复合角度气膜冷却叶片的数值模拟

采用Realizable k-ε紊流模型,并结合Simplec算法和有限元法对体积进行离散,研究了静止叶栅前缘射流孔在2种复合角度α=30°、β=45°和α=135°、β=45°,不同吹风比M=0.5、M=1.0、M=1.5,主流温度为T∞=293 K时的压力面和吸力面温度场,并分析了典型工况下的气膜冷却效率.结果表明:相同复合角度、不同吹风比的压力面和吸力面冷却效率曲线变化趋势一致;前缘复合角度射流对整个吸力面的冷却效率有较大影响,随着吹风比的增大,冷却效率提高;当前缘复合角度为α=30°、β=45°时,压力面冷却效率随着吹风比的增大而提高,而当前缘复合角度为α=135°、β=45°时,随着吹风比的增大,压力面的冷却效率降低.     

气膜孔布置对旋流双层壁结构流动传热特性影响研究

为了研究气膜孔复合角和孔排布方式对冲击诱导旋流气膜双层壁冷却流动与耦合传热的影响,采用流固耦合的数值计算方法,对不同吹风比下4种气膜孔复合角的综合冷却效率和射流流动结构进行了详细研究,同时研究了两种气膜孔排布方式对旋流双层壁结构流动和传热的影响,揭示了4种气膜孔复合角θ下射流空间旋涡的形成、发展和演化过程,并对比分析了不同吹风比下4种气膜孔复合角对面积平均综合冷却效率和总压损失系数的影响。结果表明：气膜孔排布方式不同时,气膜孔复合角对综合冷却效率的影响相差较大。吹风比为1.0时,单旋流交错排布方式下增大气膜孔复合角可以有效提高射流的展向覆盖范围,从而提高综合冷却效率,θ=30°时的面积平均综合冷却效率比θ=0°时高约14.22%;双旋流交错排布时θ=30°比θ=0°时的面积综合冷却效率提高约4.58%。吹风比增加到2.0时,由于射流穿透主流吹离了冷却壁面,降低了气膜保护效果,使得冷却壁面均匀性变差,并且双旋流交错排布时尤为明显。随着吹风比的增加,两种气膜孔排布方式的总压损失系数均呈指数形式增加。     

双叉排孔脉动射流气膜冷却效率的实验与数值模拟研究

采用高精度红外热像仪测量了平板绝热气膜冷却效率,比较了双叉排孔和单排孔气膜冷却效率,分析了吹风比(M=0.65,1.0,1.5)和脉动频率(St=0,0.01,0.015,0.025)以及孔间作用对气膜冷却效率的影响,结合数值计算得到的瞬态流场和温度场分析了脉动射流气膜冷却下的流动传热机理。结果表明：在稳态射流工况下,单排孔的气膜冷却效率随着吹风比的增加而减小,双叉排孔的气膜冷却效率却随着吹风比的增加而增大;在脉动射流时,单排和双叉排孔的气膜冷却效率在低吹风比下低于稳态射流,在高吹风比下,脉动射流对气膜冷却效率的影响减小,且低频脉动射流气膜冷却效率略高于稳态射流。     

新型缩放槽缝孔气膜冷却效率的数值研究

基于控制容积法对三维定常不可压缩N-S方程进行离散,采用分区域非结构化网格及两层k-ε湍流模型,在吹风比M=0.6～1.5的情况下,对新型缩放槽缝形气膜孔进行了详细的平板气膜冷却数值汁算,得到了在喷孔射流下游处及叶高方向上的气膜冷却效率,并研究了其孔长与孔径比L/D对冷却效率的影响.计算结果表明:高吹风比对缩放槽缝孔沿中心线冷却效率的影响较为复杂;缩放槽缝形气膜孔下游的冷却效率并不随吹风比的变化而单调变化,而是在吹风比为1.0时存在最佳值;在孔口下游较远区域,两个相邻孔之间沿叶高方向的气膜覆盖性较好;缩放槽缝孔的冷却效率随着其孔长与孔径比L/D的增大而增大,当L/D>8时,增加的幅度趋缓.     

入射角度对缩放槽缝孔气膜冷却效果的影响

基于有限体积法对三维定常不可压缩N-S方程进行离散,采用两层k-ε湍流模型,在吹风比M为0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0的情况下,数值研究了入射角度(α=25°、45°和60°)对缩放槽缝孔气膜冷却效果的影响,对不同入射角度的气膜冷却整体效果进行了对比分析。结果表明:在任何吹风比的情况下,α=25°喷射时的冷却效率高于其它喷射角的冷却效率,并且随着吹风比的增大,小角度喷射优于其它喷射角的趋势也越来越大;入射角度为45°和60°的气膜孔沿孔排下游的冷却效率在下降过程中重新升高然后又继续下降,60°喷射角的上升趋势略大于45°角的上升趋势;大角度喷射时,在气膜孔下方生成了强度较强的反向涡旋对,两个旋涡之间的距离较近,冷却气流的附壁性较差,冷却效率较低。小角度喷射时,所生成的反向涡旋对与大角度喷射相比尺度较小、强度较弱,冷气射流对主流的阻碍作用比较小,冷却效率较高。     

旋转对复合角度气膜冷却叶片的数值模拟

采用Realizable k-ε紊流模型并结合SIMPLEC算法,对前缘复合角度α=30°、β=45°,α=90°、β=45°的动叶栅在不同旋转状速度下的气膜冷却效率进行计算。分析了不同转速、吹风比、叶片前缘射流角度对气膜冷却效率的影响。计算结果表明:旋转导致冷却射流向叶顶偏移,转速越高气膜冷却效率越低;高转速时叶盆区域有回流涡旋形成;高吹风比使得冷却射流在吸力面的贴壁性变差;比较两种前缘冷气喷射角度的计算结果可以看出,前缘冷却气流喷射角度较小时的气膜冷却效果较好。     

透平叶片表面单排孔气膜冷却效率试验研究

采用稳态红外法试验测量了透平叶片压力面和吸力面气膜孔后冷却效率的分布,分析了吹风比对叶片表面不同位置处单排孔后气膜冷却效率的影响规律,结果发现:吸力面孔排1下游气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而降低;孔排2出口附近气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加先增加后减小,远离孔下游区域的气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而增加。压力面孔排1出口附近气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而减小,远离孔下游区域的气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而增加;孔排2下游气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而增加。研究成果可为燃气轮机透平叶片气膜冷却结构设计和冷却空气流量的选取提供参考。     

燃气透平叶片前缘气膜冷却效率的试验研究

为了研究燃气透平叶片前缘气膜冷却的传热特性,建立了叶片可视化测试试验台,对叶片前缘区域的冷却效率进行了试验研究,分析了不同吹风比、不同主流雷诺数对叶片前缘区域冷却效率的影响.结果表明：气膜孔附近的冷却效率随吹风比的增大而提高,气膜孔下游的冷却效率随吹风比的增大而降低;冷却效率最高的区域在吸力面上,最低的气膜冷却效率在压力面上产生;低吹风比时主流雷诺数对叶片冷却效率的影响较小;但在高吹风比时,主流雷诺数对叶片前缘气膜孔附近的冷却效率影响较大.     

长径比对缩放槽缝孔气膜冷却效果的影响

基于有限体积法对三维定常不可压缩N-S方程进行离散,采用两层k-ε湍流模型,在吹风比M为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0的情况下,数值研究了长径比(L/D=2、4、8和10)对缩放槽缝孔气膜冷却效果的影响,对不同长径比气膜冷却整体效果进行了对比分析。结果表明:在任何吹风比下,缩放槽缝孔的冷却效率都随着孔长与孔径比的增大而增大,特别是在长径比由2变为4时,冷却效率有大幅度的提高,当L/D8时,增加的幅度趋缓;对于同一长径比,孔与孔之间沿展向的冷却效率均有不同程度的增加,小吹风比时增加的幅度小,随着吹风比的增大,冷却效率增加的幅度也随之增大;在短孔的气膜孔下方生成了强度较强和尺度较大的反向涡旋对,在长孔的气膜孔下方所生成的反向涡旋对与短孔相比尺度较小、强度较弱,冷气流动的分离现象消失,流动较规则,冷却效率较高。     

入射角对气膜冷却效果影响的数值研究

采用Realizablekε-湍流模型对吹风比M=1.0时平板单圆孔不同入射角度的气膜冷却流场进行了三维定常数值模拟,得出了沿程速度、气膜冷却效率及壁面努塞尔数的分布,并对流场的流动和传热特性进行了详细分析.结果表明：随着入射角度的减小,射流在沿程方向的影响区域有所增加,最大速度点的位置逐渐下移,但并不是按入射角度减小成线性递减;在各种射流角度下,最大冷却效率均出现在气膜孔下游附近的区域,并沿程逐渐降低;当5〈x/d〈20时,冷却效率在入射角度α=10°时最大,α=70°时最小;射流下游壁面的Nu在分离点附近出现峰值,吹风比相同时,α=10°时Nu最大,α=70°时最小;在流动区域内存在反向涡旋对,小角度射流时气膜良好的贴壁性抑制了反向涡旋对的抬升和发展,其换热效果在展向的影响范围相对较小.     

Film cooling performance of a row of dual-fanned holes at various injection angles

Film cooling performance about a row of dual-fanned holes with injection angles of 30°, 60 ° and 90° were experimentally investigated at blowing ratios of 1.0 and 2.0. Dual-fanned hole is a novel shaped hole which has both inlet expansion and outlet expansion. A transient thermochromic liquid crystal technique was used to reveal the local values of film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient. The results show that injection angles have strong influence on the two dimensional distributions of film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient. For the small injection angle of 30 degree and small blowing ratio of 1.0, there is only a narrow spanwise region covered with film. The increase of injection angle and blowing ratio both leads to the enhanced spanwise film diffusion, but reduced local cooling ability far away from the hole. Injection angles have comprehensive influence on the averaged film cooling effectiveness for various x/d locations. As injection angles are 30 and 60 degree, two bands of high heat transfer coefficients are found in mixing region of the gas and coolant. As injection angle increases to 90 degree, the mixing leads to the enhanced heat transfer region near the film hole. The averaged heat transfer coefficient increases with the increase of injection angle.     

Flow visualization and film cooling effectiveness measurements around shaped holes with compound angle orientations

Experimental results are presented which describe film cooling performance around shaped holes with compound angle orientations. The shaped hole has a 15° forward expansion with an inclination angle of 35°, but the orientation angles vary from 0° to 30° and 60°. The blowing ratios considered are 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0. Flow visualizations are performed using an aerosol seeding method for single enlarged shaped hole to investigate the interaction between the mainstream and the injectant at the hole exit plane. The adiabatic film cooling effectiveness distributions are measured for a single row of seven shaped holes using the thermochromic liquid crystal technique. Flow visualization reveals the occurrence of hot crossflow ingestion into the film hole at the hole exit plane at a large orientation angle such as 60°. Shaped holes with simple angle injection do not provide substantial improvement in the film cooling performance compared to round holes. However, shaped holes with compound angle injection exhibit improved film cooling effectiveness up to 55% in comparison with round hole data at high blowing ratios.     

Experimental Study on Impingement and Film Overall Cooling Characteristics of Turbine Shroud

Based on the variable characteristics of the actual operating conditions of the turbine shroud and the purpose of improving the cooling effect of the turbine shroud,this paper builds a test system of the impingement-film cooling shroud with two gas inlet angles(90°,167°).The effects of film cooling hole arrangement,gas inlet angle,blowing ratio(0.7,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0)and temperature ratio(1.2,1.3,1.4,1.5,1.6)on the cooling characteristics of the impingement-film cooling shroud were experimentally studied by infrared temperature measurement technology,especially the effects of gas inlet angle and temperature ratio.The results showed that the film covering effect of the film cooling hole vertical or the same direction of the high-temperature gas incoming flow is better than the film covering effect of the reverse direction with the incoming flow,and the optimal arrangement of film cooling holes can improve the cooling effectiveness of the shroud.Compared with 90°intake gas,the film coverage area on the shroud surface of the 167°intake gas is expanded,and the surface average overall cooling effectiveness is increased by 1.03%to 12.6%.The overall cooling effectiveness of turbine shroud increases with the increase of blowing ratio,which increases the flow rate and pressure of cooling gas,and the corresponding increase rate is between 1.04%and 9.96%.However,the increase in the temperature ratio increases the mainstream heating capacity,resulting in a decrease in the cooling effectiveness of the shroud,with a maximum reduction rate of 11.04%.     

A Numerical Study on the 2D Film Cooling of a Flat Surface

In this article, the results obtained from a detailed numerical investigation of 2D film cooling over a flat plate through single-slot injection are presented. The effects of mainstream Reynolds number, blowing ratio, density ratio, and injection angle on the effectiveness of film cooling were investigated in the present work. Numerical simulations were carried over a wide range of density ratio ranging from 1.1 to 5 at two mainstream Reynolds numbers (8 × 10⁴ and 1.5 × 10⁵), three blowing ratios (ranging from 1 to 3), and six injection angles (ranging from 15° to 90°). The results show that at lower injection angles of 15°–45°, maximum film-cooling effectiveness occurs at a particular value of velocity ratio which is found to be independent of mainstream Reynolds number, blowing ratio, and density ratio. Based on a combined effect analysis of blowing ratio, density ratio, and injection angle, a relation was obtained for velocity ratio that gives an optimum film-cooling effectiveness.     

斜缝气膜冷却曲面模型的数值模拟

为研究燃气轮机叶片表面曲率对气膜冷却性能的影响,对二维斜缝曲面模型（凹面、凸面和平板）进行了数值模拟,选取冷却流体射流入射角35°、主射流密度比1.5,采用RNGk-ε湍流模型计算得到不同吹风比（0.5、1.2和2.0）下斜缝气膜冷却曲面模型壁面的传热系数.结果表明：低吹风比（M=0.5）时,壁面压力梯度越大,传热系数越小;中吹风比（M=1.2）时,射流对主流扰动加剧,传热加强,凹面总体传热系数比凸面小;高吹风比（M=2.0）时,曲率对传热系数的影响减弱,传热系数差异不大.     

孔型对水雾/空气气膜冷却特性影响的数值模拟研究

在平板表面分别开设了圆柱孔、展向扩张孔和收缩扩张孔。对比研究了3种孔型的纯空气气膜冷却和水雾/空气气膜冷却特性。在3种吹风比：0.66、1.04、1.44下展开研究。将圆柱孔的数值计算结果与文献中的实验结果进行对照以验证水雾/空气冷却数值计算方法的正确性。对3种孔型下冷却气体混合物的无量纲速度矢量图和部分水雾颗粒的运动轨迹进行了比较和分析。对3种孔型中心线和展向平均气膜冷却效率进行了比较和分析。结果表明：圆柱孔和展向扩张孔射流形成的肾形涡将水雾颗粒抬离平板表面。收缩扩张孔射流形成的肾形涡增强了水雾颗粒的展向扩散并将靠近孔口两侧区域的水雾颗粒逐渐抬离平板表面。对于圆柱孔和展向扩张孔,其射流形成的肾形涡削弱了水雾颗粒对于展向平均气膜冷却效率的提高作用,收缩扩张孔水雾/空气冷却的展向平均气膜冷却效率在3种吹风比下均大于0.6,当吹风比为1.44时,收缩扩张孔的展向平均气膜冷却效率约为展向扩张孔的2倍,圆柱孔的4倍。2种冷却方式下,在吹风比从1.04增大到1.44时,展向扩张孔中心线气膜冷却效率降低0.3左右,而收缩扩张孔中心线冷却效率的降幅小于0.1。     

Numerical approach to film cooling effectiveness over a plate surface with coolant impingement

The aim of the present study is conducting the numerical approach to a combination of internal jet impingement and external film cooling over a flat plate. A multi-block three-dimensional Navier-Stokes code, CFX 4.4, with k-e turbulence model is used to simulate this complicated thermal-flow structure induced by the interaction of coolant jet and hot cross mainstream. By assuming the adiabatic wall boundary condition on the tested film-cooled plate, both the local and the spanwise-averaged adiabatic film cooling effectiveness are evaluated for comparison of the cooling performance at blowing ratios of Br=0.5, 1.0, and 1.5. Film flow data were obtained from a row of five cylindrical film cooling holes, inclined in angle of 35?and 0?in direction of streamwise and spanwise, respectively. The film cooling hole spacing between adjacent holes is 15 mm for all the holes. Before the coolant flow being injected through individual cooling hole then encountered with the mainstream, an impingement chamber containing an impingement plate with 43 holes is located on the path of coolant flow. Present study also focused on the effect of impingement spacing, 10mm, 20mm, and 30mm. Compare the results, we find the impingement jet has a significant effect on the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness. As the coolant impingement spacing is fixed, results indicated that higher blowing ratio would enhance the local and the spanwise-averaged adiabatic film cooling effectiveness. Moreover, neither uniform nor parabolic distribution of pressure distribution are observed within the coolant hole-pipe.     

Effect of hole configurations on film cooling performance

This study aims to investigate the cooling performance of various film cooling holes, including combined hole, cylinder hole, conical hole, and fan-shaped hole. For film cooling technology, a novel combined hole configuration is first proposed to improve the cooling protection for gas turbine engines. This combined hole consists of a central cylinder hole (an inclination angle of 35°) and two additional side holes (a lateral diffusion angle of 30°). Film holes for four-hole configurations have the same inlet diameter of 8?mm. The adiabatic film cooling effectiveness for each hole configuration is analyzed for varying blowing ratios (M?=?0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0). Results show that the best cooling performance for the conical and fan-shaped holes is obtained at the blowing ratio of 0.75. In addition, the combined hole configuration provides a more uniform cooling protection and a better cooling performance than the other hole configurations.     

Endwall heat transfer and film cooling measurements in a turbine cascade with injection upstream of leading edge

Detailed heat transfer measurements were conducted on the endwall surface of a large‐scale low‐speed turbine cascade with single and double row injection on the endwall upstream of leading edge. Local film cooling effectiveness and the heat transfer coefficient with coolant injection were determined at blowing ratios 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0. In conjunction with the previously measured flow field data, the behaviors of endwall film cooling and heat transfer were studied. The results show that endwall film cooling is influenced to a great extent by the secondary flow and the coverage of coolant on the endwall is mainly determined by the blowing ratio. An uncovered triangle‐shaped area with low effectiveness close to pressure side could be observed at a low blowing ratio injection. The averaged effectiveness increases significantly when injecting at medium and high blowing ratios, and uniform coverage of coolant on the endwall could be achieved. The averaged effectiveness could be doubled in the case of double row injection. It was also observed that coolant injection made the overall averaged heat transfer coefficient increase remarkably with blowing ratio. It was proven that film cooling could reduce endwall heat flux markedly. The results illustrate the need to take such facts into account in the design process as the three‐dimensional flow patterns in the vicinity of the endwall, the interactions between the secondary flow and coolant, and the augmentation of heat transfer rate in the case of endwall injection. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(3): 141–152, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20007     

Investigation of film cooling and superposition method for double row dustpan‐shaped holes

Film cooling effectiveness for injection from single row and double row dustpan‐shaped holes was studied experimentally. The difference in cooling performance between single row and double row holes are described. The results show that the optimal blowing ratio of injection from double row holes is higher than that of injection from a single row hole. In the case of higher blowing ratios, the traditional superposition calculation method underpredicts the film cooling effectiveness of the double row injection based on that of the single row hole injection. The modified superposition calculation method is given in this paper. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 37(4): 208–217, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20204