流域管理中的公众参与机制

分析我国流域管理体制现状,认为公众参与机制是流域统一管理革新的必要保障,提出流域管理的理论依据为市场信托理论、环境公共财产理论、环境权理论、市民社会理论,探讨公众参与机制在流域管理中贯彻实现的两种主要途径:流域委员会制与董事会制。     

应用参与式理念进行小流域社区发展规划的思考

通过总结英国赠款项目静宁县北岔小流域参与式规划过程,结合项目总体目标与阶段性目标以及所取得的成果．分析规划过程的经验与不足,提出了应用参与式理念进行小流域规划的优化模式,认为应用参与理念进行社区发展规划有效地调动了农民参与项目的积极性,真正体现了农民是社区发展项目的主体。对规划过程分析表明,参与式流域调查与项目设计应该分为三个阶段,即流域基本情况了解与项目宣传阶段,社区问题分析阶段和项目设计与公示阶段。在参与式规划过程中要强化社区规划小组的作用。     

非自愿移民安置活动中的公众参与

阐述在移民安置活动中公众参与的必要性,通过移民调查、规划、实施和管理过程中的各种参与和协商活动,消除移民在补偿、安置活动中可能被欺骗的担心,并赋予移民对其生产、生活安置和重建活动决策的权力.分析移民参与的法律依据,提出在项目周期的不同阶段,对于不同的移民安置活动(包括社会经济调查,移民安置计划编制,搬迁,收入恢复,移民监理等),应保证移民能够充分地参与,使之真正享有对移民安置政策的知情权和对与自身生产生活恢复与发展相关活动的决策权.     

山洪灾害防治群测群防体系建设探析

群测群防在山洪灾害防御中地位重要,是除了专业化监测预警系统之外的基层山洪灾害防御的主要手段,建设内容主要包括建立健全责任制体系、县乡村山洪灾害防御预案编制、简易监测预警、宣传培训演练等.针对部分地区群测群防体系建设中出现的问题,提出了强化和规范化群测群防体系建设的建议.     

关于构建最严格水资源管理考核公众参与机制的思考

实行最严格水资源管理制度重在考核,有必要探索并逐步建立水资源管理考核的公众参与机制。重点分析了构建该机制的必要性、国内外相关制度的先进经验,在此基础上提出了构建我国最严格水资源管理考核公众参与机制的初步设想。     

黄岭小流域水利工程设施的参与式管理

根据当前黄岭小流域农村水利设施面临的问题,提出运用参与式的管理方法对农村水利工程设施实施生命周期管理,以小流域内的水利工程资金管理为例进行具体说明,并在生态环境、经济、社会三方面都取得了一定的成果．     

生态清洁小流域监测及后评价初探

生态清洁小流域监测及后评价对于生态清洁小流域建设效果评估和指导生态清洁小流域后期建设具有重要意义,但目前为止,关于生态清洁小流域建设后的监测及后评价方面的研究较少。鉴于此,以生态清洁小流域作为研究对象,从建设目标的角度出发,针对性选取了对生态清洁小流域建设效果评价具有代表性的监测因子,并简述了监测方法。同时,综合考虑生态清洁小流域"自然-社会-经济"特点,从社会和自然环境两大方面选取10个指标构建生态清洁小流域后评价指标体系,给出了评价方法和评价标准。该研究结果可为生态清洁小流域建设效果评价提供理论依据。     

Determination of the status of stakeholder participation in the management of the Lake Malawi basin through application of Integrated Lake Basin Management

Lake Malawi is the southernmost of the Great Rift Valley Lakes of Africa and boasts the world's greatest freshwater fish biodiversity. Along with its basin, the lake provides many benefits to the country of Malawi. Settlements, agriculture and fishing are some of the major uses of the lake basin, making community involvement a necessary component of its management. With the use of key informant interviews, questionnaire survey, document review and site observations, this study demonstrates the applicability of the Integrated Lake Basin Management framework in the Lake Malawi Basin in regard to stakeholder participation. The main objective was to assess the participation of stakeholders, especially local communities, in the management of the lake basin. The framework applied in this study is discussed. The study findings indicate strong to very strong stakeholder participation, with notably high levels of awareness and women's involvement. Enhancing the understanding of the complex nature of lake basin issues, especially those related to the linkages between the water body and the basin, is a topic requiring further attention.     

新疆少数民族地区水利水电工程环境影响评价公众参与探讨

介绍水利水电工程环境影响评价公众参与的方式和内容,认为公众参与的方式有:新闻发布,召开专家咨询或审查会,召开公众座谈会,公众意见调查,接受公众来信、来访等.以新疆提孜那甫河莫莫克水利枢纽工程为例,具体分析公众参与的内容.强调在少数民族地区开展公众参与活动,首先要重视语言沟通问题;其次是要了解当地的民族习惯,对因工程建设...     

Payments for watershed services: Directing incentives for improving lake basin governance

This study introduces the emerging integrated ecosystem management approach known as Payments for Watershed Services (PWS) as utilized for lake and reservoir basin governance. PWS is built on the central concept of providing economic incentives to watershed stakeholders to assist in management efforts. It channels conservation payments from downstream payers to finance conservation activities conducted by upstream payees. The upstream conservation activities are expected to enhance ecosystem functions, thereby improving water‐related ecosystem services desired by downstream stakeholders. Information on 163 PWS projects in 34 developing countries through the year 2008 was collected and analysed, including their common goals, processes, outcomes, scientific assumptions and socioeconomic rationales. This study recognized one unique PWS characteristic, namely the role of intermediary organizations (i.e. brokers) in integrating the economic incentives of upstream payees and downstream payers in order to facilitate their transactions by means of contracts. Although 75% of the reviewed PWS projects have focused on rivers, and only 10% have considered lakes and reservoirs, the similarity of the intermediary functions performed by lake management organizations and PWS intermediary organizations suggests a greater potential for the future application of PWS designs in lake basins. Drawing on components in the field of New Institutional Economics to interpret the intermediary function within the PWS framework, a three‐part PWS design with 15 steps is proposed in this study for lake basin governance, with a Costa Rican PWS scheme serving as an illustration. This study seeks to communicate the scientific and socioeconomic frontiers for developing locally suitable and integrated watershed governance structures to lake management organizations and other watershed stakeholder groups.     

Integrated watershed management: A planning methodology for construction of new dams in Ethiopia

Integrated watershed management (IWM) is emerging as an alternative to the centrally planned and sectoral approaches that currently characterize the planning process for dam construction in Ethiopia. This report clarifies the concept of IWM, and reviews the major social, environmental and economic problems caused by dams in Ethiopia and elsewhere. Dams are planned from a top‐down perspective in Ethiopia, some people are relocated against their will, haphazard land‐use changes can occur, and soil erosion and reservoir sedimentation can increase. Many communities affected by dam constructions have not been sufficiently recognized or compensated, and environmental protection measures such as land‐use planning and soil and water conservation have not been adopted in watersheds in which construction of dams is occurring. Furthermore, revenues generated from hydropower and water supplies often benefit urban dwellers, or the national economy, at the expense of rural inhabitants in watersheds. Creation of a multistakeholder platform, integration of soft system methodology with hard system tools, and completion of environmental protection measures should be among the major components of an improved planning methodology for construction of new dams in Ethiopia. This translates into an environment wherein science and knowledge can help watershed inhabitants create a diversity of locally appropriate resource management solutions. Effective implementation of environmental policies and strategies could improve the quality of watershed‐based developments. The conclusion is that the IWM approach is a good alternative to effectively address the social, environmental and economic problems associated with planning and constructing new dams in Ethiopia.     

Designing Effective Public Participation Programs: A U.S. Perspective

Abstract

The key to effective public participation is to ensure that public participation activities are an integrated part of the decision making process. The author, a public participation practitioner in the U.S. for more than 30 years, describes a “thought process” designed to bring about this integration. There is no single public participation process suitable to all situations or all cultures. The key to an effective public participation program is to match public participation techniques to the public participation objectives you are trying to achieve and “the public” for this particular decision.     

Lake watershed management: Services,monitoring, funding and governance

This study discusses some insights for adaptive lake management from the perspective of ecosystem services (ES). Based on evidence from 46 advanced Payments for Watershed Services (PWS) projects implemented in 16 developing countries, and an interactive governance interpretation of this evidence, three layers of services for watershed management are distinguished, including (i) ES provided by ecosystems; (ii) land‐water conservation services (CS) provided by upstream citizens; and (iii) intermediary organizing services (OS) provided by watershed management organizations. The three‐layer service perspective indicates the need for management regime shifts regarding monitoring, funding and governance. A multilayer regime shift between monitoring, funding and governance for lake management also is discussed, using a Bolivian PWS scheme as an illustration. It indicates how lake management organizations can provide intermediary OS to coordinate exchanges between upstream payees and downstream payers. Upstream payees provide land‐water CS to obtain supply‐side payments. Land‐water CS improve water‐related ES to enhance downstream land‐water uses. Downstream payers provide demand‐side payments and benefit from better land‐water uses. This study was undertaken to broaden the vision of managing lakes and their watersheds and to guide policymakers, managers and other stakeholders in adopting adaptive management regimes for both locally and globally sustainable development.     

参与式环境治理模式——论云南城市环境建设项目中的公众参与

在云南城市环境建设项目管理的实践基础上,对参与式的环境治理模式进行初步探讨,对云南城市环境建设项目的主要利益相关群体及其主体性进行浅析,提出在云南城市环境建设项目中开展项目目标群体参与、利用公众力量开展城市环境治理的有关建议。     

The utility of the AC/TC ratio for watershed management: a case study.

A human-impacted watershed was monitored during the dry summer seasons in 2002 and 2003 to investigate the impact of providing access to sewer mains to local village residences. Faecal coliform concentrations were monitored at select sites along the 30-mile stretch of creek, together with faecal streptococci, enterococci and total coliforms. Analysis of the results found that levels of faecal coliforms were inadequate at identifying significant known influxes of human and animal sewage established by sanitary survey. However, the bacterial ratio of atypical colonies to total coliform colonies (AC/TC), obtained from the total coliform membrane filter assay on m-Endo media, correctly indexed human faecal impact of inadequately sewered villages located along the creek. In addition, the AC/TC ratio correctly classified the predominant source of faecal runoff in the creek headwaters as agricultural, and indicated when aged agricultural faecal material was introduced by tributaries. An approach for watershed management that uses the AC/TC ratio in addition to levels of bacteria is proposed.     

Transforming participation in water governance: the multisectoral alliances of rural water committees and NGOs in Nicaragua

Abstract

This paper examines new forms of political participation on the part of rural water committees in Nicaragua in the mid-2000s. In particular, it explores the role of multisectoral alliances in facilitating water committees’ (1) physical mobility and political visibility, (2) political and legal capacity-building, and (3) access to state channels of representation. Contributing to theories of social capital, this case reveals a transformation of participation in water governance from locally grounded collective action for water management to engagement in public policy processes. In practical terms, the paper casts lessons for improved water governance via more inclusive policy processes.     

某水利枢纽工程坝区堆积体变形机理研究

堆积体的稳定性对于水电站的安全至关重要。本文以此为背景,分析5条监测剖面26个表面变形测墩的监测曲线及裂缝分布特征,研究堆积体变形特征及变形机理,结果表明： I区堆积体变形与库水位升降有直接关系; I区变形牵引II亚区发生变形,具有典型的牵引式蠕滑变形特征;堆积体变形正在逐步趋于稳定。     

The Green Bay saga: Environmental change,scientific investigation,and watershed management

The Green Bay watershed, draining a total area of approximately 40,468?km², comprises about a third of the Lake Michigan drainage. In the early years, fur trade was the dominant economic activity within the watershed. Later, when timber harvesting, papermaking, and agriculture came on the scene in the 19th and early 20th centuries, major environmental changes occurred in a relatively short period of time. Nutrient and sediment loadings, accompanied by organic wastes from sawmills and paper mills, resulted in a pollutant overload in the Fox River and in the eutrophication of the waters of lower Green Bay. Citizen complaints about these severely degraded conditions initiated a period of scientific investigation. Starting slowly with a few studies and surveys in the first half of the 20th century, serious investigatory work began at mid-century with support from the University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute. Examples of topics that have been investigated since then with support from numerous sources are: biological oxygen demand (BOD), phosphorus and total suspended solids loads, trophic status and food chain efficiencies, coastal wetland characterization, dynamics of the benthic layer, algae and abiotic solids, phosphorus cycling and mass balance, PCBs, seasonal hypoxia, and climate change impacts. These studies have provided the scientific foundation for government-led programs such as the Green Bay Remedial Action Program, the PCB clean-up program, and the TMDL program. Progress has been made—reduction in BOD is an example—but a fuller rehabilitation of this large-scale ecosystem remains an elusive goal. The saga goes on.     

Institutional arrangements for watershed development programmes in Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh,India: an explorative study

This study explored institutional arrangements with regard to government-sponsored watershed development programmes in the Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh, India. The appraisal of structure and role of institutions at different levels revealed adequate representation of various social groups, but the associations among stakeholder institutions as well as various resource agencies were found to be weak. A glance at the component-wise expenditure pattern showed an unequal emphasis and funding support between land–water development and livelihood activities. Responses from beneficiary respondents revealed a strong adherence to socio-economic and political issues by non-governmental organizations as well as technical issues by government organizations during implementation of the watershed programmes.