基于ROI及Clifford代数相对不变量的3D医学图像配准

在利用颅骨轮廓几何特征配准基础上,提出配准前颅部图像的感兴趣区(ROI)圈定,并在Clifford代数框架下给出一种全新的相对不变量构造方法。该方法以颅部ROI的轮廓数据作为配准点云集,根据颅骨刚体轮廓相似性特点,运用Clifford代数构造相对几何不变量的数学模型及计算模型,并计算配准几何运算需求的平移量和旋转算子,采用3D医学图像的相似性测度直接进行三维数据的配准。数据源及评估使用Brain Web数据库和美国Vanderbilt大学的"回顾性图像配准评估"项目数据。实验表明,新方法在颅部的ROI区域进行配准,能够精确的定位组织器官的三维位置,执行效率高,配准均值误差在2~4 mm内,达到亚像素级配准精度。     

Clifford代数3D人脸姿态矫正方法

非正面视图的3D人脸对特征提取及识别结果有不等程度的影响,因此在预处理阶段需要对3D姿态进行矫正,使其还原于正面视图.本文就其提出一种基于Clifford代数理论的3D人脸姿态矫正方法,即通过计算与检测3D人脸的特殊点,确定人脸正面所在平面及空间的几何位置;再构造Clifford代数的几何旋转算子对3D人脸顶点坐标向量进行旋转,使其3D人脸正面处于坐标正视图,眼睛保持水平位置以现实姿态矫正.实验结果表明该方法计算简单,几何意义直观,矫正精度高,并具有通用性.     

基于主方向傅里叶变换算子的2D/3D分级配准

目前的2D/3D医学图像配准方法的配准精度和效率存在矛盾,配准捕获范围小.为解决这些问题,本文提出一种基于主方向傅里叶变换算子的分级配准方法.首先,提出平面旋转平移不变性算子——主方向傅里叶变换算子.然后,提出基于主方向傅里叶变换算子的模板匹配初始化方法,可避免接近真值的初值需求,并显著扩大了捕获范围.最后,提出基于主方向傅里叶变换算子的分级配准框架,将配准搜索空间从O(n6)降到O(n2),在保证配准精度的情况下大幅提高配准效率.在配准实验中,本文方法的配准精度为0.68 mm±0.28 mm,配准时间为16.87 s±3.77 s,捕获范围大于100 mm.因此,所提出的基于主方向傅里叶变换算子的分级配准方法可以满足2D/3D图像配准在相关临床应用中精度、效率及捕获范围的需求.     

基于改进尺度不变特征的图像局域几何配准研究

针对图像配准容易产生误配准、漏配准的问题,提出了基于改进尺度不变特征的图像局域几何配准。该方法改进了尺度不变特征,通过构建边缘尺度空间设计了尺度不变边缘特征变换,融合了尺度不变特征点和尺度不变边缘。以尺度不变特征为基础,搜寻图像间的局域图像变换,实现图像局域几何配准。实验表明,SIFT特征点和边缘信息互补能够提供更多的配准信息并减少错误配准;该方法对尺度、噪声、形变、光照等不敏感,能够配准移动目标,真实地反映图像的配准状况。     

利用稠密结构特征的航空影像与LiDAR数据配准北大核心CSCD

针对航空影像与激光雷达点云数据间存在显著的几何畸变和辐射差异导致难以精确配准的问题,提出了一种基于几何约束和稠密结构特征的自动配准方法。该方法包括粗配准和精配准两个阶段。粗配准通过基于分块FAST算子的特征点提取和局部几何校正两个步骤,消除影像间明显的尺度和旋转差异。在精配准阶段,首先构建了一个结合一阶和二阶梯度信息的新描述符(second-and first-order channel features of orientated gradients,S-CFOG)来提取影像间稠密的结构特征,然后在频率域采用三维相位相关作为相似性度量进行同名点匹配。最后,利用同名点对外方位元素进行精化,实现对这两类数据的精配准。通过两组不同覆盖场景的数据进行实验,结果表明,该方法可达到1~2个像素的配准精度。     

基于姿态编码器的2D/3D脊椎医学图像实时配准方法

2D/3D医学图像配准是骨科手术三维实时导航中的一项关键技术,然而传统的基于优化迭代的2D/3D配准方法需要经过多次迭代计算,无法满足医生在手术过程中对于实时配准的要求。针对该问题,提出一种基于自编码器的姿态回归网络来通过隐空间解码捕获几何姿态信息,从而快速地回归出术中X射线图像对应的术前脊椎位置的3D姿态,并经过重新投影生成最终的配准图像。通过引入新的损失函数,以“粗细”结合配准的方式对模型进行约束,保证了姿态回归的精确度。在CTSpine1K脊椎数据集中抽取100组CT扫描图像进行10折交叉验证,实验结果表明：所提出的模型所生成的配准结果图像与X射线图像的平均绝对误差（MAE）为0.04,平均目标配准误差（mTRE）为1.16 mm,单帧耗时1.7 s。与基于传统优化的方法相比,该模型配准时间大幅缩短。相较于基于学习的方法,该模型在快速配准的同时,保证了较高的配准精度。可见,所提模型可以满足术中实时高精配准的要求。     

基于直线特征的图像配准算法

为实现高效率、高精度的图像配准,提出了一种利用图像边缘直线特征的图像配准算法。首先利用LoG算子提取参考图像和待配准图像的边缘信息,利用Hough变换提取图像边缘信息中的主要直线;然后以直线特征定义了参考图像和待配准图像的相似性度量,以此度量估计旋转角度,找出直线组的对应关系;最后在这些直线组中选取配准控制直线,计算配准参数,对图像配准。经过实验,验证了该算法的有效性。     

多光谱图像Clifford拟微分算子及应用

采用Clifford代数理论处理多光谱图像不同于传统代数的处理方法,其可有效利用光谱层之间的联系信息.本文通过分析Clifford微分,提出了多光谱图像的Clifford拟微分算子,丰富了多光谱图像处理的Clifford代数理论体系.在边缘识别仿真实验中,与最大熵法相比较,本文提出的以Clifford拟微分算子理论为核心的边缘检测算法识别模糊边界能力更强.在医学CT影像辅助诊断边缘检测实验中,新算法能有效凸显病灶,提高了诊疗准确性和诊断效率.     

基于ICP算法的医学图像几何配准技术

几何配准是医学图像领域研究的重要内容，医学图像几何配准的目标就是建立术前和术中两组点的变换关系。该文利用股骨为模型，讨论了基于轮廓特征的ICP医学图像几何配准算法，从技术上实现了术前建模和术中取点，并编制相应的ICP算法程序。     

基于改进K-Means聚类医学图像配准

ICP算法广泛应用于医学图像配准,但存在浮动点集初始平移矩阵和旋转矩阵对ICP的影响较大,图像配准容易造成目标函数陷入局部最优值且计算量大等问题。论文提出了基于改进K-Means聚类医学图像配准算法,该方法通过计算出参考图像和浮动图像的质心,获得配准平移初始值;对医学图像坐标进行中心化处理,通过改进的K-Means聚类方法把图像坐标聚成2类;把这2个聚类中心拟合成一条直线,求得该条直线的斜率,进而求得相关倾斜角,获得配准旋转初始值;使用BSGO自动选择特征点,得到参考点集和浮动点集。通过实验得出该算法既可用于单模态图像配准,也可用于多模态图像配准;具有运算量少、图像配准速度较快、计算比较简单、精确度较高等特点,并且解决了图像配准容易陷入局部最优的问题。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.