红土镍矿真空碳热还原脱镁的热力学研究

高镁低品位红土镍矿开发利用的关键在于提取镍的同时,重视金属镁等金属的综合回收利用。本文从热力学角度针对真空碳热还原红土镍矿脱除金属镁的过程进行了分析及能耗估算,探索处理红土镍矿的新工艺的热力学可行性。热力学计算表明,真空碳热还原红土镍矿脱除金属镁是可行的。当体系压强100Pa左右的条件下,MgO被还原的温度大于1478K,Ni、Fe以及部分硅将优先被还原为金属;过程能耗理论估算表明:当红土镍矿∶煤炭(质量比)=100∶42,1600K~1800K条件下还原处理1吨红土镍矿,需消耗1.12吨~1.17吨标准煤。     

红土镍矿脱水机理及还原过程动力学

研究红土镍矿的脱水机理及还原过程动力学。结果表明,红土镍矿在升温过程中主要进行自由水的脱除、针铁矿的分解、高岭石及蛇纹石的脱羟基反应和蛇纹石类矿物的第二段脱羟基反应;红土镍矿还原过程可分为3个阶段,第一阶段的控速环节是化学反应,预焙烧和未焙烧红土镍矿的活化能分别为90.21和63.12 kJ/mol;第二阶段和第三阶段控速环节是扩散,红土镍矿的活化能逐渐增大。     

低品位红土镍矿预焙烧-碱浸过程中硅的转化和浸出动力学（英文）

研究低品位红土镍矿预焙烧过程矿相的转化和碱浸过程硅的提取。结果表明,红土镍矿经650°C预焙烧2 h,由于利蛇纹石转化为镁橄榄石和原顽辉石使得矿物的活性显著提高,当磨细矿样(44~61μm)经预焙烧后,与氢氧化钠溶液(60 g/L)按照1:5的固液比混合在140°C浸出120 min,硅的提取率可达到89.89%,镁、铁、镍等有价元素在固体渣中得到富集。红土镍矿的浸出动力学可由扩散通过产物层控制模型来描述,计算得到过程的活化能为11.63 k J/mol,动力学方程为1-3(1-x)~(2/3)+2(1-x)=13.53×10~(-2)exp[-11.63/(RT)]t。     

红土镍矿的硫酸铵焙烧过程EI北大核心CSCD

针对传统硫酸化焙烧红土镍矿能耗高、设备腐蚀大等缺点,采用硫酸铵焙烧-水浸处理红土镍矿的工艺;考察硫酸铵焙烧过程中焙烧剂硫酸铵用量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间对有价金属回收率的影响,并对红土镍矿硫酸铵焙烧热力学进行分析。结果表明:在矿料与硫酸铵质量比4:3、焙烧温度400℃、焙烧时间90 min的工艺条件下,红土镍矿中Ni、Co、Mn的回收率分别达到90.8%、85.41%和86.74%,而Fe的回收率仅为9.98%,达到选择性提取有价金属的效果。升高温度有利于蛇纹石相与硫酸铵的反应,抑制镁铁矿石的反应,从而抑制该部分Fe的硫酸化。经适当条件焙烧后,目标金属以硫酸盐形式进入水相,而Fe主要以不溶于水的形式存在。     

红土镍矿的硫酸铵焙烧过程

针对传统硫酸化焙烧红土镍矿能耗高、设备腐蚀大等缺点,采用硫酸铵焙烧-水浸处理红土镍矿的工艺;考察硫酸铵焙烧过程中焙烧剂硫酸铵用量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间对有价金属回收率的影响,并对红土镍矿硫酸铵焙烧热力学进行分析。结果表明:在矿料与硫酸铵质量比4:3、焙烧温度400℃、焙烧时间90 min的工艺条件下,红土镍矿中Ni、Co、Mn的回收率分别达到90.8%、85.41%和86.74%,而Fe的回收率仅为9.98%,达到选择性提取有价金属的效果。升高温度有利于蛇纹石相与硫酸铵的反应,抑制镁铁矿石的反应,从而抑制该部分Fe的硫酸化。经适当条件焙烧后,目标金属以硫酸盐形式进入水相,而Fe主要以不溶于水的形式存在。     

耐高温硅/铝复合气凝胶的制备和表征（英文）

以仲丁醇铝和少量正硅酸乙酯为源,采用溶胶凝胶过程,经过部分水解的仲丁醇铝和正硅酸乙酯修饰以及乙醇超临界干燥技术,制备出了耐高温硅铝复合气凝胶。在老化和替换过程中,湿凝胶保持了良好的成型性,没有出现开裂和收缩现象。经过1200℃高温处理后,该气凝胶具有线性收缩小,比表面积大等特征。实验表明,引入的正硅酸乙酯可以在铝表面产生微小的颗粒,有效的抑制了高温下气凝胶晶相的改变。优异的成型性和耐温性能,使得硅铝复合气凝胶在高温、催化等领域具有潜在的应用前景。     

C纤维增强镁基复合材料热成形微观组织模型

以C纤维增强镁基复合材料在高温变形过程中的物理机制为基础,建立了C纤维增强镁基复合材料高温变形时以Yada模型为基础的微观组织模型。将该微观组织模型应用于镁基复合材料的高温变形,编写C++程序求解,根据实验数据对模型进行回归,确定高温状态及半固态下微观组织模型中的特征参数值。C纤维增强镁基复合材料的热模拟实验结果和定量金相实验结果证实,初生α相晶粒尺寸的样本数据的平均相对误差为6.89%,非样本数据的平均相对误差为7.08%。模型预测精度较高,能较好地描述镁基复合材料高温塑性变形时的微观组织演变行为。     

某印尼低品位红土镍矿的微观结构及晶体化学(英文)

为深入研究红土镍矿的镍富集原理,利用电子显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析以及电子探针微区分析对含镍0.97%的某印尼低品位红土镍矿的工艺矿物学进行研究,以了解镍钴有价金属的分布及赋存状态。实验表明:该矿样主要矿物为针铁矿(含量约为80%),镍含量约为0.87%;含镍、铁、镁的结晶水硅酸盐矿物((Mg,Fe,Ni)2SiO4)的含量约为15%,如利蛇纹石((Fe,Ni,Al)O(OH))和橄榄石((Mg,Fe,Ni)3Si2O5(OH))等,镍含量约在1.19%左右;其它含量较低的物相为赤铁矿、磁赤铁矿、铬铁矿和石英等,这些矿物的镍含量极低。钴土矿是含钴矿物,分析发现该矿物往往有较高的镍和钴含量。微观检测发现:红土镍矿微观结构复杂,不同矿物之间共生普遍,主要矿物的微观结构松散,因而传统选矿方式很难实现镍的富集。     

氢气作用下硅镁型红土镍矿的低温还原特性

以含镍0.82%、含铁9.67%的某硅镁型红土镍矿为原料开展氢气低温还原实验研究,考察还原温度、还原时间、氢气浓度及矿物粒度对镍、铁金属化率的影响。结果表明:在还原温度为600℃、还原时间90 min及氢气浓度为60%(体积分数)的条件下,红土镍矿中镍、铁金属化率分别达到95%和42%。当矿物粒度小于380μm时,矿物粒径对镍、铁金属化率的影响并不明显。随着还原温度的升高,镍铁合金([Fe,Ni])的衍射峰呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,在600℃时达到最大。且随着温度的进一步升高,无定型含镁硅酸盐重结晶生成镁橄榄石相,阻碍镍、铁的还原。通过氢气低温还原,矿物中的氧化镍几乎完全还原,部分铁被还原为金属铁与镍形成了镍铁合金,大部分的铁被还原为铁的低价氧化物。     

Sip／Al复合材料中的界面和硅相形貌的演变

采用金相显微镜、透射电子显微镜和高分辨电镜等手段,研究不同高温真空热处理工艺条件下,高体积分数Sip/Al复合材料(ψ(Si)=65%)中硅铝界面特征与硅相形貌的演变过程.结果表明:热处理过程中硅相形貌演变为尖角钝化的颗粒状、球化的孤岛颗粒状和兰维网络结构状.基于扩散理论将硅相形貌的演变分为3个阶段:不规则形状硅颗粒的尖角逐渐溶解到铝合金中,发生颗粒的钝化现象:较小硅颗粒周围逐渐溶解在铝合金中的硅在浓度梯度的作用下,通过扩散逐渐在较大硅颗粒周围析出并长大;长大的硅颗粒互相接触联结,形成嘲状结构.铸态Sip//Al复合材料中Si-Al界面平直,干净,无析出物,同时存在大量位错:高温热处理后的Si-Al界面变得圆滑,界面附近有细小的硅相析出物存在,几乎不存在位错.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

The Mirror with Patterns of Auspicious Animals and Grapes——Exquisite cast mirror and the technology of surface tin-enrichment by rubbing-in and infiltration of tin-rich powder

<正>Bronze mirrors were used by the Chinese people before the introduction of the glass mirror.Only after it was replaced by the glass mirror did the bronze mirror gradually retreat from people's lives.Different styles of bronze mirrors were made in different historical periods,particularly in the Warring States Period,the Han and Tang Dynasties,which were the three peaks of the development of bronze mirror arts in ancient China.The casting techniques were exquisite.The surface of the bronze mirror was smooth and bright enough to reflect one's image,and there were scarcely any casting defects on the mirror surface.On the back of the bronze mirror,there were rich depictions of Arts and Humanities,and the ornamentations were also     

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress & Exhibition

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress ＆ Exhibition was held on July 22-24, 2014 at Shanghai New International Expc Centre. This exhibition was the most successful over the years, with over 6890 visitors and 155 exhibitors, and the exhibition area increased by 30% from 9,500 square meters in 2012 to 12340 square meters. Die casting enterprises from a total of 24 countries and regions, including China mainland, Chinese Taiwan and Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Germany, India, Thailand, Malaysia, the United States, Russia, Australia, Iran, Ukraine, Brazil, Colombia, Singapore, Austria, Canada, Croatia, France, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vietnam, attended the congress and exhibition.     

Introduction of the Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology

正The Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology was set up in 1996.The researches of institute concentrate on electro-hydraulic(pneumatic)servo/proportional control and hydromechatronics.The Institute is committed to research and development of electro-hydraulic control of high-end technical equipment in ferrous metallurgy refining produc-     

RARE METALS Volume Contents

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Antimony Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

Antimony induced crystallization of PVD (physics vapor deposition) amorphous silicon can be observed on sapphire substrates. Very large crystalline regions up to several tens of micrometers can be formed. The Si diffraction patterns of the area of crystallization can be observed with TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Only a few and much smaller crystals of the order of 1μm were formed when the antimony layer was deposited by MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) compared with a layer formed by thermal evaporation. The use of high vacuum is essential in order to observe any Sb induced crystallization at all. In addition it is necessary to take measures to limit the evaporation of the antimony.     

A CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE RULE UNDER THE ALTERNATIVE OF CORROSION OR CYCLIC LOADING

Fatigue damage increases with the applied loading cycles in a cumulative manner and the material deteriorates with the corrosion time. A cumulative fatigue damage rule under the alternative of corrosion or cyclic loading was proposed. The specimens of aluminum alloy LY12-CZ soaked in corrosive liquid for different times were tested under the constant amplitude cyclic loading to obtain S-N curves. The test was carried out to verify the proposed cumulative fatigue damage rule under the different combinations among corrosion time, loading level, and the cycle numbers. It was shown that the predicted residual fatigue lives showed a good agreement with the experimental results and the proposed rule was simple and can be easily adopted.