乙醇汽油的生产与应用

燃料乙醇是一种环境友好的可再生替代能源,可按一定的比例与汽油组分掺混成乙醇汽油。介绍了乙醇汽油的生产技术、应用现状和发展前景。     

不同比例乙醇汽油蒸发性试验研究

低比例的乙醇汽油已经在部分省市得到了推广运用,但由于乙醇的蒸汽压低,气化潜热大,增加了发动机气阻产生的可能性.为了解乙醇汽油的蒸发性,本文主要对几种不同混合比例的乙醇汽油进行了馏程和饱和蒸汽压试验研究.通过试验可以看出,低比例的乙醇汽油蒸发性得到一定程度的提高,而高比例的乙醇汽油其蒸发性变化幅度较大.对进一步研究和推广运用乙醇汽油有一定指导意义.     

汽油机燃用丁醇—汽油调和燃料的试验研究

对丁醇、乙醇和汽油的理化性质进行对比分析,在汽油机上将丁醇与汽油按丁醇体积为10%、20%、30%的比例进行调和,在发动机台架上分别对丁醇汽油混合燃料、汽油、乙醇汽油混合燃料进行了负荷特性及外特性的试验。通过试验研究了丁醇汽油混合燃料对汽油机的动力性、经济性、排放性的影响。     

正丁醇/乙醇-汽油HCCI发动机的低温燃烧与排放特性

在一台单缸4冲程发动机上利用负气门重叠角方法,在转速为1 500,r/min、气门相位与升程不变的情况下,研究了不同掺醇比例下正丁醇-汽油与乙醇-汽油均质充量压缩着火(HCCI)发动机的燃烧与非常规排放特性.结果表明,随着掺醇比例的增加,HCCI发动机的着火时刻提前,燃烧持续期缩短,而且使用正丁醇-汽油时HCCI发动机的着火时刻更早,燃烧持续期更短,但平均指示有效压力(IMEP)呈下降趋势,而且使用正丁醇-汽油时HCCI发动机的IMEP与指示热效率更低.汽油中掺醇均会导致HCCI发动机的甲烷、甲醛、乙醛和乙烯排放增加,但芳香烃排放显著降低,而且在相同掺醇比例下,使用正丁醇-汽油时的甲烷和乙醛排放要低于使用乙醇-汽油时的值,而甲醛、乙烯和芳香烃排放则高于使用乙醇-汽油时的值.此外,在汽油中掺混乙醇,会减少HCCI发动机的丙烯排放,但是在汽油中掺混正丁醇,则会增加HCCI发动机的丙烯排放.     

直喷式轿车柴油机燃用生物柴油的排放特性

在直喷式柴油机和装有该型号柴油机的轿车上燃用柴油/生物柴油混合燃料,未对原机作任何调整,研究了不同生物柴油掺混比例的混合燃料对烟度、CO、THC、NOx和CO2排放的影响.结果表明,直喷式柴油机和轿车燃用生物柴油后,烟度大幅下降,THC排放明显减少;烟度和THC的变化均与生物柴油掺混比例呈线性关系.柴油机CO排放在小于20%负荷下,随着生物柴油的比例增高逐渐增加;在大于20%负荷时,CO排放随着混合燃料中生物柴油的比例增高而减少;在轿车上,只有低比例掺烧(10%)的CO排放有所下降.柴油机上的NOx排放在低比例掺烧(10%)时下降,而在较高比例掺烧(30%)时,NOx排放升高;在轿车上,NOx排放都有所升高.在柴油机上,燃用生物柴油混合燃料后,CO2排放的总体趋势在减少,但减少比例随生物柴油掺混比例的不同而不同;在整车上,只有低比例掺烧(10%)时CO2排放降低,而较高比例掺烧(30%)时CO2排放升高.     

掺混比例和喷射定时对二甲醚-乙醇发动机燃烧和排放的影响

在一台电控共轨发动机上,试验研究了乙醇掺混比例和喷射定时对二甲醚-乙醇混合燃料燃烧及排放的影响。结果表明:随乙醇比例的增加,滞燃期延长,燃烧持续期缩短,最大压力升高率上升。随喷射推迟,滞燃期延长,燃烧相位延后,燃烧持续期在纯二甲醚时延长,而在掺混乙醇时则先延长后缩短,最大压力升高率先下降后上升。掺混乙醇和推迟喷射使预混燃烧比例增加。随喷射推迟,混合燃料的排气温度升高,喷射推迟到上止点后,排气温度随乙醇比例的增加而升高,排气温度高,则废气能量高,增压器增压比大,进气流量大,导致缸内压缩压力升高。在上止点前喷射时,掺混乙醇能使HC和CO排放保持在较低范围的同时,一定程度降低NO_x排放,掺混15%的乙醇较纯二甲醚最大降低约11%NO_x排放。随推迟喷射,NO_x排放降低,最大降幅达52%,在过分推迟燃料喷射时,因热效率低,循环喷射量增加,含15%乙醇混合燃料的NO_x排放会高于纯二甲醚。HC和CO排放随喷射推迟而升高,且升高幅度增大。     

醇类燃料的发展及在我国的应用(下)

(续上期) 4国外醇类燃料的历史、现状及发展趋势 4.1巴西推广乙醇燃料的经验 巴西是石油资源贫乏国家之一,早在20年代巴西就开始在汽车中应用乙醇/汽油混合燃料.第二次世界大战之后,随着石油供应的缓和,巴西乙醇/汽油混合燃料的应用停滞不前,直到1974年第一次世界石油危机才促使巴西政府下决心推行乙醇汽油计划,1975年,巴西制定并开始实施了乙醇汽油全国计划,第一批汽车使用的混合燃料是22%乙醇和78%汽油.<供热空调系统运行管理、节能、诊断指南>出版     

电喷汽油机燃用乙醇-汽油燃料的排放性能研究

研究了不同掺混比的乙醇 -汽油燃料在多点电喷汽油机上应用时的排放性能。研究结果表明 :在汽油机参数未做任何调整的情况下 ,在试验的掺混比范围内 ,随着乙醇 -汽油混合燃料中乙醇含量的增加 ,THC排放改善了 30 %,CO排放在大负荷时有所改善 ,NOx 排放在中、小负荷时改善较明显。排放特性的变化不仅与乙醇含量有关 ,而且与电喷发动机的空燃比控制策略有关。以质量计的燃油消耗率有所增加 ,但以燃料热值计的比能耗降低。     

乙醇汽油燃料特性对直喷增压乘用车性能影响研究

使用纯汽油与4种乙醇体积分数为10%的乙醇汽油,在一辆缸内汽油直喷乘用车上研究不同燃料对整车性能的影响。试验结果表明:在新欧洲驾驶循环下,燃用乙醇汽油会增加汽车运行时的百公里油耗,但燃用乙醇汽油汽车的当量油耗则可以低于纯汽油汽车的油耗,说明燃用乙醇汽油燃料的汽车可以实现更高的热效率、更低的碳排放、更低的颗粒物排放和更良好的加速性能。5种燃料中,随芳烃含量升高,汽车油耗、颗粒数、NO_x排放整体会呈现上升趋势。综合性能来看,通过燃料优化可以使乙醇汽油高效清洁地应用于整车,但在低车速、冷起动工况下因发动机运转温度较低,其CO排放比纯汽油要高,HC排放比纯汽油低。     

乙醇在摩托车汽油机中的试验研究

本文针对摩托车汽油机进行乙醇的应用研究。在汽油机结构不作变动的条件下，在发动机台架试验中,掺烧一定比例的纯乙醇和工业乙醇。测试了发动机不同转速和负荷时，燃用纯汽油和汽油-乙醇混合燃料时的功率、能耗率及排放性能。试验结果表明，汽油-乙醇混合燃料可以提高发动机的动力性和能耗率，同时改善排放。     

低比例甲醇汽油蒸发性研究

甲醇汽油的推广运用从一定程度上可以缓解能源危机,但由于甲醇汽油的蒸发性,甲醇的引入将增大气阻产生的可能性。虽然低比例的甲醇汽油可以在发动机不做改动的条件下直接使用,但混合燃料的蒸发性有待进一步的研究。本文对几种低比例的甲醇汽油的蒸发性进行了试验研究,结果表面,低比例甲醇汽油的蒸发性变化不大,理论上发动机不易产生气阻。     

An experimental study on soot distribution characteristics of ethanol-gasoline blends in laminar diffusion flames

In view of the potential of bio-ethanol as an alternative fuel and the particulate matter (PM) issues during gasoline combustion, the soot distribution characteristics of ethanol-gasoline blends in laminar diffusion flames were studied on a Gülder liquid burner using the two-color laser induced incandescence (TC-LII) technique. During the experiments, the ethanol ratio in the blends was varied from 20% to 80% by volume in order to investigate quantitatively the soot reduction potential of ethanol. In order to study the effect of reduction in carbon content due to ethanol addition on soot formation, the experiments were performed under a fixed fuel mass flow rate and a fixed carbon mass flow rate. It was found that both peak and average soot volume fraction in the flame reduced significantly with increasing ethanol content under both fuel supplying modes, however, this effect was progressively less pronounced as ethanol content increased. By comparing the two fueling modes, it was found that the reduction in carbon content due to ethanol addition has little impact on soot reduction. For a given ethanol blending ratio, the soot reduction under the same carbon mass flow rate was only slightly smaller than that under the same fuel mass flow rate. In terms of flame characteristics, the initial height of soot formation increases with increasing ethanol content under both fuel supply modes mainly due to the increased fuel outlet velocity. Radially, the peak soot location moves from the outside towards the center gradually as height increases. However, along the center line of the flame, the initial height of soot formation decreases with increasing ethanol content under the same fuel flow rate, whereas the trend remained similar to that in the whole flame under the same carbon flow rate.     

Evaporation heat transfer and pressure drop of refrigerant R-134a in a small pipe

An experiment was carried out to investigate the characteristics of the evaporation heat transfer and pressure drop for refrigerant R-134a flowing in a horizontal small circular pipe having an inside diameter of 2.0 mm. The data are useful in designing more compact and effective evaporators for various refrigeration and air conditioning systems. The effects of the imposed wall heat flux, mass flux, vapor quality and saturation temperature of R-134a on the measured evaporation heat transfer and pressure drop were examined in detail. When compared with the data for larger pipes (D_i ≥ 8.0 mm) reported in the literature, the evaporation heat transfer coefficient for the small pipe considered here is about 30–80% higher for most situations. Moreover, we noted that in the small pipe the evaporation heat transfer coefficient is higher at a higher imposed wall heat flux except in the high vapor quality region, at a higher saturation temperature, and at a higher mass flux when the imposed heat flux is low. In addition, the measured pressure drop is higher for increases in the mass flux and imposed wall heat flux. Based on the present data, empirical correlations were proposed for the evaporation heat transfer coefficients and friction factors.     

Simulation analysis of methanol flash distillation circulation process in biodiesel production with supercritical method

High methanol-to-oil ratio is required to obtain a high conversion of oil for the production of biodiesel with supercritical methanol. Recovering the methanol of a stream issuing from a transesterification supercritical reactor by flash distillation instead of evaporation was analyzed. The one-stage and two-stage flash distillation processes were presented and compared. The difference of the recovery percentage of methanol of the above two flash processes is less than 0.5% and the methanol concentration in the vapor for the one-stage process decreases rapidly when feed temperature increases. The process in which the product of transesterification of soybean oil with supercritical methanol is cooled to an appropriate temperature (about 240°C) first and then flashed was put forward. The effect of cooling temperature, feed pressure and flash pressure on methanol concentration and recovery percentage was investigated. According to this study, when the feed pressure range is 15–30 MPa, the flash pressure equals 0.4 MPa, and cooling temperature range is 240°C–250°C, the recovery percentage of methanol is not less than 85%, and the concentration of the vapor in mass fraction of methanol is approximately 99%. Thus, the vapor leaving the flash tank can be directly circulated to the transesterification reactor.     

乙醇对棕榈酸甲酯液滴蒸发特性的影响研究

由于使用化石能源带来的环境污染,寻找具有高能量密度的环保型生物燃料成为研究热点之一。采用挂滴法研究常压下温度为773 K和873 K时含有不同乙醇浓度（10%、20%、30%和40%）的棕榈酸甲酯混合燃料的蒸发特性。结果表明,每种液滴在平稳蒸发阶段都符合经典d²定律,当乙醇浓度达到40% 时,混合燃料液滴的寿命明显缩短,平均蒸发率显著增高,尤其在环境温度为873 K时,这种提升更为明显。     

Simulation analysis of methanol flash distillation circulation process in biodiesel production with supercritical method

High methanol-to-oil ratio is required to obtain a high conversion of oil for the production of biodiesel with supercritical methanol. Recovering the methanol of a stream issuing from a transesterification supercritical reactor by flash distillation instead of evaporation was analyzed. The one-stage and two-stage flash distillation processes were presented and compared. The difference of the recovery percentage of methanol of the above two flash processes is less than 0.5% and the methanol concentration in the vapor for the one-stage process decreases rapidly when feed temperature increases. The process in which the product of transesterification of soybean oil with supercritical methanol is cooled to an appropriate temperature (about 240°C) first and then flashed was put forward. The effect of cooling temperature, feed pressure and flash pressure on methanol concentration and recovery percentage was investigated. According to this study, when the feed pressure range is 15–30 MPa, the flash pressure equals 0.4 MPa, and cooling temperature range is 240°C–250°C, the recovery percentage of methanol is not less than 85%, and the concentration of the vapor in mass fraction of methanol is approximately 99%. Thus, the vapor leaving the flash tank can be directly circulated to the transesterification reactor.     

Influence of ambient vapor concentration on droplet evaporation in a perspective of comparison between diffusion controlled model and kinetic model

A comparative study of purely diffusion controlled, kinetic, and empirical models has been executed on the predictions of evaporation characteristics of water droplet in a quiescent ambience of air with varying vapor concentrations at different pressures and temperatures. A significant increase in droplet lifetime with free stream vapor concentration has been observed at lower values of the free stream temperature, as predicted by all the models. An increase in ambient pressure increases the droplet lifetime at low temperature, while it does the opposite at higher ambient temperature. The droplet lifetime predicted by the kinetic model is always greater than that predicted by the purely diffusion controlled model. For a droplet of initial radius 20 μm, the purely diffusion controlled and kinetic models underpredict the droplet lifetime as compared to that obtained from the empirical model. For a droplet of initial radius of 5 μm, the purely diffusion controlled model underpredicts the droplet lifetime while the kinetic model overpredicts the same as compared to empirical values. The predictions of lifetime by kinetic models are closer to those obtained from empirical ones in case of evaporation in vapor rich ambience.     

Research on combustion and emission characteristics of a hydrous ethanol/hydrogen combined injection spark ignition engine under lean-burn conditions

Ethanol, as one of the carbon-neutral fuels for spark ignition (SI) engine, has been widely used. Dehydration and purification of ethanol during production process will lead to high energy consumption. If hydrous ethanol can be directly applied to the engine, the cost of use will be greatly reduced. Due to the high latent heat of vaporization of ethanol and water, it is necessary to consider the performance of atomization, evaporation and combustion stability when hydrous ethanol is used in engine. As a zero-carbon fuel, hydrogen has excellent characteristics such as low ignition energy, fast flame propagation speed and wide combustion limit. The combination of hydrous ethanol and hydrogen can reduce the use cost and ensure better combustion performance. Therefore, this study explores the performance of hydrous ethanol/hydrogen in SI combined injection engine. The hydrous ethanol is injected into the intake port and the hydrogen is directly injected into the cylinder during the compression stroke. In this study, we firstly analyze the optimal water blending ratio (ω) of hydrous ethanol, which including 0, 3%, 6%, 9% and 12%. The experimental results show that the hydrous ethanol with 9% water ratio has the best performance without hydrogen addition. Based on the 9% water ratio, the effects of hydrogen blending ratio (0, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) on the combustion and emission under different excess air ratio (λ) (1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4). Hydrogen addition can increase the degree of constant volume combustion, so that the maximum cylinder pressure and temperature increase with the increase of the hydrogen blending ratio (HBR). When λ = 1.3 and HBR = 20%, the maximum in-cylinder pressure can be increased by 108.64% compared to pure hydrous ethanol. Hydrogen effectively increases the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and reduces the coefficient of variation of IMEP (COV_IMEP). Adding hydrogen can reduce CO and HC emissions, while NO_x emissions will increase. When λ = 1.2 and HBR increasing from 0 to 20%, the NOx emissions increase by 106.75%, but it is still less than the NOx emissions of pure hydrous ethanol at λ = 1. On the whole, hydrogen direct injection can improve the combustion performance of hydrous ethanol and achieve stable combustion under lean-burn conditions.     

Performance enhancement of a split air conditioner using porous material inside the evaporator pipes

In this experimental study, a porous material is used inside the pipes of the evaporator as the main heat exchanging device in the air conditioning cycle. The used porous material consists of stainless steel balls of different diameters. As a case study, refrigerant R454B, which is a drop-in replacement to refrigerant R410A, is used as a working fluid in the air conditioner thermodynamic cycle. Four different porosities were used during the experimental tests; 100% (empty tube), 46%, 40%, and 33%. This study investigated the influence of variation of porosity as well as outside air temperature and refrigerant evaporation temperature on the cycle coefficient of performance, evaporation capacity, pressure drop, and power consumption during the compression process. Measured evaporation temperatures and indoor temperatures during tests were in the range of 1.5–12°C and 18–25°C, respectively. The use of porous material in the evaporation heat exchanger resulted in a considerable increase in the cycle evaporation capacity and coefficient of performance. Varying porosity from 100% to 33% resulted in an average percent increase of cycle evaporation capacity and coefficient of performance by 48.8% and 84.3%, respectively. Also, decreasing porosity from 100% to 33% resulted in an average percent increase in power consumption during the compression process by about 27%. An average percent increase of power consumption of compressor by about 25.9% is also reported, when evaporation temperature increased from 1.5°C to 12°C. Increasing outside air temperature from 27.1°C to 39.5°C resulted in decreasing evaporation capacity and coefficient of performance by 35.2% and 34.5%, respectively, and in increasing compressor power consumption by about 14.3%. A considerable pressure drop was recorded during the evaporation process when using porous material. The volumetric evaporation capacity, as well as compressor discharge temperature, are increased by increasing evaporating temperature and by decreasing evaporator porosity. The increase in air ambient temperature resulted in a considerable increase in refrigerant mass flow rate.     

乙醇汽油混合燃料的排放特性研究

研究不同配比的乙醇汽油混合燃料在电喷汽油机上应用时的排放特性。结果表明：在发动机参数未做任何调整的情况下,发动机运行状况良好;CO和HC的排放明显得到了改善,NOx的排放在个别工况下发生恶化;排放特性的变化不仅与乙醇含量有关,而且与电喷发动机的空燃比控制策略有关。