基于图着色的无线自组网极小连通支配集算法

基于连通支配集算法的虚拟主干网技术对于无线自组网的路由优化、能量保护和资源分配都具有重要的作用。通过引入极大独立集和极小支配集概念,基于图着色思想提出一种新的适合于无线自组网的极小连通支配集算法,从理论上证明了该算法的正确性和高效性,也通过仿真实验分析了该算法在多种情况下的实际性能,仿真结果表明新算法在簇头和主干节点数目方面具有较好的性能,特别在节点密集的网络环境中更加突出。     

A Dominating-Set-Based Routing Scheme in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Efficient routing among a set of mobile hosts (also called nodes) is one of the most important functions in ad hoc wireless networks. Routing based on a connected dominating set is a promising approach, where the searching space for a route is reduced to nodes in the set. A set is dominating if all the nodes in the system are either in the set or neighbors of nodes in the set. In this paper, we propose a simple and efficient distributed algorithm for calculating connected dominating set in ad hoc wireless networks, where connections of nodes are determined by their geographical distances. We also propose an update/recalculation algorithm for the connected dominating set when the topology of the ad hoc wireless network changes dynamically. Our simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms a classical algorithm in terms of finding a small connected dominating set and doing so quickly. Our approach can be potentially used in designing efficient routing algorithms based on a connected dominating set.     

基于极大权的最小连通支配集启发式算法

Ad hoc无线网络中基于最小连通支配集(MCDS)的路由是一个引人瞩目的方法,文中提出了一种基于极大权的MCDS的启发式算法,确保了性能强的主机担任网关节点的角色,能更好的协调管理网络中其他的节点,从而保持MCDS的相对稳固性并为全网中的广播和路由操作提供一个高效的通信基础.仿真结果表明,该算法能在保证生成权和极大的连通支配集的同时也确保它的极小性,因此能有效地用于基于MCDS的路由设计中.     

Zone-based virtual backbone formation in wireless ad hoc networks

Efficient protocol for clustering and backbone formation is one of the most important issues in wireless ad hoc networks. Connected dominating set (CDS) formation is a promising approach for constructing virtual backbone. However, finding the minimum CDS in an arbitrary graph is a NP-Hard problem. In this paper, we present a novel zone-based distributed algorithm for CDS formation in wireless ad hoc networks. In this Zone algorithm, we combine the zone and level concepts to sparsify the CDS constructed by previous well-known approaches. Therefore, this proposed algorithm can significantly reduce the CDS size. Particularly, we partition the wireless network into different zones, construct a dominating tree for each zone and connect adjacent zones by inserting additional connectors into the final CDS (at the zone borders). Our comprehensive simulation study using a custom simulator shows that this zone-based algorithm is more effective than previous approaches. The number of nodes in the CDS formed by this Zone algorithm is up to around 66% less than that constructed by others. Moreover, we also compare the performance of Zone algorithm with some recently proposed CDS formation protocols in ns2 simulator.     

Connected dominating sets in disk graphs with bidirectional links

In this paper, we study the connected dominating set (CDS) problem in disk graphs. The CDS problem has a significant impact on an efficient design of routing protocols in wireless networks. This problem has been studied extensively in unit disk graphs, in which each node has the same transmission range. However, in wireless ad hoc networks, the transmission ranges of all nodes are not necessary equal. In this paper, we introduce the CDS problem in disk graphs and present a constant approximation algorithm which can be implemented as a distributed algorithm.     

基于极大独立集的最小连通支配集的分布式算法

全网范围的广播在无线传感器网络和移动自组织网络中有着广泛的应用.为节省网络资源,减少冗余转发节点成为广播中需解决的关键问题.广播过程中最小化参与转发节点数问题与图论中求解最小连通支配集问题等价,而在任意图中求解最小连通支配集是NP完全问题.本文基于极大独立集,提出了一种求解最小连通支配集的分布式算法(MISB),并证明了算法的正确性.仿真结果表明,使用该算法能得到较小的连通支配集,从而有效减少网络广播过程中的转发节点数,大大节省了网络资源.     

Stable routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks using mobile agent

Wireless ad hoc networks are growing important because of their mobility, versatility, and ability to work with fewer infrastructures. The mobile ad hoc network is an autonomous system consisting of mobile nodes connected with wireless links. Establishing a path between two nodes is a complex task in wireless networks. It is still more complex in the wireless mobile ad hoc network because every node is no longer as an end node and an intermediate node. In this paper, it focuses on design of connectionless routing protocol for the wireless ad hoc networks based on the mobile agent concept. The proposed model tries to discover the best path taking into consideration some concerns like bandwidth, reliability, and congestion of the link. The proposed model has been simulated and tested under various wireless ad hoc network environments with the help of a different number of nodes. The results demonstrate that the proposed model is more feasible for providing reliable paths between the source and destination with the minimum control message packets over the network. It has delivered more number of packets to the destination over the network. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy and Spatial Reuse Efficient Network-Wide Real-Time Data Broadcasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In this paper, we present NB-TRACE, which is an energy-efficient network-wide voice broadcasting architecture for mobile ad hoc networks. In the NB-TRACE architecture, the network is organized into overlapping clusters through a distributed algorithm, where the clusterheads create a nonconnected dominating set. Channel access is regulated through a distributed TDMA scheme maintained by the clusterheads. The first group of packets of a broadcast session is broadcast through flooding, where each data rebroadcast is preceded by an acknowledgment to the upstream node. Nodes that do not get an acknowledgment for a predetermined time, except the clusterheads, cease to rebroadcast, which prunes the redundant retransmissions. The connected dominating set formed through this basic algorithm is broken in time due to node mobility. The network responds to the broken links through multiple mechanisms to ensure the maintenance of the connected dominating set. We compare NB-TRACE with four network layer broadcast routing algorithms (Flooding, Gossiping, Counter-based broadcasting, and Distance-based broadcasting) and three medium access control protocols (IEEE 802.11, SMAC, and MH-TRACE) through extensive ns-2 simulations. Our results show that NB-TRACE outperforms other network/MAC layer combinations in minimizing energy dissipation and optimizing spatial reuse, while producing competitive QoS performance.     

时延和能耗均衡的强连通支配集构造算法

针对无线传感器网络中链路的非对称性,提出时延约束的强连通支配树(SDTT,strongly connected dominating tree with bounded transmission delay)问题,给出在有向图上构建传输时延和能量消耗均衡的强连通支配集的强连通支配树(SCDT,distributed strongly connected dominating tree)算法。首先在单位圆图(UDG)模型的基础上构建极大独立集(MIS),然后在具有双向权值的有向图上基于最小支撑树和最短路径树实现分布式SCDT算法,同时满足时延和能耗均衡的约束条件要求。理论算例分析和仿真结果表明提出的算法能有效地解决SDTT问题,构造联合约束的强连通支配集,形成时延和能耗均衡的虚拟骨干。     

Interference-free energy efficient scheduling in wireless ad hoc networks

This paper studies the problem of interference-free broadcast in wireless ad hoc networks. In particular, we are interested in asymmetric power assignments so that the induced broadcast communication graph is both, energy efficient and has a short collision-free broadcast schedule. We consider both random and deterministic node layouts and develop four different broadcast schemes with provable performance guarantees on three optimization objectives simultaneously: total energy consumption, network lifetime and collision-free schedule length. We also show extensive numerical results which support our findings.     

Improving throughput in multihop wireless networks

One of the main characteristics of wireless ad hoc networks is their node-centric broadcast nature of communication, leading to interferences and spatial contention between adjacent wireless links. Due to such interferences, pessimistic concerns have been recently raised with respect to the decreasing network capacity in wireless ad hoc networks when the number of nodes scales to several orders of magnitude higher. Such studies assume uniformly distributed nodes in the network and randomized traffic patterns. In this paper, we argue that in all cases of end-to-end data communications-including one-to-k unicast and multicast data dissemination as well as k-to-one data aggregation-the maximum achievable end-to-end data throughput (measured on the sources) heavily depends on the strategy of arranging the topology of transmission between sources and destinations, as well as possible per-node operations such as coding. An optimal strategy achieves better end-to-end throughput than an arbitrary one. We present theoretical studies and critical insights with respect to how these strategies may be designed so that end-to-end throughput may be increased. After all, under all circumstances-in either a lightly loaded or a congested network-increasing end-to-end throughput from its baseline is always beneficial to applications using ad hoc networks to communicate.     

A distributed battery recovery aware topology control algorithm for wireless sensor networks

Battery recovery effect is a phenomenon that the available capacity of a battery could increase if the battery can sleep for a certain period of time since its last discharging. Accordingly, the battery can work for a longer time when it takes some rests between consecutive discharging processes than when it works all the time. However, this effect has not been considered in the design of energy‐efficient topology control algorithms for wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a distributed battery recovery effect aware connected dominating set constructing algorithm (BRE‐CDS) for wireless sensor networks. In BRE‐CDS, each network node periodically decides to join the connected dominating set or not. Nodes that have slept in the preceding round have priority to join the connected dominating set in the current round while nodes that have worked in the preceding round are encouraged to take sleep in the current round for battery recovery. Detailed algorithm design is presented. The computational complexity of BRE‐CDS is deduced to be O(D²), where D is node degree. Simulation results show that BRE‐CDS can significantly prolong the network lifetime as compared with existing work. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Opportunistic media access control and routing for delay-tolerant mobile ad hoc networks

In delay-tolerant mobile ad hoc networks, motion of network nodes, network sparsity and sporadic density can cause a lack of guaranteed connectivity. These networks experience significant link delay and their routing protocols must take a store-and-forward approach. In this paper, an opportunistic routing protocol is proposed, along with its compatible media access control, for non-real-time services in delay-tolerant networks. The scheme is mobility-aware such that each network node needs to know its own position and velocity. The media access control employs a four-fold handshake procedure to probe the wireless channel and cooperatively prioritize candidate nodes for packet replication. It exploits the broadcast characteristic of the wireless medium to utilize long-range but unreliable links. The routing process seizes opportunities of node contacts for data delivery. It takes a multiple-copy approach that is adaptive with node movements. Numerical results in mobile ad hoc networks and vehicular ad hoc networks show superior performance of the proposed protocol compared with other routing protocols. The mobility-aware media access control and routing scheme exhibits relatively small packet delivery delay and requires a modest amount of total packet replications/transmissions.     

Energy efficient broadcast routing in static ad hoc wireless networks

In this paper, we discuss energy efficient broadcast in ad hoc wireless networks. The problem of our concern is: given an ad hoc wireless network, find a broadcast tree such that the energy cost of the broadcast tree is minimized. Each node in the network is assumed to have a fixed level of transmission power. We first prove that the problem is NP-hard and propose three heuristic algorithms, namely, shortest path tree heuristic, greedy heuristic, and node weighted Steiner tree-based heuristic, which are centralized algorithms. The approximation ratio of the node weighted Steiner tree-based heuristic is proven to be (1 + 2 ln(n - 1)). Extensive simulations have been conducted and the results have demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed algorithms.     

Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms Using Directional Antennas for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Power consumption is an important issue in the wireless ad hoc networking environment. In this paper, we present several energy-efficient routing algorithms using directional antennas for wireless ad hoc networks. These algorithms are simple to implement and are distributed and can be applied to mobile environments. We evaluate how directional antennas improve system throughput. We study the influence of the battery recovery effect and mobility on the network throughput during a network lifetime. We also present an algorithm that exploits the broadcast nature of the wireless communication environment to improve end-to-end bit error performance for a Rayleigh fading channel.     

Power-aware routing protocols in ad hoc wireless networks

An ad hoc wireless network has no fixed networking infrastructure. It consists of multiple, possibly mobile, nodes that maintain network connectivity through wireless communications. Such a network has practical applications in areas where it may not be economically practical or physically possible to provide a conventional networking infrastructure. The nodes in an ad hoc wireless network are typically powered by batteries with a limited energy supply. One of the most important and challenging issues in ad hoc wireless networks is how to conserve energy, maximizing the lifetime of its nodes and thus of the network itself. Since routing is an essential function in these networks, developing power-aware routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks has been an intensive research area in recent years. As a result, many power-aware routing protocols have been proposed from a variety of perspectives. This article surveys the current state of power-aware routing protocols in ad hoc wireless networks.     

无线传感器网络中最小化能量广播算法

在无线传感器网络广播中,为保证所有节点都接收到广播的数据包并调节节点功率以最小化广播总能耗,在Cartigny等人提出的面向相对邻图的广播算法RBOP(relative neighborhood graph broadcast oriented protocol)的基础上,提出了更为节能的增强的面向相对邻图的广播算法ERBOP(enhanced relative neighborhood graph broadcast oriented protocol)。首先在相对邻图上删除较长边得到相对邻图的子图,该子图是连通稀疏图且包含了原图的最小生成树,然后在该子图上构造1-支配的连通支配集,只有支配点才参与数据包转发。仿真显示ERBOP有效节约了能量。     

无线ad hoc网络多性能指标基本性能边界

在无线ad hoc网络中,基本性能边界对路由算法和资源分配协议的分析和评价具有重要的意义。对无线ad hoc网络多性能指标基本性能边界进行了研究,包括理论上最优的性能边界和实际可以得到的性能边界。提出了一种稳定状态(steady state)下的网络基本性能指标分析模型。该模型考虑了无线网络广播特性和无线信道干扰,可同时分析多个性能指标,包括：吞吐量、端到端延迟和能量消耗。基于该模型,针对ad hoc网络中最常见的多流—单/双中继拓扑分析基本性能指标,求解多目标优化问题得到基本性能边界。仿真结果验证了模型的准确性,均方根误差小于10-3量级。     

Maintaining weakly-connected dominating sets for clustering ad hoc networks

An ad hoc network is a multihop wireless communication network supporting mobile users. Network performance degradation is a major problem as the network becomes larger. Clustering is an approach to simplify the network structure and thus alleviate the scalability problem. One method that has been proposed to form clusters is to use weakly-connected dominating sets [Y.P. Chen, A.L. Liestman, Approximating minimum size weakly-connected dominating sets for clustering mobile ad hoc networks, in: The Third ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc’02), 2002, pp. 165–172; Y.P. Chen, A.L. Liestman, A zonal algorithm for clustering ad hoc networks, International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 14(2) (2003) 305–322]. Here, we present a zonal distributed algorithm to maintain weakly-connected dominating sets as the network structure changes. When the zones are small, the algorithm is essentially localized; when the zones are large, it behaves more globally. The size of the weakly-connected dominating set obtained also varies depending on the choice of zone size, with larger zones generally resulting in smaller weakly-connected dominating sets. Experiments provide evidence that this maintenance algorithm keeps the size of the weakly-connected dominating set approximately the same as its initial size and does not compromise the network connectivity.