Enzymatic Biofuel Cells Based on Three-Dimensional Conducting Electrode Matrices

Enzymatic biofuel cells can use a variety of fuels such as glucose and ethanol, and they have the potential to power portable devices. This article summarizes recent advances made in the use of three-dimensional conducting materials as electrode matrices of enzymatic biofuel cells from the point of view of the current density and the power density.     

酶法生物燃料电池的研究进展

酶法生物燃料电池对能量转换有许多积极的贡献,包括可更新的催化剂、燃料的多样性及室温下的操作能力,但是酶法生物燃料电池仍然被许多条件限制。文章综述了生物燃料电池的研究进展,并着重介绍了酶生物燃料电池的进展状况,提出了酶法生物燃料电池有效发展的限制性因素,找到了一种有效解决三维电极结构的方法。     

Nanobiocatalysis in Organic Media: Opportunities for Enzymes in Nanostructures

In this review, we emphasized the importance of enzymatic processes in organic media, summarized recent advances of nanobiocatalysts with high activities in organic media, and proposed three general principles for designing nanobiocatalysis therein: facilitated substrate transport, retention of protein structure, and highly dispersed catalyst forms.     

Nanobioelectrocatalysis and Its Applications in Biosensors, Biofuel Cells and Bioprocessing

This review details the use of nanomaterials to improve bioelectrocatalysis for biosensor and biological fuel cell applications. Different types of bioelectrocatalysts are described as well as different types of nanomaterials for improving the rate of bioelectrocatalysis, as well as the active surface area of the electrodes.     

Photovoltaic Study of Photoelectrochemical Biofuel Cells Sensitized by Porphyrin Derivatives with Different Substituents

Two porphyrin derivatives with different substituents were investigated as dyes for the titanium dioxide (TiO₂) film electrode to construct new two-compartment photoelectrochemical biofuel cells (PEBFCs). The two porphyrin derivatives were tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) and meso-tetra(p-hydroxyphenyl)porphine (THPP). To determine how cell performance was affected by the dye with different substituents, we analyzed the photochemical and photoelectrochemical properties of the two dyes by physical characterization and photoelectrochemical experiments. The UV–Vis absorption spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectra indicated that the interactions between the dye and TiO₂ decreased in the order of TCPP > THPP, which was also in accord with the results of Fourier transform infrared. In addition, TCPP and THPP were calculated using the density functional theory and the time-dependent density functional theory, and the calculation result exhibited that the radiative lifetime decreased in the order of TCPP > THPP. Compared with THPP, TCPP with longer excited-state was expected to enhance the performance of a PEBFC. We measured and compared the incident photon-to-collected electron conversion efficiency and the light-to-electrical conversion efficiency (η) of the porphyrin-sensitized photoelectrochemical biofuel cell. The photovoltaic characteristics showed the TCPP was more effective compared to the THPP, which obviously showed that the experimental results were consistent with theoretical expectation. These results revealed that the kind of the substituent for the porphyrin influenced the photovoltaic properties of the PEBFC.     

微藻生产生物燃料研究进展

从全球情况来看,化石燃料的储量日益减少,原油价格不断上涨,温室效应越发严重,这些问题促使了可再生能源的研究与发展。而生物燃料是一种新型的利用效率较高的可再生能源。由微藻生产生物燃料,则是一种更为经济环保的方式。文章从微藻生产生物燃料培养系统等方面,介绍了微藻生产生物燃料的研究进展。     

微生物方法选择性生产生物燃料的研究进展

目前,工程荫已经广泛应用于食品、药品及酒精燃料等产品的生产中。尽管如此,工程菌发酵技术的潜力仍然没有充分发掘。交通运输业对于耐用燃料的需求日益增强,迫切地需要开发生物燃料的生产技术。为此,科研人员经过几十年的努力,建起了微生物生理学和途径控制学数据库,使得微生物工程成为生物燃料生产的一项理想技术。虽然目前乙醇在生物燃料市场上占有统治地位,但是它在某些物理性质上存在缺陷,并不足一种理想的燃料。回顾了微生物工程的研究进展,综述了一些新型生物燃料的微生物工程生产。     

Characterization of Lipid Components in Two Microalgae for Biofuel Application

A full characterization of lipid components is critical for selecting the most suitable microalgae and for downstream processing for biofuel production. This study demonstrates extraction, quantification, and diversity of lipid components from two microalgae of different types. For total lipid quantification, three extraction methods were compared and the method of pre-drying, dry ice-assisted grinding, and sequential solvent extraction gave the highest total lipid recovery. For lipid class composition determination, the photosynthetic Nannochloropsis contained 37.0% polar lipids, 41.1% triacylglycerols, and 12.5% unsaponifiable matter, whereas, the heterotrophic Schizochytrium had much less polar lipids and unsaponifiable matter. Further separation and quantification showed that Nannochloropsis contained more glycolipids (37.1% of total polar lipids) than that in Schizochytrium (14.3%), while Schizochytrium contained much more phospholipids (85.7%) than that in Nannochloropsis (44.7%). The major components in unsaponifiable matter of Nannochloropsis were hydrocarbon and cholesterol (55.8 and 37.7% of the total GC quantifiable matter), which only accounted for 29.3% of total unsaponifiable matter. For Schizochytrium, 15.4% squalene, 28.9% cholesterol, and 43.2% stigmasta-4,7,22-trien-3-ol were found in its GC quantifiable matter, and the total quantified hydrocarbon and sterols accounted for 50.5% of unsaponifiable matter. The lipid compositions of the two types of microalgae are very different, therefore, processing performance, such as lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel may be different. Similar lipid characterization for other biofuel types of microalgae needs to be made to ensure optimal biofuel processing and fuel quality.     

生物燃料生产和技术发展趋势

重点阐述车用燃料乙醇和生物柴油的国内外生产和应用现状,以及技术发展趋势.指出人们在积极探寻清洁汽、柴油燃料生产新工艺的同时,也在努力开发和利用矿物替代燃料,其中经济性好、对大气污染小的乙醇和生物柴油备受青睐.燃料级乙醇和生物柴油生产正在向低成本方向发展.     

藻类生物燃料的发展与环境保护

藻类生物燃料从原料的培育,制备工艺,到产品,每个环节都与环保有着密不可分的关系。通过对藻类生长环境、人工微藻的污水培育、微藻生产生物柴油的规模化培养、采收、干燥、提取油脂、制备方法等无污染先进技术的介绍,指出微藻生物燃料的发展不但更利于缓解温室效应,处理环境污水,而且其生产工艺的绿色化,让微藻生物燃料的发展前景更广阔。     

Electromagnetic Biostimulation of Living Cultures for Biotechnology, Biofuel and Bioenergy Applications

The surge of interest in bioenergy has been marked with increasing efforts in research and development to identify new sources of biomass and to incorporate cutting-edge biotechnology to improve efficiency and increase yields. It is evident that various microorganisms will play an integral role in the development of this newly emerging industry, such as yeast for ethanol and Escherichia coli for fine chemical fermentation. However, it appears that microalgae have become the most promising prospect for biomass production due to their ability to grow fast, produce large quantities of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, thrive in poor quality waters, sequester and recycle carbon dioxide from industrial flue gases and remove pollutants from industrial, agricultural and municipal wastewaters. In an attempt to better understand and manipulate microorganisms for optimum production capacity, many researchers have investigated alternative methods for stimulating their growth and metabolic behavior. One such novel approach is the use of electromagnetic fields for the stimulation of growth and metabolic cascades and controlling biochemical pathways. An effort has been made in this review to consolidate the information on the current status of biostimulation research to enhance microbial growth and metabolism using electromagnetic fields. It summarizes information on the biostimulatory effects on growth and other biological processes to obtain insight regarding factors and dosages that lead to the stimulation and also what kind of processes have been reportedly affected. Diverse mechanistic theories and explanations for biological effects of electromagnetic fields on intra and extracellular environment have been discussed. The foundations of biophysical interactions such as bioelectromagnetic and biophotonic communication and organization within living systems are expounded with special consideration for spatiotemporal aspects of electromagnetic topology, leading to the potential of multipolar electromagnetic systems. The future direction for the use of biostimulation using bioelectromagnetic, biophotonic and electrochemical methods have been proposed for biotechnology industries in general with emphasis on an holistic biofuel system encompassing production of algal biomass, its processing and conversion to biofuel.     

留美化工专家顾毓珍教授与生物燃料研究

生物燃料研究领域已成为目前国际上一个热点研究领域。本文介绍了我国化学工程学会的主要创始人之一的留美化工专家、已故华东理工大学顾毓珍教授在抗日战争期间在生物燃料研究领域所做出的开创性贡献。     

农业秸秆类生物质制取生物燃料的研究进展

为了缓解全球能源危机和解决环境污染问题,将农业秸秆类生物质,通过微生物发酵将它们转化为能源及高附加值的化学品,具有重要意义。介绍农业秸秆类生物质的结构成分;综合评述物理和化学预处理方法;重点介绍由农业秸秆类生物质生产乙醇、丁醇的研究现状。指出农业秸秆发酵制取生物燃料工业化进程的关键所在。     

地球变暖问题及生物燃料的使用

近年来,随着经济的发展及能源消费的增加,温室气体的排放量逐年增多,地球变暖已经成为在全球范围内不可忽视的问题,因此全球对地球变暖这一问题的关注度越来越高.要解决地球变暖问题,需要降低二氧化碳的排放量,全球正在采取使用生物燃料等方法积极应对.介绍了全球二氧化排放量情况、主要国家的减排计划及全球生物燃料的使用情况.     

Ni-W/SSY催化裂化生物正构烷烃制备航空燃料

以超稳SSY分子筛负载Ni-W制得加氢裂化催化剂,用于加氢裂化生物正构烷烃(C16、C18),得到以煤油和汽油为主的液体生物燃料,可以提高中油组分收率。通过氮气物理吸附,扫描电镜(SEM),X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等分析手段对催化剂进行了表征。在微型固定床连续加氢裂化反应器上,考察了反应条件对单程转化率和煤油/汽油质量比的影响规律。结果表明:255℃、1.0 MPa、质量空速为0.33 h-1、氢油比为4 000:1的反应条件下,单程转化率达到60%以上,煤油与汽油质量比超过2.0。Ni-W/SSY催化剂活性高,可以用于长链烷烃加氢裂化制备煤油组分为主的液体燃料。     

L-肉碱的酶法生产

L-肉碱是与动物体内脂肪酸代谢有关的化合物,主要功能是作为载体将长链脂肪酸从线粒体膜外输送到膜内促进脂肪酸的β-氧化,将脂肪代谢转变为能量.L-肉碱广泛用于医药、保健食品及饲料等行业.江苏省微生物研究所在成功解决了高转化率微生物酶的选育、肉碱与巴豆甜菜碱的分离技术和巴豆甜菜碱的回收问题后,开发了L-肉碱的微生物酶法生产技术,并与常茂生物化学工程有限公司合作进行了日产1kg规模的中试,用300L发酵罐发酵产酶,150L酶反应器进行酶转化,L-肉碱的发酵水平达15g/L以上,用40L有机玻璃层析柱系统提取精制,提取收率达70%以上,产品质量符合USP23版标准.     

生物酶处理Lyocell纤维原纤化

分析了Lyocell纤维原纤化的特性,阐述了原纤化发生的条件和原纤化的去除方式,重点介绍了Lyocell纤维原纤化酶处理的工艺技术。Lyocell纤维经酸性纤维素酶处理后机械性能有所降低,纤维失重率随酶用量的增大而增加。