Information Systems Frontiers in Knowledge Management

There can be no doubt that contemporary developments in information technology, including information systems developments, have changed business and organizational practices in many ways. For example, the world's financial systems are so closely coupled that that a small decrease in interest rates in the United States may cause a disproportionately large rise in stock market values in South East Asia. The information revolution has created entirely new ways of marketing, such that we now see very changed relationships between producers, distributors and customers. It has also led to changes in the way in which organizations are managed, the way in which they are structured, and the way in which they deal with their products and services. In particular, it creates a number of opportunities and challenges that affect the way in which data is converted into information and then into knowledge. It poses many opportunities for management of the environment for these transfers, such as to enhance the productivity of individuals and organizations. This paper discuses interactions and intersections between organizations, information technology and information systems, and the ways in which the creative use of information systems changes organizational environments.     

支持创新型组织学习:基于任务情景的知识适用性管理

面临商务环境的快速变迁和难以预测,创新型组织学习正在成为组织提高生存、适应和竞争能力的关键途径.然而,现有的KM技术对于如何支持创新型组织学习,没有进行深入、系统的研究;导致知识工作者在获取适用性好的信息体(从而促进业务创新)和主动参与OM开放性进化(以促进创新知识的传播和共享)方面缺乏有效的支持.文中提出基于任务情景的知识适用性管理方法KAMTC,旨在以基于应用域本体的任务情景描述模式作为统一的语义基础,去确切、全面和便捷地描述业务工作的查询需求和受检信息体的适用性,以克服这些挑战性问题,进而有效支持知识创新和创新型组织学习的展开.     

Collaborative learning with a wiki: Differences in perceived usefulness in two contexts of use

This paper investigates the potential of a wiki (FlexWiki) to support collaborative authoring of web resources in authentic coursework by two different sets of education students at different stages of their professional development. Research questions included: (1) how the selected wiki could be blended with curriculum activities and existing technologies to complete collaborative tasks; (2) student and tutor expectations concerning collaborative learning and whether these expectations were met; (3) the barriers and enablers of using the wiki and perceptions of the task‐technology fit. Key findings included that tutors and students were able to use the wiki to complete tasks; tutors and students were positive about learning outcomes but collaboration was not as co‐constructive as hoped for; there were tensions between expectations of collaboration and assessment practices that affected how students collaborated; differences between participants in their group interaction, degree of co‐presence and familiarity with technology led to differences in perceptions of usefulness and actual wiki use; and version‐tracking data from the wiki proved unreliable on its own for gaining insights into actual collaborative processes. These findings suggest the importance of considering detailed local contexts of use when deciding to adopt new tools for supporting collaboration.     

Knowledge extraction for production management

A procedure and underlying algorithm for extracting knowledge from production and inventory databases to support engineering management activities is described. The process searches for, detects and isolates behaviour patterns inherent in the data. It relates these patterns to production irregularities, suggests connections with specific causes and helps propose possible corrective or preventive actions. The approach is based on a four-phase procedure: (1) the decision-maker focuses on the subject or difficulty at issue, represented by a target concept; (2) the KEDB algorithm, based on a machine learning approach, processes the relevant database and provides knowledge characterizing and classifying the target concept; (3) the output is interpreted in Pareto fashion as a series of possible circumstances explaining the target concept behaviour; and (4) based on these causes, the decision-maker decides on possible corrective actions to improve the situation, or preventive actions to forestall unfavourable conditions. A case study based on an actual quality control database is detailed.     

Person-centered technology enhanced learning: Dimensions of added value

Extensive research has shown that person-centered learning aiming at students’ development on the levels of intellect, skills, and attitudes is effective in face-to-face education. More recently, advances in web-technology let us ask: Is humanistic, person-centered learning also effective along the application of modern technology? In this contribution we reflect 10 years of research at the University of Vienna, Austria. Essentially, we found that, given learners perceive the teacher’s or facilitator’s person-centered attitudes and courses employ a thoughtful blend of face-to-face and online elements, courses tend to be perceived by students as carrying value far beyond just cognitive gains: for example, students indicate that – more than with traditional instruction – they are motivated to engage in active, self-initiated learning. In particular, they improve their team skills, interpersonal relationships, and become better listeners. They learn significantly from the multiple perspectives they perceive.     

基于知识管理的远程训练模式探讨

本文依据我军继续教育现状,将训练内容划分为知识训练和技能训练,分析总结了一种适合部队的继续教育远程训练模式。在此基础上,以知识管理为支撑,设计一个军队继续教育远程训练平台。     

知识管理对信息技术在教育中的运用

知识管理在现代企业管理上是一个很流行的词汇,它对企业生存、发展有着深远的意义,而且知识管理包容的思想也对教育信息化有重要的指导作用.本文先对知识管理的定义、核心、实质及与信息技术的关系进行了阐述,然后初步探讨了知识管理对信息技术在教育中运用的启迪.     

知识管理对信息技术在教育中的运用

知识管理在现代企业管理上是一个很流行的词汇,它对企业生存、发展有着深远的意义,而且知识管理包容的思想也对教育信息化有重要的指导作用。本文先对知识管理的定义、核心、实质及与信息技术的关系进行了阐述,然后初步探讨了知识管理对信息技术在教育中运用的启迪。     

Case-Based Knowledge Management Tools for Software Development

Modern software development is a knowledge-intensive activity. The proliferation of development tools, rapidly changing technology, and increasing complexity and diversity of application domains all increase the cognitive burden placed on software developers. General purpose programming languages and CASE tools offer little relief from these problems. Knowledge management tools are needed that can effectively capture and disseminate software development knowledge that applies to the domain-specific needs of an organization. This knowledge is not static, but evolves with technology and the changing needs of the organizations development practices, customer base, and business milieu.This paper presents an infrastructure that supports evolving knowledge through case-based techniques and domain analysis methods that capture emerging knowledge and synthesize it into generally applicable forms. The approach is less concerned with the veracity of knowledge in its repository than evolving the knowledge toward answers to problems that fit the organizations technical and business context. Implications of this approach go beyond supporting software development to other knowledge-intensive professions where knowledge management tools can be used to support an organizational memory.     

A model-driven framework for enterprise service management

With a steady pace of adoption of service-oriented architecture, enterprises have made significant progresses in implementing various kinds of Web services and converting existing applications to service-oriented architecture. As a significant number of services have been put into actual use, many service-oriented enterprises are faced with the problem of how to manage these services efficiently. In this paper, we propose a model-driven framework for a more efficient management of these services. In this framework, the creation and maintenance of enterprise integration solutions are modeled by flows, finite state machines (FSMs), role-based access control (RBAC) among other formal systems models as well as appropriate decision models. For instance, each enterprise integration solution would be modeled as composite services that can be described by respective flow, FSM and RBAC models. These solution models can then be stored, and later retrieved for the execution of these composite services. Furthermore, formal systems and decision models are also used to maintain and update these service-oriented solutions to improve the efficiency and quality of service management by taking advantage of the underlying service-oriented architecture.     

面向知识网格的本体学习研究

网格计算正在从单纯的面向大型计算的分布式资源共享发展为一种面向服务的架构,以实现透明而可靠的分布式系统集成。网格智能是指如何获取、预处理、表示和集成不同层次的网格服务(如HTML/XML/RDF/OWL文档、服务响应时间和服务质量等)的数据和信息,并最终转换为有用的智能(知识)。因为高层知识将在未来的网格应用起到越来越重要的作用,本体是知识网格实现的关键。文章提出了一种实现从Web文档中本体(半)自动构建的本体学习框架WebOntLearn,并讨论了本体学习中领域概念的抽取、概念之间关系的抽取和分类体系的自动构建等关键技术。     

A knowledge-based framework for clinical incident management

Clinical incidents, which occur during the provision of health care, can be costly and deadly. Over three-quarter of these incidents is preventable according to the studies in general practice in Australia (Bhasale, A., Miller, G., Reid, S., & Britt, H., (1998). Analysing potential harm in Australian general practice: an incident-monitoring study. MJA, 169, 73–76). It is important that we learn as much as possible from these incidents to prevent them in the future and improve quality of care. This paper introduces a holistic system, which amalgamates case-based reasoning, rule-based reasoning, causal-based reasoning and an ontological knowledge base for managing clinical incidents in general practice. Clinical incident management includes incident analysis, incident case browsing, statistics and explanation. The system enables health professionals to share the medical incident information, which has caused harm and can cause potential harm. The re-use of such information may prevent or mitigate human or medical errors. Such a hybrid approach provides an effective management of adverse clinical incidents for quality improvement in General Practice.     

面向知识图谱的知识推理研究进展

近年来,随着互联网技术和应用模式的迅猛发展,引发了互联网数据规模的爆炸式增长,其中包含大量有价值的知识.如何组织和表达这些知识,并对其进行深入计算和分析,备受关注.知识图谱作为丰富直观的知识表达方式应运而生.面向知识图谱的知识推理是知识图谱的研究热点之一,已在垂直搜索、智能问答等应用领域发挥了重要作用.面向知识图谱的知识推理旨在根据已有的知识推理出新的知识或识别错误的知识.不同于传统知识推理,由于知识图谱中知识表达形式的简洁直观、灵活丰富,面向知识图谱的知识推理方法也更加多样化.本文将从知识推理的基本概念出发,介绍近年来面向知识图谱知识推理方法的最新研究进展.具体地,本文根据推理类型划分,将面向知识图谱的知识推理分为单步推理和多步推理,根据方法的不同,每类又包括基于规则的推理、基于分布式表示的推理、基于神经网络的推理以及混合推理.本文详细总结这些方法,并探讨和展望面向知识图谱知识推理的未来研究方向和前景.     

知识表示学习研究进展

人们构建的知识库通常被表示为网络形式,节点代表实体,连边代表实体间的关系.在网络表示形式下,人们需要设计专门的图算法存储和利用知识库,存在费时费力的缺点,并受到数据稀疏问题的困扰.最近,以深度学习为代表的表示学习技术受到广泛关注.表示学习旨在将研究对象的语义信息表示为稠密低维实值向量,知识表示学习则面向知识库中的实体和关系进行表示学习.该技术可以在低维空间中高效计算实体和关系的语义联系,有效解决数据稀疏问题,使知识获取、融合和推理的性能得到显著提升.介绍知识表示学习的最新进展,总结该技术面临的主要挑战和可能解决方案,并展望该技术的未来发展方向与前景.     

Knowledge Management Systems: A Process-Oriented View

The introduction of Knowledge Management in organizations is now considered as a problem. Several tools, systems, and methodologies were used in organizations but the success rate of these tools is generally insufficiently satisfactory. The idea of this work is to propose a new way of modelling knowledge with a view of improving the usefulness of implemented tools.__________Translated from Kibernetika i Sistemnyi Analiz, No. 2, pp. 139–143, March–April 2005.     

A framework of knowledge versioning management

Abstract: Knowledge is an inherently dynamic entity continuously changing and evolving. In many cases, the coexistence of different versions of the same core knowledge is a necessity. So is the availability of the proper environment and tools to deal with knowledge versioning. In this paper, a framework of knowledge versioning management is proposed and implemented dealing with hybrid knowledge representation models using frames and rules. This framework facilitates knowledge version handling and maintenance, improving, in parallel, knowledge sharing and reuse. Knowledge components are stored in a set of tables and handled as data under the auspices of a database management system. The proper structure of tables and their relationships allows the creation of independent knowledge modules. Several knowledge modules can be assembled to construct higher level modules, which finally form versions of knowledge. Corresponding knowledge base versions consist of several knowledge modules easy to handle and process in various application areas. The proposed framework has been implemented and thoroughly examined in an application area of great importance, such as pest management.     

A web services framework for distributed model management

Distributed model management aims to support the wide-spread sharing and usage of decision support models. Web services is a promising technology for supporting distributed model management activities such as model creation and delivery, model composition, model execution and model maintenance to fulfill dynamic decision-support and problem solving requests. We propose a web services based framework for model management (called MM-WS) to support various activities of the model management life cycle. The framework is based on the recently proposed Integrated Service Planning and Execution (ISP & E) approach for web services integration. We discuss encoding of domain knowledge (as individual models) and utilize the MM-WS framework to interleave synthesis of composite models with their execution. A prototypical implementation with an example is used to illustrate the utility of the framework to enable distributed model management and knowledge integration. Benefits and issues of using the framework to support model-based decision-making in organizational contexts are outlined.

中小型软件企业知识管理的研究

越来越多的我国中小型软件企业认识到员工的知识是企业最有价值的资产,而且在企业中实施知识管理是十分必要的。首先概括了这些企业在知识管理方面的现状,提出了一个适用于中小型软件企业的知识管理体系,说明了知识管理与CMM／CMMI的关系,并给出了知识管理与软件过程管理的结合模型,介绍了一个软件企业知识管理系统的模型框架,分享了实施知识管理的一些经验。     

How Can Organizational Memory Theories Contribute to Organizational Memory Systems?

Organizational memory systems (OMS) support organizations to ensure organizational learning, flexibility and efficiency and the management of change. The paper describes the term organizational memory and reviews a set of theories contributing to this field. As organizational memory is considered interdisciplinary, theories are drawn from research fields as different as organization science, psychology, sociology and artificial intelligence. The consequence is that the design of information systems supporting organizational memory has to be seen in this very specific context which leads to different perspectives contrasting traditional software development. These different perspectives are integrated into our view on organizational memory systems. The paper is concluded by an outlook on the main research questions which we intend to address in our research.