肝胆虚拟手术中的力觉弹性模型研究

利用增强的64排螺旋CT数据,对肝胆脏器进行了力觉弹性模型建模研究。总结了国内外近年来软组织建模的研究状况、主要流程和关键技术,给出了适合肝胆虚拟手术的几何建模、物理/计算建型、网格划分、碰撞检测及基于PHANTOM力反馈设备的实时响应计算方法。给出了相应的系统框架和结果,搭建了一个GHOST SDK下开发的虚拟环境,为肝胆虚拟手术进一步的仿真奠定了基础。     

6DoF haptic rendering using distance maps over implicit representations

This paper presents a haptic rendering scheme based on distance maps over implicit surfaces. Using the successful concept of support planes and mappings, a support plane mapping formulation is used so as to generate a convex representation and efficiently perform collision detection. The proposed scheme enables, under specific assumptions, the analytical reconstruction of the rigid 3D object’s surface, using the equations of the support planes and their respective distance map. As a direct consequence, the problem of calculating the force feedback can be analytically solved using only information about the 3D object’s spatial transformation and position of the haptic interaction point. Moreover, several haptic effects are derived by the proposed mesh-free haptic rendering formulation. Experimental evaluation and computational complexity analysis demonstrates that the proposed approach can reduce significantly the computational cost when compared to existing methods.     

虚拟操作训练系统中的人机交互技术

为提高某型导弹动力系统虚拟操作训练中人机交互的沉浸性,开发了基于数据手套和空间位置跟踪仪的人机交互环境。介绍交互环境的硬件组成和工作原理,根据手的生理结构和运动特性,建立具有约束的虚拟手几何建模,采用面向对象的技术,对虚拟手的数据结构进行描述,采用放置透明包围体的方法,有效解决碰撞检测问题,对碰撞后的视觉和力觉反馈进行研究。该系统提高了该型导弹动力系统虚拟操作训练的效率。     

结合轴对齐包围盒和空间划分的碰撞检测算法

目的 碰撞检测是虚拟现实,特别是虚拟装配中的关键技术。针对基于包围盒的碰撞检测算法的准确性和检测效率不足的问题,提出一种结合AABB轴对齐包围盒和空间划分的碰撞检测算法。方法 本文算法采用分步检测的方法,利用AABB算法来确定两包围盒的相交区域后,结合模型移动方向和运动趋势进行空间划分,利用碰撞检测的时空相关性,对时空相关的部分进行相交测试,通过将包围盒还原成三角面以及点的方式来保证检测的准确性。结果 本文算法与AABB层次包围盒二叉树算法、k-Dops包围盒算法以及BPS空间分割树算法进行对比实验分析。在碰撞的几何精度上,本文算法在大部分情况下与AABB算法和k-Dops算法的距离差超过阈值0.02,证明本文算法在碰撞几何精度上有明显的提高。在碰撞检测时耗上,随着碰撞检测难度的不断增加,本文算法在平移自由度下比AABB算法和BSP算法、在旋转自由度下比AABB算法和k-Dops算法的检测时间均降低了50%以上。在三角面数对算法碰撞检测时耗的影响上,当运动模型的三角面数较多时,本文算法表现出更高的稳定性。结论 结合AABB包围盒和空间划分方法的碰撞检测算法,在减少碰撞检测所需时间的同时提高了碰撞检测的准确性,可以满足虚拟装配技术中对碰撞检测算法准确性的要求,同时也能满足使用者实时性的交互习惯。     

A modular haptic rendering algorithm for stable and transparent 6-DOF manipulation

This paper presents a modular algorithm for six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) haptic rendering. The algorithm is aimed to provide transparent manipulation of rigid models with a high polygon count. On the one hand, enabling a stable display is simplified by exploiting the concept of virtual coupling and employing passive implicit integration methods for the simulation of the virtual tool. On the other hand, transparency is enhanced by maximizing the update rate of the simulation of the virtual tool, and thereby the coupling impedance, and allowing for stable simulation with small mass values. The combination of a linearized contact model that frees the simulation from the computational bottleneck of collision detection, with penalty-based collision response well suited for fixed time-stepping, guarantees that the motion of the virtual tool is simulated at the same high rate as the synthesis of feedback force and torque. Moreover, sensation-preserving multiresolution collision detection ensures a fast update of the linearized contact model in complex contact scenarios, and a novel contact clustering technique alleviates possible instability problems induced by penalty-based collision response.     

基于Creator和vega prime的虚拟校园漫游系统的研究

该文以Multigen Creator3.2为主的多种工具进行场景建模;在场景驱动上选择Vega Prime 2.0,以VC.NET为平台,并采用多线程技术,结合arcgis矢量化工具,开发了一个虚拟校园漫游系统,实现了自动和任意漫游、碰撞检测、二维地图导航、场景汉字显示等功能。该研究对学校的环境规划、资源管理可提供先进的技术手段,对其他虚拟地理环境的构建以及功能实现也具有重要的参考和借鉴意义。     

基于空间散列法的虚拟植物碰撞检测算法

根据虚拟植物模型复杂的特点,采用在精细的三角形网格模型上所创建的较粗糙的四面体网格模型,在虚拟植物模型上实现基于空间散列法的碰撞和自碰撞检测.该算法具有高效快速、无需复杂的数据结构等特点.实验结果表明,该算法能够有效地解决群体中植株的碰撞和自碰撞问题,并能够达到实时的处理要求.可同时适用于其它复杂的三维模型的碰撞检测问题.     

基于距离场和扫掠剪除算法的线缆碰撞检测技术

针对线缆具有柔性可变形特性而引起线缆碰撞检测难的问题,提出了基于距离场和扫掠剪除算法的线缆碰撞检测方法。基于距离场的碰撞检测方法主要用于检测线缆与线缆、线缆与结构件之间的碰撞：首先通过建立线缆体廓包围球,完成线缆多细节层次球面调和的表达;然后生成三维距离场映射,获取线缆或结构件表面法向量和穿刺深度等碰撞反馈信息。基于扫掠剪除算法的碰撞检测方法主要用于检测线缆的自碰撞：先构建线缆分段数学模型,然后通过线缆离散点扫掠剪除完成线缆自碰撞检测。最后对算法进行了验证,算法具有较好的准确性和快速性,可以满足工程实际的要求。     

基于OSG的虚拟场景中包围盒碰撞检测的研究

碰撞检测是虚拟场景的核心技术,其效果的好坏直接影响整个虚拟场景的真实感。基于OSG（OpenSceneGraph）三维场景渲染引擎和Multigen Creator三维可视化仿真建模软件,采用包围盒碰撞检测算法,实现了多个静态物体与动态物体的碰撞检测,通过使用射线检测算法可以很好地解决静态物体与地面以及动态物体与地面的碰撞检测。为了满足实时性的要求,提出了多个静态物体与动态物体的碰撞检测优化算法的数学模型。结果表明,算法具有很好的有效性和快速性,能够满足要求。     

虚拟装配系统的技术与实现

本文实现了在JAVA3D场景中构建B/S模式的虚拟装配平台。分析了零件模型的三角片表示方法和数据存储方法,并在此基础上实现了基于三角片的碰撞检测方法,给出了一个应用实例。     

交互式乐器演奏的六自由度力觉渲染方法

目的在进行虚拟乐器交互演奏时,需要模拟触力觉-视觉-听觉多通道同步反馈,其中触力觉反馈的难点在于模拟人手操作乐器的六自由度(6-Do F)力觉交互过程。方法提出一种基于混合模型和单边约束优化的六自由度力觉合成方法,实现了虚拟人手和琴弦的多点多区域接触力觉模拟。虚拟人手采用层次化球树模型表达,古琴采用混合模型表达,其中琴体和琴弦分别采用层次化球树模型和直线解析模型。提出了基于混合模型的离散碰撞检测算法,实时检测虚拟手和琴弦是否产生碰撞;基于发生碰撞的几何元素对建立单边不可穿透约束方程,通过Active Set方法求解约束优化后方程,获得6维位姿变量保证图形显示场景中的虚拟手不会和琴弦产生穿透。为模拟琴弦变形,提出变直径的圆柱体模型来模拟琴弦在不同振动幅度下的动力学响应;提出交互状态敏感的力计算模型以刻画人手在弹奏不同状态琴弦(静态、振动态)的力觉感受差异。结果基于力觉交互设备Phantom Premium 3.0建立了实验平台,实验结果表明,本文算法可以模拟单点、多点等不同接触状态,并能模拟6维力和力矩,操作者可以感受到琴弦振动时的细腻力感觉,力觉交互过程稳定,算法计算效率在1 k Hz以上。结论算法可模拟针对琴弦一类的超薄形状物体的多点接触力觉交互过程,算法计算效率高,包含碰撞检测、约束优化、琴弦变形仿真等计算回路的更新频率也能达到要求,该混合模型能为后续复杂形状物体的碰撞响应研究提供思路。     

Comparative investigation of GPU-accelerated triangle-triangle intersection algorithms for collision detection

Efficient collision detection is critical in 3D geometric modeling. In this paper, we first implement three parallel triangle-triangle intersection algorithms on a GPU and then compare the computational efficiency of these three GPU-accelerated parallel triangle-triangle intersection algorithms in an application that detects collisions between triangulated models. The presented GPU-based parallel collision detection method for triangulated models has two stages: first, we propose a straightforward and efficient parallel approach to reduce the number of potentially intersecting triangle pairs based on AABBs, and second, we conduct intersection tests with the remaining triangle pairs in parallel based on three triangle-triangle intersection algorithms, i.e., the Möller’s algorithm, Devillers’ and Guigue’s algorithm, and Shen’s algorithm. To evaluate the performance of the presented GPU-based parallel collision detection method for triangulated models, we conduct four groups of benchmarks. The experimental results show the following: (1) the time required to detect collisions for the triangulated model consisting of approximately 1.5 billion triangle pairs is less than 0.5 s; (2) the GPU-based parallel collision detection method speedup over the corresponding serial version is 50x - 60x, and (3) Devillers’ and Guigue’s algorithm is comparatively and comprehensively the best of the three GPU-based parallel triangle-triangle intersection algorithms. The presented GPU-accelerated method is capable of efficiently detecting the potential collisions of triangulated models. Overall, the GPU-accelerated parallel Devillers’ and Guigue’s triangle-triangle intersection algorithm is recommended when performing practical collision detections between large triangulated models.

     

Virtual subdivision for GPU based collision detection of deformable objects using a uniform grid

We present an improved uniform subdivision based discrete and continuous collision detection approach for deformable objects consisting of triangle meshes without any assumption about triangle size. A previously proposed technique using control bits can effectively eliminate redundant object pairs appearing in multiple cells, but this scheme requires the grid cell size adapted to the largest object, and efficiency tends to be severely impaired when object size varies strongly. In this paper, we discuss an approach that virtually subdivides large triangles into a number of child triangles to enable the use of a smaller, better suited cell size, resulting in a considerable decrease in the number of collision tests in the broad phase, with a corresponding reduced memory requirement. The virtual subdivision is used only for the purpose of collision detection and is recomputed each frame, with the original mesh retained for collision response and physical simulation. Our method exploits the benefits of GPU architecture to accelerate the computationally intensive task for improved performance. The results show that the method provides speedups by comparing performance with existing methods.     

一种胆道虚拟手术仿真系统*

设计了一种用于外科医生仿真训练的具有实时力反馈的胆道虚拟手术仿真系统。主要讨论了本系统的结构设计、三维重建、碰撞检测、软组织的弹性变形和力反馈等方面的技术实现。通过对胆囊取石手术进行仿真模拟,分析该系统的应用情况和性能指标。实验结果表明,该系统能有效地进行胆道手术仿真训练,提供的力反馈功能具有较好的稳定性和实时性。     

Fast generation method of 3D scene in Chinese landscape painting

The three-dimensional (3D) modeling of Chinese landscape painting is of great significance for the digital protection of cultural heritage and the production of virtual reality content. A fast modeling method to create 3D landscape scenes for traditional Chinese painting is proposed in this paper, based on integrated terrain modeling and the water flow rendering algorithm. A height map generation algorithm based on auxiliary lines is first proposed to carry out fast modeling from a simple two-dimensional contour to create a 3D mountain model. A realistic flow simulation that fits the topography is then undertaken, based on a flow chart which is calculated using the particle force in the normal grid of topography, and the theory of smoothing particle hydrodynamics. Finally, a stylistic scene that conforms to the artistic concept of traditional Chinese painting is acquired by optimizing the parameters. The interactive modeling platform of the integrated algorithm is tested in this study, and compared with existing research. Results show the method can achieve real-time rendering and realistic rendering to rapidly generate a 3D scene model consistent with a traditional painting scene, and provide support for the follow up development of virtual reality applications.

     

基于动态OBB层次结构的曲面相交算法*

为提高大曲面相交算法的效率,提出一种基于新的碰撞检测的曲面相交算法。该算法采用动态OBB层次结构碰撞算法获取相交区域,准确计算交点并构成交线;再利用分治三角化算法重构相交区域,以基于交线平均长度的方法去除窄小三角形,同时对空间闭合交线进行三角化,更新相交区域的三角形,并以闭合交线区分不同的区域。通过分析和实验结果证明,该算法能够对由大量三角形组成且相交情况比较复杂的曲面进行较快的处理。     

下颌骨拼接与导板设计的力反馈虚拟手术研究

传统的颅颌面术前规划与手术训练缺少力的触觉反馈，导致医生在手术建模与导板设计的过程效率低下。针对提高医生术前规划效率和训练的效果，设计了一种基于力反馈的颅颌面虚拟手术仿真平台。该系统采用力反馈机制与碰撞检测机制，能够对模型进行选取并移动而达到对下颌骨精确拼接的效果，同时能够设计出相应的导板。实验结果证明使用该平台进行颅颌面手术术前规划和导板设计更有效率，仿真结果的实时性和真实性也较高。     

基于NX/Open 的悬挂式爬坡输送线的碰撞检测仿真系统开发

在悬挂式上下坡输送线的结构设计中,预测和有效避免挂件在上下坡过程中的动 态碰撞是企业的迫切需求。针对该输送线需满足零件设计参数化、碰撞检测可视化的特点,开 发了一种以NX/Open API 为数据接口的快速检测爬坡过程中挂件是否发生碰撞的仿真系统。实 现了对已建模零件的参数化修改,以及对爬坡输送线进行自动化的虚拟装配和运动仿真,通过 不同参数下的再仿真试验及其效果反馈,最终达到消除碰撞和优化结构的目的。     

Haptic rendering for dental training system

Immersion and interaction are two key features of virtual reality systems, which are especially important for medical applications. Based on the requirement of motor skill training in dental surgery, haptic rendering method based on triangle model is investigated in this paper. Multi-rate haptic rendering architecture is proposed to solve the contradiction between fidelity and efficiency requirements. Realtime collision detection algorithm based on spatial partition and time coherence is utilized to enable fast contact determination. Proxy-based collision response algorithm is proposed to compute surface contact point. Cutting force model based on piecewise contact transition model is proposed for dental drilling simulation during tooth preparation. Velocity-driven levels of detail haptic rendering algorithm is proposed to maintain high update rate for complex scenes with a large number of triangles. Hapticvisual collocated dental training prototype is established using half-mirror solution. Typical dental operations have been realized including dental caries exploration, detection of boundary within dental cross-section plane, and dental drilling during tooth preparation. The haptic rendering method is a fundamental technology to improve immersion and interaction of virtual reality training systems, which is useful not only in dental training, but also in other surgical training systems. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60605027, 50575011), National High-Tech Research & Development Program of China (Grant No. 2007AA01Z310)     

Collision Detection for Deformable Objects

Interactive environments for dynamically deforming objects play an important role in surgery simulation and entertainment technology. These environments require fast deformable models and very efficient collision handling techniques. While collision detection for rigid bodies is well investigated, collision detection for deformable objects introduces additional challenging problems. This paper focuses on these aspects and summarizes recent research in the area of deformable collision detection. Various approaches based on bounding volume hierarchies, distance fields and spatial partitioning are discussed. In addition, image‐space techniques and stochastic methods are considered. Applications in cloth modeling and surgical simulation are presented.