加拿大澳大利亚中国法国——啤酒大麦品种的技术比较

我非常荣幸能来中国参加这次关于法国啤酒大麦的研讨会。 多年以来，法国一直是世界上最重要的啤酒大麦出口国之一。法国的出口所以取得这样的成就是和我国温和的气候，对生产技术的掌握以及对啤酒大麦品种严格选育密切相关的。在我的发言中，我将介绍法国啤酒大麦的技术品质，并将它们和在中国使用的其它大麦品种加以比较。     

谨慎选种是法国啤麦保证质量的秘诀

4月4日,在大连举行的第四届法国啤酒大麦研讨会上,法国啤酒麦芽饮料研究院院长巴提克·布万博士做了题为"法国大麦的质量"的演讲,介绍了法国啤麦的品质,认为这种品质完全胜任中国啤酒工业的需要.     

利用蛋白质"指纹"技术鉴定啤酒大麦的品种和纯度

采用操作简便、分辨率高的种子醇溶蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳技术对常用澳大利亚和法国啤酒大麦进行鉴定，利用Gel-Pro软件对电泳图谱进行条带分析和比较，建立了澳大利亚和法国啤酒大麦品种的生化标准“指纹”图谱库。并对供试的啤麦品种进行遗传聚类分析，结果与传统分类相近。     

国外主要啤酒大麦品种综述

随着我国啤酒产量每年以2％左右的速度递增,啤酒大麦的用量也以每年40～50万吨的速度增长。现今我国每年啤酒大麦需用量在300万吨左右,国产啤酒大麦的产量仅仅只有100万吨左右。据统计每年从国外进口的啤酒大麦约占全国总耗量的70％。为便于国内众多啤酒厂家和麦芽专业生产厂家能对世界上主要的啤酒大麦种植国和出口国及其啤酒大麦品种和质量有一个认识。本文重点介绍加拿大、澳大利亚、法国和英国的啤酒大麦种植区域、较优良的品种、近年来的产量和主要技术指标等内容。     

利用蛋白质"指纹"技术鉴定澳大利亚、法国啤酒大麦的品种和纯度

采用操作简便、分辨率高的种子醇溶蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳技术对常用澳大利亚和法国啤酒大麦进行鉴定，利用Gel-Pro软件对电泳图谱进行条带分析和比较，建立了澳大利亚和法国啤酒大麦品种标准图谱库。利用Cross Checker 2．8和MEGA3软件对供试的啤麦品种进行遗传聚类分析，结果与传统分类相近。并成功进行了人工混种试验。     

法麦艾斯特拉的制麦工艺

法国啤酒大麦的品种很多,例如普雷桑、纳瓦达等,我公司经过调查,购进了一批法国啤酒大麦。品种为法国六棱冬大麦艾斯特拉,经过做小型微麦试验,感觉艾斯特拉大麦的特点是休眠期长,水敏感性强,蛋白质含量适中,但其糖化力较高,并且具有较高的浸出率,过滤速度个别批次较慢。在制麦时,我们根据大麦的品种特点,对工艺做了一些调整。     

法国啤酒大麦的质量控制体系

法国啤酒大麦的生产建立了一整套严格的管理体系，包括品种的选择体系、生产者和麦芽厂的生产过程监控体系及产后销售储运过程的严格管理体系。该体系从品种的选择、生产过程到产后销售储运都实行严格的管理，保证了其产品的质量和竞争力。中国是世界最大啤酒大麦消费国，国产啤酒大麦的质量成为啤酒业发展的制约因素。进口大麦不仅增加成本，也增加了市场风险，充分利用现有生产条件，创建啤酒大麦的质量控制体系，加强质量管理是振兴大麦生产和啤酒生产，实现啤麦供应本土化是解决中国啤酒大麦短缺和提高中国啤酒质量的关键所在。     

中国啤酒业超速发展进入最佳成长期--中国食协啤酒专业委员会秘书长杜福泰看中国啤酒工业

日前,在大连举行的法国啤酒大麦研讨会期间,中国食协啤酒专业委员会秘书长杜福泰发言指出,中国啤酒行业在2004年的超速发展表明,这个行业已经进入最佳成长期,在未来几年里会迎来巨大变化.     

法国大麦制麦工艺探讨

由于啤酒工艺的快速发展，啤酒大麦的需求量不断地增加，使得啤酒大麦的产地、品种经常发生变化，由于原料的不稳定，给制麦生产带来了一定的困难，一年多来，我们使用法国大麦，认为采用高浸麦度，长时间发芽对麦芽质量有利，可以促进蛋白质的溶解，提高浸出率。     

没有利益冲突的谈话会更深入吗?——第五届法国啤酒大麦研讨会因断货而直白

法国啤酒大麦之于中国啤酒工业，是一个怎样的命题？ 啤酒工业断断不能离开大麦麦芽。在中国啤酒工业的3大原料供应国中，法国虽然不是最大的，但也不可忽视。在2003年，法国对华出口大麦最多曾经达到60多万吨，此后维持在10万吨上下。而今年法国大麦因减产，面临几乎无货供应的局面，面对这种局面，中国啤酒工业能应付得来吗？     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Heavy metals in vegetables sold in the local market in Jordan

Heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in various vegetables (cabbage, green onion, lettuce, parsley, rocket, spinach, carrot, onion, potato and cauliflower) from the market in Jordan were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ranged from 0.009–0.275 mg kg^?1 wet weight, 0.004–0.060 mg kg^?1, 0.003–0.401 mg kg^?1, 0.105–3.51 mg kg^?1, 0.15–1.15 mg kg^?1, 0.93–14.39 mg kg^?1, 0.044–0.702 mg kg^?1, 0.072–0.289 mg kg^?1 and 2.23–6.65 mg kg^?1, respectively. Parsley, followed by spinach, contained the highest concentration of heavy metals. Onion contained high levels of toxic heavy metals. The content of Cu in parsley and spinach and Pb in onion exceeded the Codex limits. However, the daily intake of heavy metals from the tested vegetables was lower than the maximum limits for allowable intake.