6016铝合金汽车板的气垫炉式固溶工艺（英文）

为了研究铝合金汽车板气垫炉生产线的固溶工艺,利用模拟气垫炉制备的高速热风循环式固溶炉和时效炉,研究了固溶时间和冷却方式对6016铝合金汽车板固溶组织的影响及变化规律,及其对模拟烤漆前后的力学性能及成形性能、烤漆硬化性的影响规律。结果表明:水淬和风淬两种方式下,固溶时间对合金基体中析出相及再结晶过程的变化规律相似;随固溶时间增加,可溶析出相Mg2Si、Al1.9Cu Mg4.1Si3.3、Al0.56Mg0.44等逐渐溶解,5 min时完全溶解,Al2Fe3Si3等为不可溶合金相则基本没有变化;固溶时6016的再结晶速度非常快,1.4 min时其再结晶过程已进行完毕,随固溶时间增加,再结晶晶粒尺寸和形态变化较小;实验板材的强度、维氏硬度及成形性指标A、IE、n、r15在固溶时间为5~15 min时保持稳定,水淬的力学性能和烤漆硬化效果略微高于风淬,而成形性指标A、IE、n、r15则差别不大,风淬的A值在模拟烤漆前略优于水淬,风淬板形明显优于水淬,ABS板可用风淬代替水淬。     

分级淬火对6016铝合金自然时效及烤漆硬化的影响

通过硬度测试、拉伸试验、杯凸试验,结合SEM、EDS等分析方法,研究了固溶淬火温度、时间对6016铝合金自然时效的抑制作用和烤漆过程中硬化效应的影响。结果表明:分级淬火工艺一定程度上可以抑制自然时效对板材力学性能的不利影响,还能促进板材的快速时效强化,当淬火介质温度为100℃且保温时间为50~60 min时,对板材自然时效的抑制作用强,烤漆前具有良好的成形性能(IE值为8.2 mm),烤漆硬化效应最高(PBR值为38 HV0.3),烤漆后力学性能较佳,强化相为尺寸较大且以Al Fe Si为主要组成的金属间化合物,还有主要由Mg和Si元素组成的纳米级第二相析出粒子。     

6000系铝合金汽车板预时效及组织性能

通过硬度、拉伸和成形性实验及透射电镜、扫描电镜、能谱和金相分析,研究了Mg、Si和Mn含量的变化对6000系汽车板铝合金的显微组织、力学性能及成形性的影响,并探讨适宜的预时效处理工艺.研究结果表明:提高合金中的Mn含量,可增加合金中不可溶结晶相及弥散相粒子的数量,前者对合金的延伸率不利,后者阻碍了合金固溶处理过程中的再结晶.对于Si过剩的合金,提高合金中Mg和Si的质量比和Mn含量会使其强度升高,延伸率、应变硬化指数、塑性应变比和埃利克森值被降低.合金板材固溶处理水淬后立即预时效,较为适宜的预时效(固溶处理后立即在170℃下进行5～10 min的短时预时效)不仅能降低其自然时效的硬度,而且能提高人工时效的硬化效果,有利于车身构件的冲压成形和烤漆硬化能力的提高.     

6016铝合金汽车板材预时效处理工艺研究

研究了预时效处理工艺对汽车用6016铝合金板烘烤硬化性能的影响,试验结果表明,经过预时效处理可明显改善人工时效过程中合金软化现象。160℃、7 min预时效处理后板材硬度值高于T4态且呈现增长趋势,有效的抵消了自然时效过程中的合金软化现象。DSC结果表明,预时效处理可加快Mg2Si相析出速度,提高人工时效效果。拉伸结果表明,预时效后烤漆试样屈服强度达到321 MPa,相比自然时效烤漆试样硬度提高了60 MPa,降低自然时效对板材烤漆硬化性能的影响。对6016铝板材采用固溶处理+预时效+烤漆硬化工艺流程,有利于获得良好的板材冲压成形性能以及烘烤硬化处理效果。     

固溶和预时效工艺对6016铝合金汽车用板材力学性能的影响

对汽车覆盖件用6016铝合金冷轧板进行了不同固溶和预时效处理,采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜观察了试样的微观组织,并对板材进行了力学性能测试。结果表明:在560℃的固溶温度下,保温时间从1 min增加到2min,板材的再结晶晶粒尺寸增大,T4P态和模拟烤漆硬化态板材的屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率都略微下降;固溶工艺为560℃1 min时,预时效温度从60℃增加至100℃,T4P态板材的屈服强度、抗拉强度先降低后增加,模拟烤漆硬化态板材的屈服强度、抗拉强度单调增加。6016铝合金冷轧板适宜的固溶和预时效工艺制度为:560℃1 min固溶处理+80℃6 h预时效处理。     

淬火速率对汽车用AA6016铝合金组织和性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、拉伸试验机、导电率测量仪等手段,分析了不同淬火速率对AA6016l铝合金组织和性能的影响。研究表明:AA6016铝合金经过560℃×5 min的重新固溶处理后,组织中晶界清晰可见,未有晶界过烧、晶粒异常长大现象出现。水冷淬火的AA6016铝合金试样晶界无粗大析出相,空气淬火试样组织中晶界有粗大第二相析出。25℃水淬的AA6016铝合金试样具有更高的硬度和屈服强度。90℃水淬AA6016铝合金试样的硬度和屈服强度与25℃水淬试样相近,但具有更高的伸长率。空气冷淬火试样硬度和屈服强度较低,但具有更高的导电率。     

汽车用6082铝合金热处理工艺研究

针对挤压态6082铝合金性能无法达到企业汽车零件加工标准要求的问题,通过OM、SEM、XRD、硬度测试等手段与方法,研究了热处理过程中固溶和时效处理对6082铝合金组织和性能的影响。研究表明:铸态6082铝合金组织主要由Al基、Mg2Si强化相以及α-(Al Mn Fe Si)夹杂相组成,Mg2Si强化相、α-(Al Mn Fe Si)夹杂相大量聚集在晶界处,挤压处理后组织中的金属间化合物发生破碎,沿着挤压方向排列。6082铝合金适宜热处理工艺为:530℃×4 h固溶、水淬+170℃×10 h时效,此工艺下,6082铝合金组织中强化相颗粒弥散析出、均匀细小,硬度值达到104 HBS,达到企业使用标准要求。     

固溶处理对6082锻造铝合金控制臂组织与性能的影响

研究了固溶温度、固溶时间以及固溶后空气中滞留时间对6082锻造铝合金控制臂显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,固溶及时效处理后合金组织除固溶基体外,主要存在针状或球状的Mg2Si和棒状的Al Fe Mn Si两种析出相;随固溶温度升高和时间延长,时效后合金中析出相数量增加,合金硬度和强度上升,塑性下降;随着滞留时间延长,合金中析出相的数量减少,合金的硬度和强度下降,塑性升高。     

淬火对汽车车身用6022铝合金烤漆硬化效应的影响

以6022铝合金冷轧板为研究对象,通过显微组织观察、硬度测试等方法研究了双级淬火工艺对6022铝合金组织及烤漆前后硬度的影响。结果表明:6022铝合金试样经过560℃×25 min固溶处理后,进行油淬+室温水淬双级淬火,油淬温度越高,6022铝合金硬度越高,对抑制自然停放效应不利影响的作用越明显。6022铝合金最佳的双级淬火工艺为110℃×50 min油淬+室温水淬。此淬火工艺下的试样烤漆前硬度为71 HV,利于冲压成形,烤漆后,硬度值达到108 HV,烤漆硬化效应值为37 HV,烤漆硬化效应明显。     

6063铝合金挤压材采用风淬的时效性能与组织研究

试验研究了某厂在6063铝合金挤压材实际生产生产中采用在线风淬来固溶处理后进行人工时效的效果,并与离线固溶加热、水淬处理的样品对比。研究了在线风淬后6063铝合金的时效性能和微观组织,发现在6063铝合金挤压材风淬过程中,基体中易析出较大的析出相,并且由于基体中溶质元素的过饱和度下降导致人工时效强化相析出情况不好,时效强化效果不佳。结果表明,在该厂目前的生产条件下,6063铝合金挤压材在线风淬后人工时效的效果不够理想,需进一步改造风淬设备。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。