70～100 mm厚低合金钢板探伤不合原因分析及控制

针对250 mm厚连铸坯轧制70~100 mm低合金厚板时超声波探伤不合格的问题,通过高倍、电镜等检测手段对缺陷钢板进行的分析表明：中心偏析、内部裂纹、疏松是导致钢板探伤不合的主要因素。通过改造连铸机的二次冷却系统、优化连铸工艺和轧制工艺、对铸坯和钢板实施缓冷后,厚度70~100 mm钢板探伤合三级率稳定到了90%以上。     

Q500q探伤缺陷的成因与对策

为提高Q500q的探伤合格率,采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜对Q500q探伤不合格钢板的金相组织、缺陷区域的化学成分进行了检验分析。结果表明,探伤不合格的Q500q钢板厚度中心区域珠光体带存在微裂纹,原因是钢板存在中心偏析、Mn S以及氧化物等非金属夹杂物。通过采取降低连铸坯中心偏析、对铸坯浇注过程中形成的夹杂物进行球化处理等措施后,Q500q钢板金相组织中微裂纹消失了,钢板探伤合格率也由88%提高到了99%。     

提高Q370qE钢板超声波探伤合格率的实践

为提高Q370qE钢板的超声波探伤合格率,取样分析了Q370qE钢板超声波探伤不合原因,结果表明其探伤不合格主要源于钢中非金属夹杂物、中心严重偏析所造成的钢板分层、连铸保护渣和耐火材料的卷入以及铸坯裂纹等。通过采取提高钢纯净度、改变夹杂物形态、控制浇注温度和拉速等措施后,钢板探伤合格率由75％提高到97％。     

提高转炉上连铸Q345B探伤质量的措施

针对南阳汉冶特钢有限公司250 mm×1 650 mm断面采取转炉直上连铸工艺路线生产的Q345B钢板探伤合格率低现象,对不合格钢板取样并进行电镜检测分析,得出中心锰偏析、硫化锰夹杂是导致探伤不合格的主要原因。通过优化转炉脱硫工艺降低硫含量、严控钢水过热度、优化成分降低锰含量、优化连铸二冷制度、钢板抢温下线缓冷等措施,铸坯中心偏析得到了改善,轧后钢板探伤质量合格率得到了提高。     

厚规格高强度钢板探伤不合原因分析

针对某钢厂生产30 mm以上规格高强度钢板时突然出现大批量超声波探伤不合格的情况,利用金相显微镜、电子显微镜及电子探针等手段对钢板探伤不合部位进行了观察、分析。结果表明,钢板厚度中心位置硫化物、氧化物夹杂物聚集引起的微裂纹是造成探伤不合的主要原因。根据分析检测结果,提出了相应的工艺改进措施。     

厚规格718H模具钢探伤不合格原因分析及控制

厚规格718H模具钢在超声波探伤时发现在厚度1/2位置出现探伤不合格的情况,对其进行了低倍检验、光学显微镜检验、扫描电镜观察和能谱分析。结果表明,探伤不合的主要原因是连铸坯中心疏松和中心偏析缺陷,没有轧合、消除或改善,从而遗留到钢板厚度中心区域造成。针对以上原因,采取了一系列冶炼、轧制措施,钢板探伤合格率明显提高,100 mm及以上厚度钢板探伤合格率由96.18%提高到99.16%。     

低合金特厚复合钢板的组织与性能

采用Q345B低合金连铸坯,经过表面清理、真空焊接及室式炉加热、宽厚板轧机轧制生产180~440 mm特厚复合钢板。用探伤、拉伸、冲击及冷弯等方法检验其结合度和力学性能,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜分析特厚钢板的组织及拉伸断口。结果表明,该工艺生产的特厚钢板表面、厚度1/4及1/2位置组织均为铁素体+珠光体,晶粒度为5~8级,力学性能均匀合格,结合面及Z向性能优良,不存在裂纹、分层等缺陷。     

中厚板超声波探伤缺陷及控制技术

介绍了钢板超声波探伤的缺陷类型,对连铸板坯轧制中厚板后出现超声波探伤不合格的钢板进行取样、金相、电镜分析,找出引起中厚板探伤不合格的主要因素是钢中氢含量、铸坯中心偏析以及夹杂物;通过采用RH真空处理、钢水洁净度控制、铸机动态轻压下、加热工艺优化、控轧控冷工艺优化及板材堆垛缓冷等关键工艺技术,使钢板内在质量得到改善,探伤合格率明显提高。     

Q460GJCZ35钢宽厚板缺陷及预防措施

对厚度为35 mm的热轧Q460GJCZ35钢板进行超声波探伤时发现其内部缺陷过多,不合格。对不合格的钢板进行了扫描电镜检验、能谱分析和硬度测试,以揭示缺陷的性质、成分和分布。结果表明,钢板的内部缺陷主要是微裂纹、含钙和铝的夹杂物、中心偏析及带状组织。采取了某些预防缺陷产生的措施,包括在冶炼和浇注过程中添加防止钢水氧化的装置,改变电磁搅拌电流的强度,加装缓冷罩等,结果,铸坯C类偏析比例提高到了92.6%,钢板的低温冲击吸收能量提高到了155 J,心部碳偏析指数和锰偏析指数降低至1.0,钢板合格率由96.97%提高到了100%。     

�ͺϽ��к��̽��ȱ��ԭ�򼰷���

 针对低合金中厚板超声波探伤合格率低的问题,采用低倍、金相、扫描电镜检验和断口形貌分析对探伤不合格的中厚板进行研究,得出结论：引起超声波探伤不合格的主要原因是钢中的氢含量偏高和板坯中心偏析严重,条状MnS夹杂物集聚氢导致氢致裂纹,板材中心部位因偏析产生的少量马氏体、贝氏体组织导致轧后应力集中,在冷却速度较快的条件下产生微裂纹,最终造成探伤缺陷。通过计算得知MnS夹杂物前端的氢陷阱中氢的浓度远高于陷阱中氢的最大饱和浓度,过剩的氢造成裂纹。采用铸坯及板材轧后缓冷等措施,使板材探伤合格率大幅度提高。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.