Catalytic coupling boosting efficient production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose

As a novel green chemical building block, it is of significance to increase the productivity of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) derived from hexoses. In our work, a catalytic system efficiently converting glucose to HMF was designed, which is guided by catalytic coupling at multiple length scales. A catalyst from the sulfonated and carbonized glucose with aluminum loading containing Lewis and Brønsted acidic sites, along with tetrahydrofuran/H₂O-NaCl featuring low boiling point and biphasic solvent, was introduced to the catalytic conversion of glucose. Not only the HMF yield of 75% from glucose was achieved at 140°C for 8 h but also the purity of HMF went up to 93% by facile separation and evaporation. In the reuse of the catalysts, the selectivity of HMF was basically maintained at 81% with the conversion of glucose decreasing by ca. 20% after five runs.     

竹材催化转化制备5-羟甲基糠醛的研究进展

5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)是一种重要的平台化合物,是制取生物液体燃料和其它许多重要精细化工品的前驱体,由生物质制备HMF是生物质资源综合利用的研究热点之一。竹子具有生长快、成材周期短、产量高、一次种植即可连年持续利用的优点,而且竹材中含有大量的纤维素,纤维素水解可以转化得到葡萄糖,而葡萄糖经脱水反应可以制备HMF。因此,以竹材为原料催化转化制备HMF具有原料资源丰富和技术路线绿色可行的优势。为了实现竹材到HMF的高效转化,催化体系的设计和选择是关键因素。本文对近年来利用竹材催化转化制备HMF的研究进行了综述,主要从竹材的原料组成及特性出发,首先对竹材的化学组成和微观结构进行分析,再进一步阐述催化转化机理。特别是对均相催化剂、非均相催化剂和其他催化剂等不同催化剂类型对催化竹材转化制备HMF的影响机制进行了详细分析,同时也对溶剂体系的选择进行了探讨。最后,结合发展趋势,指出了其未来发展方向,为竹材制备HMF技术的发展与工业应用探索提供建设性意见。     

葡萄糖异构化研究进展

作为同分异构体的葡萄糖和果糖均可转化生成5-羟甲基糠醛和乙酰丙酸等重要平台化合物。与葡萄糖相比,果糖即使在无催化剂作用下也可进行反应,故葡萄糖异构为果糖的研究具有重要意义。葡萄糖异构方法主要有生物酶法、化学异构法和其他新技术。现阶段国内外研究热点主要集中于高效酶、催化剂的合成和催化体系的优化,建议加强酶结构变化和酶学性质变化及葡萄糖异构的反应机理和动力学模型的研究,从而有效指导合成高效的葡萄糖异构化酶和催化剂,并对反应体系进行优化。     

Dehydration of Glucose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Using Combined Catalysts in Ionic Liquid by Microwave Heating

The dehydration of glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was catalyzed by NKC-9 (a macroporous sulfonated polystyrene ion-exchange resin) combined with metal oxides (TiO₂, ZrO₂, Al₂O₃ calcined at different temperatures). In the combined catalytic system, Al₂O₃ calcined at 550°C exhibited excellent catalytic activity, when the dosage of NKC-9 was kept constant. Four parameters (catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, reaction time, and initial glucose amount) were optimized by employing response surface methodology (RSM), with HMF yield as the response parameter. The maximum HMF yield of 62.09% was obtained at catalyst 0.07 g, temperature 140°C, time 20 min, and glucose 0.01 g. The catalytic activity of the binary catalyst (NKC-9 and Al₂O₃) for the conversion of glucose into HMF did not show significant decrease after five-times uses at 140°C for 20 min.     

Catalytic dehydration of glucose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural with a bifunctional metal‐organic framework

Glucose conversion to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) generally undergoes catalytic isomerization reaction by Lewis acids followed by the catalytical dehydration to HMF with Brönsted acid. In this work, a sulfonic acid functionalized metal‐organic framework MIL‐101(Cr)‐SO₃H containing both Lewis acid and Brönsted acid sites, was examined as the catalyst for γ‐valerolactone‐mediated cascade reaction of glucose dehydration into HMF. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the batch heterogeneous reaction gave a HMF yield of 44.9% and selectivity of 45.8%. Reaction kinetics suggested that the glucose isomerization in GVL with 10 wt % water follows the second‐order kinetics with an apparent activation energy of 100.9 kJ mol^?1. Continuous reaction in the fixed‐bed reactor showed that the catalyst is highly stable and able to provide a steady HMF yield. This work presents a sustainable and green process for catalytic dehydration of biomass‐derived carbohydrate to HMF with a bifunctional metal‐organic framework. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 4403–4417, 2016     

Catalytic production of hydroxymethylfurfural from sucrose using 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid

Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is an important chemical intermediate, but it has not been widely used because of low yields and high production costs. Sucrose is available at lower costs than other sugars and thus could be a biomass-derived abundant source for HMF production. In this study, a catalytic process for efficiently producing HMF from sucrose was scrutinized using 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride ([MOIM]Cl) as a reaction solvent, and HCl and metal chlorides (CrCl₂ and Zncl₂) as a catalyst. The rate of sucrose hydrolysis was relatively much faster in the reactions with HCl than without it. The hydrolysis of sucrose to fructose and glucose was affected by its reaction time. The mixed solvent of 50% [MOIM]Cl and 50% sucrose solution with HCl was more effective in HMF synthesis than single solvent alone. The addition of ZnCl₂ and CrCl₂ increased HMF yields by approximately 1.2–1.8-fold and its higher yield was found in the latter. The highest yield (82.0±3.9 wt%) in HMF production was achieved in the reaction mixture containing 5 g [MOIM]Cl and 5 mL of 20% sucrose solution with 0.5M HCl plus CrCl₂ at 30 min reaction time. However, 0.3 M HCl was more effective for the HMF productivity than 0.5 M HCl.     

SnO2/Fe2O3-rGO三元复合材料催化葡萄糖脱水制备5-羟甲基糠醛

采用水热晶化法制备SnO2/Fe2O3-rGO三元复合材料固体型催化剂,以葡萄糖为原料,SnO2/Fe2O3-rGO为催化剂,在[BMIM]Br环境下催化葡萄糖脱水制备5-羟基甲糠醛(HMF)。考察催化剂制备条件及催化制备5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)的工艺参数如:催化剂制备的晶化温度、不同金属原料配比、以及不同溶剂对(HMF)产率的影响等。实验结果表明,在200℃下,n(FeCl3·6H2O)∶n(SnCl2·2H2O)=1∶3,恒温4 h,制备的催化剂SnO2/Fe2O3-rGO在[BMIM]Br离子液体中对葡萄糖脱水制备HMF所得葡萄糖转化率为99%,产率为56%。     

金属离子催化葡萄糖异构化和脱水反应特性研究

以金属氯化物为催化剂,研究金属离子对葡萄糖异构化和脱水反应的催化特性。考察金属离子种类、用量和温度对反应过程的影响,用动力学模型拟合实验数据,定量分析金属离子的催化规律。葡萄糖脱水制备HMF的反应是一个串联反应,基于此机理构建的动力学模型能准确描述各组分浓度随时间的变化。Ni²⁺、Cr³⁺和Sn⁴⁺具有良好的催化活性,但3种金属离子呈现不同的催化特性。Sn⁴⁺的葡萄糖转化速率最快,Ni²⁺最慢,但Sn⁴⁺的副反应速率常数是Ni²⁺的约20倍。实验范围内,增加Ni²⁺用量,葡萄糖异构化和副反应速率加快,但对果糖脱水过程没有催化活性。增加Cr³⁺用量能显著提升葡萄糖异构化速率,对其它反应影响不大。随着Sn⁴⁺用量的增大,各步反应速率均加快,但整个反应过程中的副反应的严重程度有所降低。反应速率常数随温度的变化规律遵循Arrhenius模型,对Ni²⁺而言...     

5-羟甲基糠醛无碱有氧氧化合成2,5-呋喃二甲酸负载型贵金属催化剂的研究进展

将生物质平台分子5-羟甲基糠醛（5-hydroxymethylfurfural,HMF）高效、绿色地催化转化为更高附加值的2,5-呋喃二甲酸（2,5-furandicarboxylic acid,FDCA）已经成为目前生物质能源转化领域的研究热点。碱性载体负载贵金属催化剂用于HMF无碱氧化为FDCA已经得到广泛研究,并取得了一系列成果。本文综述了水滑石、羟基磷灰石、碳材料、金属氧化物等不同载体负载的贵金属催化剂用于HMF无碱氧化为FDCA的最新进展,详细介绍了各类催化剂的结构性质、催化反应参数及催化活性,重点讨论了催化剂与催化反应的构效关系及催化反应机理等研究工作。最后,指出了今后在HMF转化为FDCA的研究工作中负载型贵金属催化剂的设计开发及机理探究等方面的努力方向。     

非贵金属催化5-羟甲基糠醛选择氧化的研究进展

5-羟甲基糠醛（HMF）作为一种连接生物质资源和精细化学品工业的多功能平台化合物,因含有醛基、羟甲基而具有非常活泼的化学性质。HMF催化选择氧化在生物质转化过程中具有十分重要的意义,近年来受到研究者们的广泛关注。其氧化产物如2,5-呋喃二甲醛（DFF）和2,5-呋喃二甲酸（FDCA）都是具有高附加值的精细化学品,可用于抗菌剂、医药中间体、合成聚酯等方面。非贵金属催化剂因具备低成本、资源丰富以及环境友好的优势,用于HMF选择氧化的相关报道已逐渐增多。阐述了HMF选择氧化的催化反应机理,着重从非贵金属催化剂的角度出发,对近年来HMF的不同催化氧化体系进行了总结和归纳。最后,展望了HMF选择氧化的研究前景,为构建绿色、高效的催化体系提供思路和参考。     

Mechanisms and Energetics for Br?nsted Acid-Catalyzed Glucose Condensation, Dehydration and Isomerization Reactions

The mechanisms and energetics for Br?nsted acid-catalyzed glucose condensation, dehydration and isomerization reactions were discussed based on our earlier CPMD?CMTD simulation results. Glucose condensation reaction is initiated by the protonation of C1?COH, whereas both dehydration and isomerization reactions are initiated by the protonation of C2?COH to form a common 5-member ring intermediate. Glucose dehydration to form HMF occurs via the direct cyclic mechanism, rather than via the open chain mechanism converting glucose to fructose then to HMF. Fructose is formed via a 1,2 hydride shift process following the formation of 5-member ring intermediate. The barriers for Br?nsted acid-catalyzed glucose reactions are largely solvent induced due to the competition for proton from the solvent molecules.     

过渡金属催化5-羟甲基糠醛合成2,5-呋喃二甲酸研究进展

随着绿色合成理念的不断提升,以具有高催化活性、高稳定性及价格低廉等优势的过渡金属催化剂代替强氧化剂和贵金属催化剂催化氧化5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)制备精细化学品,逐渐成为研究者关注的焦点。本文综述了近年来廉价过渡金属基催化剂用于催化HMF氧化制备2,5-呋喃二甲酸(FDCA)的相关研究,对该领域的最新研究进行了叙述,重点介绍了锰基、铜基、铁/钴基、镍基及其他催化体系在HMF氧化反应中的应用,主要包括锰基金属氧化物、CuCl_(2)催化体系、Fe_(3)O_(4)-CoO_(x)的磁性催化体系等。此外,在介绍上述催化剂的基础上,还对廉价过渡金属基催化剂催化HMF氧化制备FDCA的发展前景进行了展望。     

5-羟甲基糠醛催化氢化制备2,5-呋喃二甲醇的研究进展

2,5-呋喃二甲醇（BHMF）在合成树脂、药物等方面具有重要应用。随着化石资源的日益缩减,由可再生的生物质基平台分子5-羟甲基糠醛（HMF）催化制备BHMF引起人们的广泛关注。本文在总结了HMF及BHMF物化性质的基础上,介绍了HMF在分子氢、醇类、甲酸3种不同的氢供体中催化加氢制备BHMF的研究近况,总结了贵金属、非贵金属、双金属或多金属协同催化体系在该加氢反应中的应用进展,同时分析了反应过程中温度、时间、催化剂载体、反应溶剂种类及酸值等因素对HMF转化率及BHMF得率的影响。最后对HMF催化转化制备BHMF的研究前景进行了总结和展望,提出了使用醇类代替氢气作为氢供体,开发非贵金属及金属协同催化体系将是该选择性氢化反应的重要研究方向之一。     

Direct conversion of cellulose to glucose and valuable intermediates in mild reaction conditions over solid acid catalysts

The direct hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose, HMF and other soluble by-products at 190 °C in water solution using zeolites (H-BEA, H-MOR), sulphated zirconia supported over mesoporous silica (SBA-15), Amberlyst^®15, heteropolyacids and AlCl₃·6H₂O as acid catalysts was studied using a high cellulose to catalyst ratio (10), not-pretreated (neither mechanically nor chemically) cellulose and a static (not mixed) autoclave. Under these conditions, not usually considered, but relevant for industrial applications, micro and mesoporous solid acid catalysts are active in the direct hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose, HMF and other soluble by-products. The reactivity in crystalline cellulose conversion is determined on one side from the need to realize an efficient solid-solid interaction between the external surface of the catalyst and the crystalline cellulose, and on the other side on the need to limit the secondary reactions of the formed products. Microporous materials, due to the presence of shape-selectivity effects limiting the polymerization of glucose to humic-type species show the highest formation of glucose and HMF with respect to the sulphated zirconia supported over mesoporous silica (SBA-15) and homogeneous heteropoly acids.     

Absence of expected side-reactions in the dehydration reaction of fructose to HMF in water over niobic acid catalyst

The catalytic dehydration of fructose (FRU) to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) usually runs with the formation of several side products. Among these, levulinic acid (LA) is often reported as the product of a consecutive reaction of HMF re-hydration. In this work, side reactions of the dehydration of FRU performed in very green conditions (water as solvent and niobic acid as solid catalyst) are taken into account. Experimental evidences are given that, in the used conditions: i) HMF is a final stable product, ii) no formation of LA, either deriving from a consecutive reaction of HMF or directly from FRU transformation, was observed, and iii) LA does not react to give condensation products with any other chemical species present in the reaction mixture.     

One-pot synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose over zirconium doped mesoporous KIT-6

Zirconium doped mesoporous KIT-6 samples with different Si/Zr ratios were synthesized by the direct hydrothermal method. Various characterization techniques confirm that highly distributed ZrO₂ nanoparticles and multi-coordinated Zr⁴⁺ species are incorporated in the mesoporous composites. One-pot synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfura(HMF) from glucose was examined in the presence of Zr-KIT-6(20) the molar ratio of Si to Zr is 20 under aqueous system. The effects of temperature, reaction time, catalyst dosage and biphasic solvent system on the conversion of glucose and the HMF yield were investigated. It was found that the glucose conversion and the HMF yield have been improved from 54.8% to 79.0% and from 19.5% to 34.5% in the biphasic MIBK-water system, respectively. Both the acidity of Zr-KIT-6(20) and the biphasic MIBK-water system are responsible for the improved performance of glucose dehydration to HMF.     

Selective transformation of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural into 2,5-dihydroxymethylfuran via catalytic transfer hydrogenation over magnetic zirconium hydroxides

An economical and effective approach for the selective transformation of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into 2,5-dihydroxymethylfuran (DHMF) was developed by catalytic transfer hydrogenation over various magnetic zirconium hydroxides (MZHs). As expected, MZH with a moderate Zr/Fe molar ratio of 2 displayed the highest catalytic activity, resulting in 98.4% HMF conversion and 89.6% DHMF yield at 150 °C for 5 h in the presence of 2-butanol that simultaneously acted as the hydrogen donor and reaction solvent, which was ascribed to its appropriate specific surface area, pore size and acid-base content. Moreover, a plausible reaction mechanism for the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of HMF into DHMF over MHZ(Zr/Fe=2) was also proposed, in which the basic hydroxyl groups with the aid of acidic zirconium metal centers were considered to be responsible for the pivotal hydride transfer via a six-membered ring structure.     

L酸/B酸可调的磺酸功能化MIL-101(Cr)材料催化葡萄糖脱水 制备5-羟甲基糠醛

以九水合硝酸铬和单磺酸钠对苯二甲酸为原料,水为溶剂,采用水热法合成系列磺酸功能化MIL-101（Cr）,通过调节反应温度和时间,合成不同Lewis/Brönsted催化位点比例的磺酸功能化MIL-101（Cr）,采用PXRD、EDX、SEM、ICP-AAS及BET比表面积分析等技术对材料进行综合表征,并研究磺酸功能化MIL-101（Cr）催化葡萄糖脱水制备5-羟甲基糠醛的催化活性。催化反应动力学研究结果表明,MIL-101（Cr）-SO₃H中的Cr（Ⅲ）作为葡萄糖异构化反应的Lewis酸位点,－SO₃H作为果糖脱水反应的Brönsted酸催化位点,当催化剂的Brönsted酸和Lewis酸的摩尔比为1.1时,150℃下反应,5-羟甲基糠醛的选择性最高可以达到47.15%,5-羟甲基糠醛的产率最高达到46.0%。     

Efficient Catalytic Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5‐Furandicarboxylic Acid by Magnetic Laccase Catalyst

2,5‐Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a bio‐based platform chemical for the production of polyethylene furanoate (PEF) and other valuable furanic chemicals. A magnetic laccase catalyst with (2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐piperidin‐1‐yl)oxyl (TEMPO) as the mediator has the remarkable capability of oxidizing 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). Under optimal reaction conditions, a quantitative yield (90.2 %) of FDCA with complete HMF conversion was obtained after 96 h of reaction. More importantly, the magnetic laccase catalyst exhibited good recyclability and stability, maintaining 84.8 % of its original activity following six reuse cycles. This is the first report on the efficient catalytic oxidation of HMF to FDCA by using an immobilized enzyme catalyst.     

A novel route for green conversion of cellulose to HMF by cascading enzymatic and chemical reactions

In this work, a novel route to deconstruct cellulose into 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by cascading enzymatic and chemical reactions is reported. For biocatalyst preparation, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles encapsulated SBA‐15 with appropriate pore size was synthesized and utilized as magnetic scaffolds for the immobilization of cellulase. For chemical catalyst preparation, sulfated zirconium dioxide conformed monolayers were grafted on SBA‐15 template to create thermally robust mesoporous catalysts with tunable solid basic/Lewis acid and Brønsted acid sites. Catalytic performance of biocatalyst and chemical catalyst was explored in the aqueous phase conversion of IL pretreated cellulose to glucose, and in the iPrOH/water solvent conversion of glucose to HMF conversion, respectively. After the optimization of reaction conditions, a sequential conversion of pretreated cellulose to glucose and glucose to HMF was performed, and 43.6% HMF yield can be obtained. The cascaded enzymatic and chemocatalytic reaction system demonstrates an effective and economically friendly process for biomass energy conservation. A novel route for green conversion of IL pretreated cellulose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by cascading an enzymatic catalysis in an aqueous system with chemocatalysis in an iPrOH/water solvent mixture is reported. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2017