微合金化对Al-Cu-Mg合金时效行为的影响

以微合金化元素对Al-Cu-Mg合金常规时效析出相的影响为出发点,分析了Ag,Si,Ge,Cd等元素对合金时效行为的影响.结果表明具有:完全改变常规析出相结构,形成新析出相;部分改变常规析出相结构,提高析出相的强化效果;促进析出相析出3种作用.分析了采用微合金化方法提高Al-Cu-Mg合金热强性所存在的问题,并对发展趋势进行了展望.     

微合金化对Al-Cu-Li-Zr合金拉伸性能和微观组织的影响

通过拉伸测试和TEM观察研究了Mg、Zn、Mn微合金化对Al-Cu-Li-Zr合金力学性能和微观组织的影响。结果表明:与基础合金相比,Mg、Zn、Mn微合金化的Al-3.1Cu-2.1Li-0.1Zr合金T6时效时的强度较高,峰值强度提高约40 MPa,且在低温T8时效时的时效响应速率明显加快,同时具有较低的各向异性。Al-Cu-Li-Zr合金的析出相为大量δ'相、T1相和少量θ'相。T6时效时,微合金元素的添加显著增大δ'相、T1相和θ'相的析出密度,且出现少量S'相。低温T8时效时,微合金元素的添加有效促进δ'相和T1相细小弥散地析出。     

铝锂合金的合金化与微观组织演化

评述了铝锂合金的发展历程和应用以及我国铝锂合金研究所取得的成果。阐述了第3代铝锂合金的成分、微观组织和性能特点,讨论了合金化元素在调控铝锂合金微观组织进而改善性能方面的作用。大量研究表明,这些合金化元素可改变铝锂合金中原有析出相的大小、形状、分布,或刺激新强化相的析出,也可以细化晶粒、控制再结晶和晶粒取向。时效析出过程的本质和动力学在很大程度上取决于合金化元素之间的交互作用和合金原子的团簇化过程。     

Ti-xCr-yCu钛基材料的制备及组织性能研究

研究了Al-Cu-Li-(0.35Mg)-(0.2In)合金的拉伸性能、时效析出相类型及其分布。T6峰时效时,Al-Cu-Li合金的时效析出相为T1(Al2CuLi)和?? (Al2Cu)相。添加0.2%In时,T6态时效早期形成许多方块状的立方相Al5Cu6Li2,且随时间延长其尺寸保持稳定;同时,可促进? ?相析出;相应合金的时效响应加速,强度提高。同时添加In和Mg可抑制Al5Cu6Li2相析出,但促进T1相析出。In和Mg的复合微合金化效果小于2050铝锂合金中Ag和Mg的复合微合金化效果,因而In+Mg复合微合金化铝锂合金T6态强度低于Ag+Mg复合微合金化的2050铝锂合金。T8态时效时,时效前预变形产生的位错抑制了In元素单独添加和In+Mg复合添加的微合金化效果。     

Zr对Ti-Mo复合微合金化钢形变奥氏体静态再结晶动力学和析出相的影响

通过在Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机上进行双道次压缩模拟试验,研究了Ti-Mo复合微合金化钢和Ti-Zr-Mo复合微合金化钢在875、925、975和1025 ℃四个温度下形变奥氏体的静态再结晶过程。分析了两种试验钢在双道次压缩模拟时的真应力-真应变曲线,建立了两种试验钢的静态再结晶动力学模型,计算了两种试验钢奥氏体静态再结晶激活能,采用高分辨透射电镜观察了不同温度双道次压缩后两种试验钢中形变诱导析出相和大颗粒未溶相的形貌和种类,并对试验钢的形变储能密度进行了简单比较。结果表明,Zr的添加可以提高Ti-Mo复合微合金化钢在变形过程中的变形抗力,使试样在热变形过程中积累的形变储能增多,同时降低形变奥氏体的静态再结晶激活能,使奥氏体的再结晶更容易发生。Zr可以替代Ti与O、S等形成大颗粒未溶相,使试验钢静态再结晶过程中析出更多细小弥散的形变诱导析出相,使试验钢中形变奥氏体的静态再结晶过程出现延迟。     

Nb/V/Ti微合金化对20MnSi钢组织和力学性能影响

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术和室温拉伸测试等研究了Nb、V、Ti微合金化元素对20MnSi钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：Nb、V、Ti微合金化及其所形成的第二相粒子可以阻碍试验钢的晶界迁移、细化晶粒尺寸，经热轧-空冷后晶粒明显细化，晶粒尺寸可达12级，综合力学性能明显优于20MnSi穿水钢筋，并达到新国标中400 MPa级钢筋所要求的性能指标。根据理论模型计算，晶界强化、固溶强化和位错强化增量分别约占屈服强度的54%、22%和17%,而由于微合金化元素含量较低且所形成的第二相粒子体积分数较低，析出强化增量在试验钢屈服强度中的占比仅约7%,表明Nb、V、Ti微合金化设计而导致的晶粒细化对试验钢力学性能提升所产生的贡献十分显著。     

微量In对Al-Cu-1.0Li-(Mg)合金微观组织与拉伸性能的影响（英文）

研究了Al-Cu-Li-(0.35Mg)-(0.2In)合金的拉伸性能、时效析出相类型及其分布。T6峰时效时,Al-Cu-Li合金的时效析出相为T1(Al_2CuL i)和θ'(Al_2Cu)相。添加0.2%In时,T6态时效早期形成许多方块状的立方相Al_5Cu_6Li_2,且随时间延长其尺寸保持稳定;同时,可促进θ'相析出,相应合金的时效响应加速,强度提高。同时添加In和Mg可抑制Al_5Cu_6Li_2相析出,但促进T1相析出。In和Mg的复合微合金化效果小于2050铝锂合金中Ag和Mg的复合微合金化效果,因而In+Mg复合微合金化铝锂合金T6态强度低于Ag+Mg复合微合金化的2050铝锂合金。T8态时效时,时效前预变形产生的位错抑制了In元素单独添加和In+Mg复合添加的微合金化效果。     

V、N、Nb微合金化对薄板坯连轧带钢组织和性能的影响

在试验室模拟薄板坯连铸连轧过程,板坯均热后被轧制到7mm厚并通过控冷来模拟辊道冷却和带钢的缓慢卷取过程.本文选用低碳钢,研究了V、N、Nb微合金化对其组织和性能的影响.通过试验证明在V-N钢中加入Nb对钢的强化机制有较大影响,使V-N-Nb钢中的析出强化增大,这表明V-N-Nb微合金化可充分地发挥微合金元素在钢中的析出强化作用,析出强化对屈服强度的贡献比V-N微合金化提高17MPa.     

B-Ce复合微合金化对S31254超级奥氏体不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响

采用扫描电镜、拉伸试验等方法研究了B-Ce复合微合金化后S31254超级奥氏体不锈钢的组织和力学性能。结果表明,B、B-Ce 复合微合金化有利于抑制σ相的析出,改善σ相的析出形态,相同固溶工艺条件下,B-Ce复合微合金化后的试样更有利于σ相的完全回溶;相同时效工艺条件下,B-Ce复合微合金化抑制σ相析出的作用更明显。B及B-Ce复合微合金化后的试验钢拉伸断口处的韧窝更大更深,材料的伸长率也显著增加,说明微合金化有利于进一步提高S31254钢的韧性。     

超低碳含铜微合金钢中时效析出相的晶体结构

用高分辨电子显微镜(HREM)进行了Nb、Cr、Mo、Ni等微合金元素复合微合金化的实用超低碳含Cu钢中时效析出相的形貌观察及晶体结构鉴定,探索将HREM分析技术有效应用于工程材料微观结构研究的新途径.在300万倍以上的放大倍率下清晰观察到了尺寸仅有十个nm左右的细小弥散分布的时效析出颗粒以及其中的孪晶结构,还有大量在局部微区形成的过渡结构.尝试用单个颗粒HREM像上的晶格条纹间距鉴定了钢中除ε-Cu以外的另3类时效析出相的晶体结构.结果表明,时效期间钢中析出Cu、Nb、Cr、Mo、Ni的特殊碳化物(碳氮化物),与ε-Cu共同产生时效强化作用.提出了用HREM像对实用钢材中弥散分布的微细析出相进行晶体结构鉴定的实验方法.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.