脲甲醛缓释肥料的制备

对合成脲甲醛肥料的工艺条件进行了优化实验,得到适宜的制备脲甲醛肥料的工艺条件为:n(U)/n(F)=1.3,羟甲基化反应阶段加碱控制pH=7.0～7.5,亚甲基化反应阶段加酸控制pH=3.0～3.5,反应温度均为40℃,反应时间为1.5 h;产品烘干温度为90℃.在此条件下得到产品活性指数AI=55.26%,氮的转化率...     

多聚甲醛合成脲甲醛缓释肥工艺初探

用多聚甲醛代替甲醛溶液与尿素反应制取脲甲醛缓释肥,适宜的工艺条件为:n(尿素)/n(甲醛)=1.4,反应温度50℃;羟甲基化阶段控制pH=8.0,反应时间40 min;亚甲基化阶段控制pH=3.0,反应时间60 min。在此条件下得到产品的活性指数AI=72.88%,氮的转化率为74.99%,达到了AOAC的标准。     

脲-甲醛预聚体的制备对玫瑰香精微胶囊化的影响

以脲醛树脂为囊壁的玫瑰香精微胶囊,其囊壁原料脲-甲醛预聚体的制备,采用了碱催化下的加成反应工艺。研究了脲甲醛量比、反应介质的pH值、催化剂、加成反应温度对微胶囊粒径、包埋率及表面结构的影响。优化的加成反应条件为:脲甲醛量比为n(脲)∶n(甲醛)=1∶2.0,以氢氧化钠为碱性催化剂,反应pH=8.0,反应温度70°C,反应时间1h。     

一种颗粒脲甲醛缓释复合肥的生产方法

脲甲醛复合肥既有缓释肥的特点又兼具控释肥的特点。以磷酸一铵、尿素为原料,硫酸氢钾和气氨进行预中和后加入脲甲醛料浆生产颗粒脲甲醛缓释复合肥料。介绍颗粒脲甲醛缓释复合肥的生产工艺流程。生产12-18-15复合肥,脲甲醛加入量为40~70 kg/t,生产15-15-15复合肥,脲甲醛加入量为70~130 kg/t。     

酸-碱-酸-碱工艺合成脲醛树脂

以酸-碱-酸-碱工艺合成一种聚乙烯醇(PVA)、三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂,研究了原料配比、pH值、反应时间等对产品性能的影响。结果发现,当n甲醛:n尿素=1.6:1,聚乙烯醇加入量为甲醛和尿素总质量的1%,三聚氰胺加入量为甲醛和尿素总质量的3%,酸性条件下pH=5.5,碱性条件pH=8.5～9.0,反应温度为80℃左右时,合成的脲醛树脂的机械强度较好,游离甲醛的含量较低。     

低游离甲醛含量脲醛树脂胶粘剂的合成工艺研究

研究了在弱酸-弱碱-弱酸条件下,加入改性剂合成脲醛(UF)树脂胶的工艺过程。实验结果表明,甲醛与尿素的配比[即n(F)/n(U)比值]、体系pH值、尿素的加料方式和改性剂对UF树脂胶中游离甲醛的含量和胶合强度有很大的影响;当n(F)/n(U)=1.06、缩聚反应阶段体系的pH值为4.75～4.80、尿素分3批加入、反应温度为90℃、加入适量的聚乙烯醇(PVA)和三聚氰胺改性剂时,制得的UF树脂胶中游离甲醛的含量不大于0.10%(符合GB/T14 074.16-1993标准中的指标要求)、粘接强度为4.70 MPa且综合性能优良。     

多聚甲醛合成脲醛缓释肥工艺初探

针对甲醛难以运输与保存的缺点,在合成脲甲醛肥料的过程中,用多聚甲醛代替甲醛溶液和尿素反应,进而得到适宜的工艺条件即：当n(U)／n(F)=1.4,T=50℃,pH₁=8.0,pH₂=3.0时,第一阶段适宜反应时间为40min,第二阶段的为60min。在此条件下得到的产品的活性指数AI=72.88%,氮的转化率为74.99%。     

环保型脲醛树脂胶粘剂的合成

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)、三聚氰胺为改性剂,采用单因素试验法优选出制备低n(甲醛):n(尿素)比例的环保型脲醛树脂(UF)胶粘剂的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:当n(甲醛):n(尿素)=1.14:1、w(三聚氰胺)=19%、w(PVA)=1.7%(相对于尿素质量而言)、反应温度为88～90℃和反应时间为3 h左右时,制成的UF胶粘剂具有良好的综合性能;由该胶粘剂生产的人造板,其甲醛释放量达到E1级标准要求。     

甲基萘磺酸甲醛缩合物减水剂的合成工艺

以工业甲基萘为原料,通过磺化、水解、缩合与中和反应合成了甲基萘磺酸甲醛缩合物(MNSF),考察了反应工艺参数对产物作为混凝土减水剂的分散性能的影响.结果表明,合成MNSF最优工艺为:n(甲基萘)n∶(浓硫酸)n∶(水解加水量)n∶(甲醛)∶n(缩合加水量)=11∶.25(∶1.25～1.5)0∶.924∶.6;磺化反应温度160～165℃,时间3～3.5 h;水解反应温度110～120℃,时间15～30 min;缩合反应的加醛量与温度是该段影响产品分散性能的主要因素,缩合反应温度110℃,时间4 h;水解前后酸度应控制在30%左右.MNSF在掺量为水泥质量的0.5%时,砂浆减水率达到16%,比萘磺酸甲醛缩合物钠盐(FDN)高4%,抗折和抗压强度与FDN相近.     

环保型高剪切强度脲醛树脂胶黏剂的制备

采用碱-酸-碱合成工艺,分段控制温度,分批加入尿素,加PVA改性,制备脲醛树脂胶黏剂。研究了n(F)/n(U)、反应温度、反应时间和PVA加入量对胶液甲醛含量和试样剪切强度的影响。结果表明:当n(F)/n(U)为1.4:1,反应温度为95℃,反应时间为70min,PVA加入1.0%时,制备的胶黏剂游离甲醛的含量降至0.1%以下,试样的剪切强度可达3.0MPa以上。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。