模糊CMAC及其在机器人轨迹跟踪控制中的应用

小脑模型关节控制器(CMAC)具有结构简单,学习快速的优点,但是它的空间划分方式不能在线进行调整,影响了其自适应能力的提高.本文将模糊理论引入CMAC,提出了一种能够反映人类小脑认知的模糊性和连续性的模糊小脑模型关节控制器(FCMAC).该控制器对CMAC的空间划分方式进行了模糊化处理,可通过BP学习算法对CMAC的空间划分方式进行在线调整,大大提高了CMAC的自适应能力.所提出的FCMAC被应用于机器人的轨迹跟踪控制系统以克服机器人系统中非线性和不确定性因素的影响.仿真实验结果表明,所提FCMAC与传统的CMAC相比性能上有了很大的改善.     

一种CMAC网络模型及其在机器人控制中的应用

小脑模型关节控制器（CMAC）具有学习算法简单、在线学习速度快的优点,非常适于机器人等复杂系统的自适应控制,本文阐述了CMAC的原理,证明了其收敛性,提出了一种适合于机器人轨迹跟踪控制的CMAC,并给出了仿真实验结果。     

基于小波网络的机器人视觉伺服控制研究

本文基于小波神经网络设计了一种三关节机器人视觉伺服系统。该系统采用eye-in-hand方式,基于图像特征构成视觉反馈,来完成机器人抓取物体的任务。论文对系统结构、坐标变换、成像原理、视觉控制器进行了详细的设计,并通过仿真试验证明了所设计控制系统的有效性。     

CMAC网络在机器人手眼系统位置控制中的应用

在机器人手眼系统位置控制中,用神经网络建立了机器人非线性视觉映射关系模型,实现了图像坐标到机器人坐标的变换。该模型采用了一种新的多维CMAC网络的处理方法———叠加处理法。实验表明,与BP网络相比,CMAC网络能以较高的精度和较快的速度完成手眼系统的坐标变换。     

CMAC神经网络模糊控制器设计

详细介绍了CMAC神经网络结构、中间层作用函数地址的计算方法、输出层权值的学习算法,并利用CMAC神经网络对水下机器人深度模糊控制器进行了学习。仿真结果表明,训练得到的CMAC神经控制器控制效果良好,中间层作用函数地址的计算方法正确。     

一种基于小脑模型关节控制器评论-策略家的机器人跟踪控制算法

本文提出了一种基于小脑模型关节控制器(CMAC)的评论–策略家算法,设计不依赖模型的跟踪控制器,来解决机器人的跟踪问题.该跟踪控制器包含位置控制器和角度控制器,其输出分别为线速度和角速度.位置控制器由评价单元和策略单元组成,每个单元都采用CMAC算法,按改进δ学习规则在线调整权值.策略单元产生控制量;评判单元在线调整策略单元学习速率.以双轮驱动自主移动机器人为例,与固定学习速率CMAC做比较,仿真数据表明,基于CMAC的评论–策略家算法的跟踪控制器具有跟踪速度快,自适应能力强,配置参数范围宽,不依赖数学模型等特点.     

模糊CMAC的柔性空间机器人轨迹跟踪自学习控制

针对不确定自由漂浮柔性空间机器人系统,采用模糊CMAC神经网络自学习控制策略来解决轨迹跟踪控制问题.首先建立漂浮基空间机器人的动力学方程,然后利用具有快速学习能力的模糊CMAC神经网络来逼近非线性柔性臂的逆动力学模型.网络参数采用改进的有监督的Hebb学习规则进行自适应在线调整,并通过关联搜索进行自学习和自组织,其误差代价函数由PID控制器提供.仿真结果表明,这种模糊CMAC逆模PID控制器能够达到较高的控制精度,具有一定的工程应用价值.     

全局稳定的机器人CMAC标称补偿跟踪控制研究

提出了一种新的小脑模型(Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller,CMAC)神经网络标称补偿控制器.采用二阶扩展B样条CMAC网络平滑逼近机器人标称模型,消除了常规神经网络控制对输入的严格假设.为了确保系统闭环的全局稳定性,采用Lyapunov直接法设计网络权值的更新律,并引入非线性反馈项完全抵消补偿的残留项.未知的CMAC逼近误差和系统随机干扰,通过一个简洁的鲁棒自适应律估计.最后,针对两自由度机器人的仿真实例验证了所提算法的有效性.     

机器人手臂混合控制器的设计

多数视觉伺服研究中,不考虑机器人的动力学特性,把机器人当作一个理想定位设备。本文考虑其动力学特性,采用基于FNN和CMAC控制器方法,实现了机器人对目标运动的跟踪。并对一个二连杆视觉伺服系统进行了仿真,仿真结果说明了算法的有效性。较好的解决视觉伺服控制中的定位精度难点,改进机器人的视觉控制算法,达到精确、非线性的鲁棒控制。     

机器人捕捉运动目标的动力学视觉伺服方法

提出一种机器人捕捉运动目标的动力学视觉伺服方法。基于位置阻抗控制器,通过双目立体视觉检测并跟踪运动目标的位置,结合CMAC网络,采用以视觉阻抗的二次型为训练目标的学习型视觉阻抗控制器,用于克服控制器对系统结构参数变化适应性差的缺点,并对阻抗参数进行优化。实验结果表明,该视觉伺服方法在机器人捕捉运动目标时具有良好的动力学特性和轨迹控制效果。     

Vision-Based Robotic Motion Control for Non-autonomous Environment

A visual servo control system with SOPC structure is implemented on a retrofitted Mitsubishi Movemaster RV-M2 robotic system. The hardware circuit has the functions of quadrature encoder decoding, limit switch detecting, pulse width modulation (PWM) generating and CMOS image signal capturing. The software embedded in Nios II micro processor has the functions of using UART to communicate with PC, robotic inverse kinematics calculation, robotic motion control schemes, digital image processing and gobang game AI algorithms. The digital hardware circuits are designed by using Verilog language, and programs in Nios II micro processor are coded with C language. An Altera Statrix II EP2S60F672C5Es FPGA chip is adopted as the main CPU of the development board. A CMOS color image sensor with 356 ×292 pixels resolution is selected to catch the environment time-varying change for robotic vision-based servo control. The system performance is evaluated by experimental tests. A gobang game is planned to reveal the visual servo robotic motion control objective in non-autonomous environment. Here, a model-free intelligent self-organizing fuzzy control strategy is employed to design the robotic joint controller. A vision based trajectory planning algorithm is designed to calculate the desired angular positions or trajectory on-line of each robotic joint. The experimental results show that this visual servo control robot has reliable control actions.     

微操作机器人的视觉伺服控制

视觉伺服控制是微操作机器人实现精确运动,完成自动操作的必要手段．本文介绍 了实现微操作机器人视觉伺服控制的方法．首先论述了微操作机器人的视觉伺服结构,并以 建立的面向生物工程的双手微操作机器人系统为例,介绍了基于二维显微视觉信息的三自由 度柔性铰链微操作机器人的运动学建模方法,针对压电驱动器控制器的特点提出了基本的PI D视觉伺服控制规律实现方法,并进行了点到点运动和圆轨迹跟踪实验．实验结果表明,视 觉伺服控制克服了由于标定以及环境等因素导致的运动模型不准确而引入的误差．     

A General Learning Scheme for CMAC-based Controller

Cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) is a powerful tool for nonlinear control applications. However, it yet lacks an adequate learning scheme. It is found that, with the existing learning scheme, if a complicated learning algorithm is not used, CMAC can destabilize a system that is otherwise stable. Oscillations resulting from the interaction between CMAC and the classical controller were found to contribute to the instability. This paper presents a new CMAC learning scheme that models plant's characteristics based on closed loop errors instead of the original input-output pairs. In this scheme, memory space of the CMAC is partitioned into two parts. One is for dynamic control, in which dynamic information is stored. Another is for steady state control, in which steady state information is adaptively updated for smooth control. Relationship between the two parts of the space is discussed and specified for a stable control. Simulation results on a typical nonlinear plant model and a real electrohydraulic servo system using the proposed scheme demonstrate that the oscillations are eliminated and stable control is obtained. The new scheme demonstrates superior tracking performance, noise rejection property and good robustness.     

Adaptive fault-tolerant control of non-linear systems: an improved CMAC-based fault learning approach

The conventional cerebellar model articulation controllers (CMAC) learning scheme equally distributes the correcting errors into all addressed hypercubes, regardless of the credibility of those hypercubes. This paper presents the adaptive fault-tolerant control scheme of non-linear systems using a fuzzy credit assignment CMAC neural network online fault learning approach. The credit assignment concept is introduced into fuzzy CMAC weight adjusting to use the learned times of addressed hypercubes as the credibility of CMAC. The correcting errors are proportional to the inversion of learned times of addressed hypercubes. With this fault learning model, the learning speed of fault can be improved. After the unknown fault is estimated, online, by using the fuzzy credit assignment CMAC, the effective control law reconfiguration strategy based on the sliding mode control technique is used to compensate for the effect of the fault. The proposed fault-tolerant controller adjusts its control signal by adding a corrective sliding mode control signal to confine the system performance within a boundary layer. The numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed CMAC algorithm and fault-tolerant controller.     

Adaptive CMAC neural control of chaotic systems with a PI-type learning algorithm

The cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) has the advantages such as fast learning property, good generalization capability and information storing ability. Based on these advantages, this paper proposes an adaptive CMAC neural control (ACNC) system with a PI-type learning algorithm and applies it to control the chaotic systems. The ACNC system is composed of an adaptive CMAC and a compensation controller. Adaptive CMAC is used to mimic an ideal controller and the compensation controller is designed to dispel the approximation error between adaptive CMAC and ideal controller. Based on the Lyapunov stability theorems, the designed ACNC feedback control system is guaranteed to be uniformly ultimately bounded. Finally, the ACNC system is applied to control two chaotic systems, a Genesio chaotic system and a Duffing–Holmes chaotic system. Simulation results verify that the proposed ACNC system with a PI-type learning algorithm can achieve better control performance than other control methods.     

Adaptive CMAC-based supervisory control for uncertain nonlinear systems.

An adaptive cerebellar-model-articulation-controller (CMAC)-based supervisory control system is developed for uncertain nonlinear systems. This adaptive CMAC-based supervisory control system consists of an adaptive CMAC and a supervisory controller. In the adaptive CMAC, a CMAC is used to mimic an ideal control law and a compensated controller is designed to recover the residual of the approximation error. The supervisory controller is appended to the adaptive CMAC to force the system states within a predefined constraint set. In this design, if the adaptive CMAC can maintain the system states within the constraint set, the supervisory controller will be idle. Otherwise, the supervisory controller starts working to pull the states back to the constraint set. In addition, the adaptive laws of the control system are derived in the sense of Lyapunov function, so that the stability of the system can be guaranteed. Furthermore, to relax the requirement of approximation error bound, an estimation law is derived to estimate the error bound. Finally, the proposed control system is applied to control a robotic manipulator, a chaotic circuit and a linear piezoelectric ceramic motor (LPCM). Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme for uncertain nonlinear systems.     

A fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller based visual servo system for robot

This paper presents a novel online learning visual servo controller integrating the FCMAC with proportion controller for the control of position of manipulator end-effector. Since the FCMAC has good learning capability and fast learning speed, and can save much computer memory space by fuzzy processing of input space division and memory unit activation, it is used to develop an adaptive control law by learning the relationship between the image feature errors and manipulator input, and the aim of online learning of the FCMAC is to minimize the output of proportion controller. Furthermore, the FCMAC has no need for models of robot manipulator and image feature extraction, so that the capability of proposed controller for tasks under uncertain environment can be improved. Finally, the proposed controller is proved to be effective by the experiment, and compared with BP neural network.     

Visual attention servo control for task-specific robotic applications

This paper proposes a visual attention servo control (VASC) method which uses the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) for task-specific applications of mobile robots. In particular, low dimensional bias feature template is obtained using GMM to get an efficient attention process. An image-based visual servo (IBVS) controller is used to search for a desired object in a scene through an attention system which forms a task-specific state representation of the environment. First, task definition and object representation in semantic memory (SM) are proposed, and bias feature template is obtained using GMM deduction for features from high dimension to low dimension. Second, the features intensity, color, size and orientation are extracted to build the feature set. Mean shift method is used to segment the visual scene into discrete proto-objects. Given a task-specific object, top-down bias attention is evaluated to generate the saliency map by combining with the bottom-up saliency-based attention. Third, a visual attention servo controller is developed to integrate the IBVS controller and the attention system for robotic cognitive control. A rule-based arbitrator is proposed to switch between the episodic memory (EM)-based controller and the IBVS controller depending on whether the robot obtains the desired attention point on the image. Finally, the proposed method is evaluated on task-specific object detection under different conditions and visual attention servo tasks. The obtained results validate the applicability and usefulness of the developed method for robotics.