of iNKT cells attenuated these expression levels compared to those in the PBS-treated mice. Our findings suggested that iNKT cells are involved in the exacerbation of plaque instability via the activation of inflammatory cells and upregulation of MMP-2 in the vascular tissues.     

Studies on Adhesion Between Natural Rubber and Polyethylene and the Role of Adhesion Promoters

Studies on adhesion between natural rubber (NR) and polyethylene (PE) with different levels of interaction (physical and chemical) have been carried out. Ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) were used as physical promoters and epoxidised natural rubber/modified polyethylene (ENR/PEm) and sulfonated ethylene propylene diene rubber/modified polyethylene (S-EPDM/PEm) were used as chemical adhesion promoters. The failure surfaces were examined with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical photography and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) techniques.

The peel strength between natural rubber and polyethylene as measured in this study is 140 J/m². With the incorporation of physical promoters such as EPDM, the peel strength increases twenty fold because of structural similarity of EPDM with PE and the rubbery nature of EPDM. Similarly, the other promoters show significant improvement in peel strength. At high temperature and low rate of peeling, the nature of failure is mainly “stick-slip” for joints with interaction promoters. The average peel strength increases with increase in test rate and decrease in test temperature for most of the joints. All the data could be shifted onto a master curve indicating that the increase in strength is a result of viscoelastic dissipation. NR/EPDM/PE and NR/CPE/PE systems, however, behave in a different way probably because they alter the nature of crack propagation at or near the interface. ESCA results of the peeled PE surface show a chemical shift of C_1S peak. SEM photographs also indicate interaction at the interface when modifiers are used. An increase in crystallinity of PE from 30% to 64% and modulus increase the peel strength of NR/PE joints by a factor of four. The results of peel strength measurement at 90° are lower than those at 180°. Lap shear results are in line with peel strength.     

Tumor-Localized Administration of α-GalCer to Recruit Invariant Natural Killer T Cells and Enhance Their Antitumor Activity against Solid Tumors

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have the capacity to mount potent anti-tumor reactivity and have therefore become a focus in the development of cell-based immunotherapy. iNKT cells attack tumor cells using multiple mechanisms with a high efficacy; however, their clinical application has been limited because of their low numbers in cancer patients and difficulties in infiltrating solid tumors. In this study, we aimed to overcome these critical limitations by using α-GalCer, a synthetic glycolipid ligand specifically activating iNKT cells, to recruit iNKT to solid tumors. By adoptively transferring human iNKT cells into tumor-bearing humanized NSG mice and administering a single dose of tumor-localized α-GalCer, we demonstrated the rapid recruitment of human iNKT cells into solid tumors in as little as one day and a significantly enhanced tumor killing ability. Using firefly luciferase-labeled iNKT cells, we monitored the tissue biodistribution and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of human iNKT cells in tumor-bearing NSG mice. Collectively, these preclinical studies demonstrate the promise of an αGC-driven iNKT cell-based immunotherapy to target solid tumors with higher efficacy and precision.     

Mebendazole Increases Anticancer Activity of Radiotherapy in Radiotherapy-Resistant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells by Enhancing Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide and ranks first in terms of both prevalence and cancer-related mortality in women. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anticancer effect of mebendazole (MBZ) and radiotherapy (RT) concomitant use in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action. Breast cancer mouse models and several types of breast cancer cells, including TNBC-derived RT-resistant (RT-R) MDA-MB-231 cells, were treated with MBZ and/or RT. In mice, changes in body weight, renal and liver toxicity, tumor volume, and number of lung metastases were determined. In cells, cell viability, colony formation, scratch wound healing, Matrigel invasion, and protein expression using western blotting were determined. Our findings showed that MBZ and RT combined treatment increased the anticancer effect of RT without additional toxicity. In addition, we noted that cyclin B1, PH2AX, and natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity increased following MBZ + RT treatment compared to unaided RT. Our results suggest that MBZ + RT have an enhanced anticancer effect in TNBC which acquires radiation resistance through blocking cell cycle progression, initiating DNA double-strand breaks, and promoting NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity.     

Deciphering the Immunological Phenomenon of Adaptive Natural Killer (NK) Cells and Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Natural killer (NK) cells play a significant and vital role in the first line of defense against infection through their ability to target cells without prior sensitization. They also contribute significantly to the activation and recruitment of both innate and adaptive immune cells through the production of a range of cytokines and chemokines. In the context of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, NK cells and CMV have co-evolved side by side to employ several mechanisms to evade one another. However, during this co-evolution the discovery of a subset of long-lived NK cells with enhanced effector potential, increased antibody-dependent responses and the potential to mediate immune memory has revolutionized the field of NK cell biology. The ability of a virus to imprint on the NK cell receptor repertoire resulting in the expansion of diverse, highly functional NK cells to this day remains a significant immunological phenomenon that only occurs in the context of CMV. Here we review our current understanding of the development of these NK cells, commonly referred to as adaptive NK cells and their current role in transplantation, infection, vaccination and cancer immunotherapy to decipher the complex role of CMV in dictating NK cell functional fate.     

YKL-40转染对前列腺癌LNcap细胞增殖及侵袭活性的影响

目的探讨外源性YKL-40基因转染对前列腺癌LNcap细胞增殖、侵袭、迁移及黏附活性的影响。方法 RT-PCR法检测前列腺癌细胞LNcap、PC-3、DU-145 YKL-40基因内源性表达情况;用pcDNA3.1-YKL-40质粒转染LNcap细胞,分别经MTT法、Boyden小室法及黏附试验检测转染前后细胞增殖、侵袭、迁移及黏附活性,并进行体外药敏试验。结果仅DU-145细胞可内源性表达YKL-40基因;pcDNA3.1-YKL-40转染的LNcap细胞在第2～5天的A490值均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其侵袭(75.11±4.40)和迁移穿膜细胞数(133.00±5.07)及黏附率(107.57%)均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),对5-FU、顺铂和依托泊苷的IC50值分别为(31.15±0.43)、(4.15±0.13)和(55.22±0.57)μmol/L,均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 YKL-40基因能促进LNcap细胞增殖,提高细胞侵袭、迁移及黏附活性,并使其对5-FU、顺铂和依托泊苷具有一定的耐药性。     

Adhesion of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells under Fluorescent and Soft X-ray Contact Microscopy

Understanding cancer cell adhesion could help to diminish tumor progression and metastasis. Adhesion mechanisms are currently the main therapeutic target of TNBC-resistant cells. This work shows the distribution and size of adhesive complexes determined with a common fluorescence microscopy technique and soft X-ray contact microscopy (SXCM). The results presented here demonstrate the potential of applying SXCM for imaging cell protrusions with high resolution when the cells are still alive in a physiological buffer. The possibility to observe the internal components of cells at a pristine and hydrated state with nanometer resolution distinguishes SXCM from the other more commonly used techniques for cell imaging. Thus, SXCM can be a promising technique for investigating the adhesion and organization of the actin cytoskeleton in cancer cells.