The fixed link across the Øresund: tunnel section under the Drogden

Dutch engineers have been involved in the design and construction of the 16-kin-long fixed link between Denmark and Sweden from the start. Their input can particularly be found in the design of the Øresund Link, which will be the longest immersed concrete tunnel in Europe; Tunnel Engineering Consultants (TEC) has been involved in the project since 1993. The experience and knowledge gained with the construction of more than 24 concrete immersed tunnels in the Netherlands during the last fifty years has in this way been made available to the project. This paper describes the design of the Oresund Link and, in particular, the immersed tunnel under the Drodgen, the navigation channel between the Danish coast and the island of Saltholm.     

沉管隧道注浆效果监测与评价的试验研究

为了探索沉管隧道管底注浆效果的监测方法和评价体系,在国内率先采用探地雷达和数字地震仪对舟山沈家门港海底隧道模型的注浆基础进行了测试研究。通过在注浆前、注浆过程中以及注浆完成2小时后所进行的现场检测,将采集到雷达波形和面波波形与模型中预先设置的观察窗现场观察的结果进行对比,确定注浆前、注浆过程中、注浆完成后三个阶段的典型波形,以判别和评价沉管隧道管底注浆基础效果。试验结果表明,探地雷达结合面波法的监测方法能作为在管底注浆施工时的停止注浆条件之一,可满足沉管隧道现场施工时管底注浆基础效果的监测和评价,进而可为沉管隧道的工程设计方案提供依据。     

过江隧道混凝土沉管预制新技术

越来越大的运用需求和跨越更大水深、更宽阔海峡的发展趋势,使混凝土沉管隧道的传统预制技术面临许多挑战。发展更高效率、更灵活和更可靠的预制技术具有重大意义。结合典型工程实例,阐述混凝土沉管的预制新技术:移动干坞技术,分部浮态浇注技术,工厂化、全断面节段浇注技术。分别介绍了各预制方法的技术特点、施工工艺、优势及不足。新技术的应用发展和丰富了沉管隧道的设计和施工技术。     

Considerations and strategies behind the design and construction requirements of the Istanbul Strait immersed tunnel

This being a design-build project, the challenge faced during preparations of the Employer’s requirements for design and construction of the Istanbul Strait immersed tunnel was to give the contractor as much freedom as possible and yet specify enough so that the Employer obtained the required facility. When completed, this will be a world-class facility. This paper discusses on a strategic level many of the aspects to be presented by the author in two papers in later sessions of the day. Unusual features of this crossing include the deepest ever immersed tunnel crossing, extra waterproofing requirements, strong currents with bi-directional flow, close proximity of the North Anatolian Fault which is predicted to have a major seismic event during the life of the tunnel, and the method of connecting the adjacent bored tunnels to the immersed tunnel. Safety during tunnel construction and operation has been paramount, and resulted in changes to contract packaging and extra requirements. Other challenges discussed include fish migration, control of an international waterway, environmental issues and ensuring the stability of the soft soils during a seismic event.     

大型沉管隧道混凝土裂缝控制技术

对上海外环沉管隧道这一横断面规模居亚洲第一世界第三的管段结构制作施工技术作了介绍,并着重从大型沉管混凝土裂缝控制技术角度进行了理论和实践的针对性分析。其技术措施及分析方法对类似工程施工有借鉴作用。     

沉管隧道基础注浆效果模拟试验研究

随着城市交通的快速发展,在跨海、跨江等工程中逐渐引入了沉管隧道施工,但也出现了基础不均匀沉降、灌浆不严实等问题。针对海底沉管隧道基础注浆过程,浆液流动特性、注浆充填效果评价等复杂技术问题,以舟山沈家门港海底隧道工程为背景,采用1:10相似模型试验方法系统研究了在设定注浆压力条件下浆液流动特性以及不同垫层粒径、不同垫层坡度和不同淤泥厚度的影响。在此基础上根据相似原理将模型试验结果合理拓展,建立了实际工程条件下基槽灌浆扩散半径、注浆压力与时间的相关关系,以期为沉管隧道工程设计和施工提供依据。     

Sydney Harbour Tunnel—Driven and Cut-and-Cover Tunnels

The paper describes the design and some construction aspects of the land tunnel approaches to the immersed tube crossing of the Sydney Harbour. Discussion is included on tunnel layout, excavation methods and order and method of working, primary and final ground support, concrete structures and filler wall construction. Durability aspects—i.e., groundwater, seepage, cocrete quality and membranes—are also presented. Monitoring results to date are also discussed.     

超大截面沉管隧道预制构件温控试验

港珠澳大桥沉管隧道是我国交通建设史上技术最复杂、标准最高的海中隧道工程,也是当今世界范围内规模最大的海底沉管公路隧道.如何在混凝土沉管隧道管节制作过程中控制温度与裂缝是决定工程质量的关键技术之一.从热传导问题的基本理论出发,讨论了现有国内外混凝土温度控制指标,设计完成了沉管隧道试浇块现场试验以及相关室内试验.试验结果表...     

港珠澳大桥沉管隧道早期应力参数化分析与裂缝控制

根据港珠澳跨海大桥沉管隧道结构抗裂抗渗及耐久性需要,对管节大体积混凝土进行了早期温度-应力有限元仿真分析。据此预测管节在施工中可能出现混凝土表面开裂或出现截面拉裂的最危险时间和最不利位置。计算结果表明,由于高强混凝土的采用以及管壁厚度达1.35 m,裂缝发生和扩展的最危险时段为36-144 h;而管节作为复杂截面其表面应力的分布也复杂化,在截面转角处、受约束较大处是裂缝发生的最危险位置。通过对影响沉管温度应力的不同的材料参数、水化热参数、施工参数、养护参数进行多次反复的有限元参数化分析,探讨了各种参数的影响,并为寻求科学合理的温度控制、裂缝控制解决方案提供理论依据。     

沉管隧道离心模型试验及数值模拟

沉管隧道在开挖及回填过程中基底应力分布特征及其与沉管结构的变形特性分析在隧道工程中占重要地位。通过以港-珠-澳沉管隧道天然地基段某一横断面为研究对象,对整个施工过程进行不同垫层厚度的离心模型试验及有限元计算模拟,揭示沉管隧道天然地基开挖回弹及回填再压缩应力分布及变形特征、沉管结构的应变特征及垫层厚度对其影响,为沉管隧道的施工及地基处理方案设计提供参考。结果表明,开挖卸荷使基底产生拱形分布回弹。回填后基底应力呈马鞍形分布,仅中间部分应力随时间及回淤增加而增大;沉管底板应变呈马鞍形分布,工后应变量变化不大。垫层厚度变薄使基底应力分布匀化效果差,回填再压缩量及工后沉降量变大。     

海底沉管隧道基础注浆扩散规律的试验研究

基础注浆的扩散规律是注浆基础沉管隧道注浆孔设计的重要依据。通过对舟山沈家门海底隧道注浆基础模型试验研究,分别记录了单孔注浆和双孔注浆模式下随注浆试验时间进程的浆液扩散距离和注浆量,分析了注浆浆液扩散距离与时间的关系以及注浆量与时间的关系,总结了注浆扩散的规律。试验结果表明,本文所选用注浆材料和注浆设备在较低注浆压力条件下,扩散半径可达600cm,确保隧道基底空间密实充填,并对注浆孔布置间距提出了建议。其对类似注浆基础沉管隧道工程的注浆扩散半径确定具有借鉴价值。     

大型水下隧道实验技术与系统研发

针对国内水下隧道建设数量日益增多与技术难度越来越大的现状,在对国内外文献、实验水池及相关实验研究广泛调研的基础上,提出了水下隧道实验系统的功能要求,并对大型水下隧道实验技术与系统进行了全面的研究与设计。利用该实验系统,沉管、盾构、钻爆、悬浮等各种工法水下隧道模型实验均可开展,填补了目前国内实验水池只能进行沉管、悬浮工法模型实验的不足,可为解决国家重大、难点水下隧道工程的建设和行业内的主要技术瓶颈提供技术支撑和服务。     

Immersed steel tube tunnels: An American experience

The idea of immersing a prefabricated tube tunnel was first put into practice in the United States in 1896, for a water oine crossing Boston Harbor. Over the past century, immersed tube technology has continued to evolve in the U.S. After introducing and discussing advantages and disadvantages of immersed tube tunnels, the paper describes the development of basic advances in the design and construction of immersed tube tunnels within the last 60 years in the United States. Design and construction features of selected major projects also are described.     

Design and construction of North America''s largest unbraced cofferdam

In Boston, Massachusetts (U.S.A.), a new immersed tube tunnel has recently been built. Adjacent to this tunnel, a subsurface ventilation building is planned. To allow construction of this ventilation building, a temporary cofferdam has been designed and built. The paper describes this cofferdam, the many load cases, the effects of the different soil layers, and its construction method.     

超深埋海底沉管隧道接头防水设计探讨

对建设中的港珠澳大桥工程岛隧标段中的沉管隧道工程作了详细介绍,并针对超深埋海底沉管隧道的管节接头与节段接头防水设计所遇到的一系列问题进行了深入探讨,重点阐述了GINA止水带、OMEGA止水带、中埋式可注浆止水带的防水技术。     

Challenges and strategies involved in designing and constructing a 6 km immersed tunnel: A case study of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge

A 6 km immersed tunnel of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge (HZMB) has been designed and funded. Once completed in 2016, the HZMB Tunnel will break the record of the 5.8 km BART Tunnel in the United States, although it will soon be overtaken by the ∼20 km Fehmarn Tunnel between Denmark and Germany that is to be completed in 2020. Construction of the HZMB Tunnel was started in 2011 and more than ten elements thus far have been installed on the site. This paper presents details about the challenges and solutions for the design and construction of the HZMB Tunnel on a strategic level. Special features of the HZMB Tunnel include a long length of 6 km, a deep water depth of almost 45 m, and a thick backfill of 23 m. Challenges include severe marine environment, strict requirements for waterproofing, construction of sections connecting the tunnel with artificial islands, and tunnel stability after future excavation of fairway trenches. Moreover, the HZMB Tunnel is challenged by possible sand liquefaction in seismic events, conservation of white Chinese dolphin, and waterway dispersion during construction. Details about the strategies are given in order to improve the immersed tunnel design and construction methods.     

高性能双钢板混凝土结构研究与应用

钢板混凝土结构是继钢 混凝土组合梁和钢管混凝土柱之后又一项重要的组合结构形式,其主要适用于墙、板、壳等构件,具有灵活的构造形式、良好的综合性能优势及广泛的应用价值。简述了近年来双钢板混凝土组合结构的主要研究进展与工程应用情况,重点关注其在建筑剪力墙结构、沉管隧道、大跨桥梁桥塔和防护结构中的应用,分别介绍了多种钢板混凝土剪力墙结构、隔舱式钢板混凝土沉管隧道结构、钢板混凝土桥塔结构、钢板混凝土组合防冰墙结构的特点与优势、理论和试验研究成果及其在典型工程中的应用情况。相关研究和应用较为充分地论证和展示了双钢板混凝土结构在受力性能、使用功能和施工建造等方面的优势,揭示了多种类型钢板混凝土结构的面内外受力机理和破坏模式,并建立了钢板与混凝土界面连接、构件承载力和刚度等的设计方法。并对钢板混凝土结构在核电工程模块化建造、隧道工程衬砌、海洋平台等其他领域的应用前景及其在理论和实践方面仍需深入研究的问题进行了展望。     

超长沉管隧道纵向地震响应频域分析方法

中国目前还没有专门的沉管隧道抗震规范,且以往的地震响应分析方法考虑的因素不够全面,比如通常忽略隧道惯性的影响、不能考虑复杂地基条件、不能考虑沉管底部非一致地震激励以及不能考虑土体动刚度系数和阻尼系数的外部激励频率相关性等。基于此考虑,在借鉴日本水下隧道抗震设计规范所推荐方法(响应位移法)的基础上,利用Winkler地基梁理论和快速Fourier变换技术,建立了动力Winkler地基梁频域分析方法。最后,分别采用响应位移法和本文所提之分析方法对港珠澳大桥海底沉管隧道工程进行了纵向地震响应计算,对两种计算方法作了讨论和评价,并提出了一些对港珠澳沉管隧道工程抗震设计具有参考价值的结论和建议。     

Research and application of high-performance double steel-plate reinforced concrete structures

钢板混凝土结构是继钢 混凝土组合梁和钢管混凝土柱之后又一项重要的组合结构形式，其主要适用于墙、板、壳等构件，具有灵活的构造形式、良好的综合性能优势及广泛的应用价值。简述了近年来双钢板混凝土组合结构的主要研究进展与工程应用情况，重点关注其在建筑剪力墙结构、沉管隧道、大跨桥梁桥塔和防护结构中的应用，分别介绍了多种钢板混凝土剪力墙结构、隔舱式钢板混凝土沉管隧道结构、钢板混凝土桥塔结构、钢板混凝土组合防冰墙结构的特点与优势、理论和试验研究成果及其在典型工程中的应用情况。相关研究和应用较为充分地论证和展示了双钢板混凝土结构在受力性能、使用功能和施工建造等方面的优势，揭示了多种类型钢板混凝土结构的面内外受力机理和破坏模式，并建立了钢板与混凝土界面连接、构件承载力和刚度等的设计方法。并对钢板混凝土结构在核电工程模块化建造、隧道工程衬砌、海洋平台等其他领域的应用前景及其在理论和实践方面仍需深入研究的问题进行了展望。     

沉管隧道岸边堆砂影响分析

针对某过江沉管隧道岸边堆砂的情况,采用三维软件进行数值模拟分析,讨论了运营期岸边堆砂大小以及堆砂位置等不同工况下,对沉管隧道结构受力产生的不同程度的影响,并参考沉管隧道运营期相关变形控制标准,对不同堆砂工况下的隧道安全性进行了评价,并给出了建议。