常温和75℃条件下PBX-2炸药射弹撞击响应特性

为了研究常温和75℃条件下PBX-2炸药射弹撞击响应特性,采用高温撞击试验装置对PBX-2炸药进行了射弹撞击试验。采用冲击波超压传感器测量了炸药的反应超压,结合回收样品综合分析了常温和75℃下炸药的响应特性。采用有限元程序LS-DYNA计算分析了不同撞击速度对应的常温和75℃PBX-2炸药的受力变化。结果表明,常温下PBX-2炸药撞击点火反应速度阈值为263.5~269.9m·s~(-1);加热至75℃时,PBX-2炸药撞击点火反应速度阈值为316~367m·s~(-1)。相比常温状态,当射弹撞击速度低于800m·s~(-1)时,75℃条件下PBX-2炸药反应程度明显下降,但射弹撞击速度高于800m·s-1时,约1.54GPa的输入压力就能使75℃PBX-2炸药产生剧烈反应。     

药片剪切试验中PBX-2炸药的响应特性

采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元计算程序模拟设计了药片剪切试验装置,研究了Φ20 mm×5 mm和Φ20 mm×9 mm两种厚度的PBX-2药片在剪切试验中的响应特性。采用锰铜压力计测试样品中压力的变化过程,通过高速录像照片分析了撞击点火反应过程,用冲击波超压传感器测量了炸药的反应超压,综合分析了PBX-2炸药在药片剪切试验中的响应规律。结果初步表明,药片剪切试验中PBX-2炸药厚度由5 mm变化至9 mm,其反应落高阈值由3.5～3.7 m降低为3.0～3.1 m,即随着该炸药厚度增加,其反应落高阈值略有降低。     

两种塑料粘结炸药的Steven试验及撞击感度研究

采用2kg钢质弹丸对PBX2、PBX1炸药进行了Steven试验,试验中采用锰铜压力计测试了样品中的压力变化过程,通过高速录像照片估算了点火反应的延迟时间,通过冲击波超压传感器测量了炸药的反应超压。结果表明PBX1炸药和PBX2炸药的点火反应阈值速度分别约为35.0～35.5m·s-1、40～46m·s-1,在同样撞击速度下PBX1炸药的点火延迟时间明显小于PBX2炸药,这表明PBX2炸药较PBX1炸药钝感。     

PBX炸药药片的摩擦感度响应特性

为研究高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)在摩擦作用下的响应特性,采用药片摩擦感度试验装置分别对PBX-923和PBX-2炸药进行了试验,采用冲击波超压传感器测量了样品的反应超压,根据回收样品分析了两种炸药的响应特性,计算了摩擦作用下PBX发生点火的摩擦功阈值和摩擦功率,分析了药片摩擦感度试验中炸药的点火机制。结果表明,炸药与光滑的钢板摩擦时PBX-923炸药和PBX-2炸药的反应摩擦功分别大于515.9 J和583.2 J,摩擦功率分别大于10.12 k W和11.44 k W,而PBX-923炸药与砂靶摩擦时对应的反应摩擦功阈值为294.7~368.3 J,摩擦功率为7.80~9.75 k W,PBX-2炸药与砂靶摩擦时反应摩擦功阈值为147.3~191.5 J、摩擦功率为3.90~5.07 k W,表明摩擦作用难以整体均匀加热PBX发生点火,炸药与砂靶摩擦的点火主导机制是摩擦引发的剪切作用点火。     

TATB基PBX及其与HNS复合装药的高速破片撞击安全性

为了获得高速破片撞击下钝感装药的安全性响应规律及传爆药非理想起爆对该过程的影响,采用高速破片撞击试验方法,对TATB基PBX装药(PBX-C04)和PBX-C04/HNS复合装药结构进行了试验研究.基于超压测试、鉴证板破坏情况和残药的理化分析,分析了撞击速度、传爆药非理想起爆及高温对PBX-C04钝感主装药高速破片撞击安全性的影响.结果表明,常温下PBX-C04主装药具有优异的高速撞击安全性,1970 m·s-1的高速破片撞击下仅发生燃烧反应,引入六硝基茋(HNS)传爆药后,相同撞击速度下PBX-C04主装药反应烈度提高为爆燃反应.复合装药结构加热至200℃时,1640 m·s-1撞击速度下,复合装药结构发生了爆轰反应,证明高温可急剧恶化复合装药结构的高速撞击安全性.     

PBX炸药在滑道试验中的响应

介绍了钝感炸药滑道试验方法,对4种PBX炸药进行了滑道试验,利用高速相机观测炸药发生点火以及点火增长或熄灭的过程,利用超压传感器和加速度传感器测试了炸药反应超压和撞击加速度;试验结果表明PBX-1和PBX-2两种以TATB为基的炸药在落高为6.1 m、撞击角度14°的滑道试验中,表现比较钝感,符合钝感炸药的要求,而另外两种HMX基的PBX炸药则发生了点火,甚至发生了剧烈反应;在滑道试验中,热点的温度不仅与摩擦系数相关,而且与材料的力学性能和热物理性能有密切关系。     

不同机械约束下压装PBX炸药反应演化行为

为研究机械约束下炸药反应演化行为,加深对武器装药意外点火后反应烈度演化影响因素及机制的认识,对压装PBX炸药反应演化过程进行实验研究。设计一种机械约束装药点火实验装置,采用激光干涉仪和压力传感器分别测量壳体膨胀速度和内部压力,分析不同约束下两种HMX基压装PBX炸药装药的反应演化行为;结合空气冲击波超压测试结果和装置、炸药残骸回收分析,表征装药的反应烈度。研究结果表明：2 MPa机械约束下,PBX-1和PBX-2装药反应最高压力不超过200 MPa,壳体膨胀速度在70 m/s左右,装药反应烈度为爆燃;50 MPa机械约束下,PBX-1和PBX-2装药在百微秒甚至几十微秒内压力超过1 GPa,壳体膨胀速度达到500 m/s,装药发生爆炸反应;不同炸药的力学性能会造成装药反应演化过程存在一定差异,但机械约束影响更明显,新装置2 MPa和50 MPa机械约束装药反应压力和约束壳体速度相差接近1个数量级。     

聚能射流对带壳浇注PBX装药的撞击响应

为研究聚能射流对带壳浇注高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)的引爆特性,利用弹径Ф82 mm的聚能装药形成了一种直径细、速度大于7000 m·s-1的高速射流,以及一直径较粗、速度约5000 m·s-1长杆状射流,分别对覆盖有210,255 mm和165,210 mm两组不同厚度钢板的PBX进行了撞击试验。采用高速摄影观测分析了射流撞击下带壳PBX点火引爆的反应过程。用LS-DYNA软件验证了试验结果,得到了不同射流对PBX的引爆能量值。结果表明:弹径Ф82 mm的聚能装药形成的射流能够可靠引爆覆盖小于255 mm厚钢板的浇注PBX,能满足反导弹战斗部毁伤厚壳体目标的需求。     

Steven试验中不同形状弹头撞击下炸药响应规律研究

采用2 kg小钝头弹丸、针状弹丸和平头弹丸分别对PBX-2炸药进行了Steven试验,试验中采用锰铜压力计和聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)压电式压力传感器测试了样品中的压力变化过程,通过高速录像照片分析了点火反应过程; 通过冲击波超压传感器测量了炸药的反应超压,分析了Steven试验中不同形状弹头撞击的影响规律.结果初步表明,Steven试验中由于平面撞击产生的强剪切带作用使得炸药反应更剧烈,平头弹丸撞击时PBX-2炸药反应程度更高.     

低压长脉冲作用下PBX炸药的响应特性

为研究塑料粘接炸药(PBX炸药)在低压长脉冲作用下的响应特性,采用大落锤试验的方法对壳体约束下的炸药样品进行低速撞击加载; 采用薄膜式PVDF对炸药试样顶部和底部的压力-时间曲线进行测量,通过壳体外表面的应变片测试壳体的环向和轴向应变,同时采用高速相机捕捉炸药在撞击作用下的反应发光现象; 采用LS-DYNA非线性有限元软件开展数值模拟,研究大落锤冲击载荷作用下PBX炸药的动态响应特性。结果表明,落锤撞击速度为3 m/s时,炸药受撞击面的峰值压力约为100 MPa,炸药不发生反应; 落锤撞击速度为5 m/s时,炸药受撞击面的峰值压力为200 MPa,炸药发生明显的化学反应; 有限元计算结果与试验测试结果具有较高的吻合度,可以很好地模拟炸药在低压长脉冲冲击下的力学响应特性。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.