Methodology for the assessment of the impact of existing high voltage lines in urban areas

This paper presents a methodology for the assessment of the impact of existing high voltage lines in urban areas. This methodology is based on the numeric evaluation of several impacts which are combined with weight factors. The novelty is that it opens up the possibility of citizen participation, basically in the way in which impacts and weighting factors are determined. The proposed methodology has been applied first in the municipality of Rubí, a mid-sized town near Barcelona, and later on in several municipalities in the Catalonia region in Spain. The results were used to prioritise mitigation action in the Catalonia Energy Plan.     

Sectoral and regional impacts of the European carbon market in Portugal

Across Europe, CO₂ emission allowances represent one of the main policy instruments to comply with the goals of the Kyoto Protocol. In this paper we use microdata to address two issues regarding the impact of the European Carbon Market (EU ETS). First, we analyze the sectoral effects of the EU ETS in Portugal. The goal is to study the distributive consequences of imbalances, with the novelty of taking into account firm financial data to put values into context. We show that a large majority of installations in most sectors had surpluses and the opportunity to raise remarkable revenues in some cases. We also look at the regional impact, since the pre-existing specialization of different regions in the production of different goods and services might lead to an uneven economic impact of the allowance market. In particular, Portuguese data indicate a distribution of revenue from low income to high income regions, or rather, between installations located in those regions. We focus on the first phase of the EU ETS, using data for each one of the 244 Portuguese installations in the market as well as financial data for 80% of these installations, although we also present data for 2008 and 2009.     

高弹性联轴器冲击特性试验研究

针对船舶动力系统中典型高弹性联轴器,结合橡胶隔振器的冲击特性研究方法,考虑高弹性联轴器的结构形式和负载情况的特殊性,利用DCS-3000冲击试验台进行了冲击试验研究.建立了高弹联轴器冲击刚度和冲击变形等冲击特性的测试、数据处理和分析方法.得到的高弹联轴器冲击特性及特性参数,可作为传动装置抗冲击设计的参考依据.     

A review on prospect of Jatropha curcas for biodiesel in Indonesia

Energy is fundamental to the quality of life in the earth. Meeting the growing demand for energy sustainably is one of the major challenges of the 21st century. Indonesia is a developing country and the world's fourth most populous nation. Total annual energy consumption increased from 300,147 GWh in 1980, 625,500 GWh in 1990, 1,123,928 in 2000 and to 1,490,892 in 2009 at an average annual increase of 2.9%. Presently, fossil-fuel-based energies are the major sources of energy in Indonesia. During the last 12 years, Indonesia has recorded the most severe reduction in fossil fuel supplies in the entire Asia-Pacific region. This reduction has stimulated promoting the usage of renewable energy resources capable of simultaneously balancing economic and social development with environmental protection. Biodiesel is an alternative and environmentally friendly fuel that will participate in increasing renewable energy supply. Jatropha curcas is one of biodiesel resources that offer immediate and sustained greenhouse gas advantages over other biodiesel resources. Globally, J. curcas has created an interest for researchers because it is non-edible oil, does not create a food versus fuel conflict and can be used to produce biodiesel with same or better performance results when testing in diesel engines.The present study is concerned with the prospect of biodiesel produced from J. curcas in Indonesia. The first part gives a summary and overview of energy resources and consumption in the country, second part discusses the potential of biodiesel as a powerful renewable energy resource and third part investigates the potential of J. curcas as a feedstock for biodiesel in Indonesia. The final part discusses the development of biodiesel market in Indonesia. The paper found out that the production of biodiesel from J. curcas offers many social, economical and environmental benefits for the country and can play a great role to solve the problem of energy crisis in Indonesia.     

Economic and environmental impacts of insulation in district heating pipelines

The determination of optimum thickness of insulation is often applied to energy technologies and building projects. In this study, the energy, economic and environmental evaluations of thermal insulation in district heating pipeline are discussed. The optimum insulation thickness, energy saving over a lifetime of 10 years, payback period and emissions of CO₂, CO and SO₂ are calculated for nominal pipe sizes and fuel types based on heating loads in Afyonkarahisar/Turkey. The life cycle cost analysis is used to determine the optimum thickness of the pipeline material in order to take into account the change in inflation that directly affect both the cost of pipeline material and fuels depending on fuel type. The results show that the highest value of optimum insulation thickness, energy savings, emissions and the lowest payback period are reached for a nominal pipe size of 200 mm. About three times more energy saving results by making 200 mm nominal pipe instead of 50 mm. Considering the economical and environmental advantages, the geothermal energy is a better choice and then fuel-oil. When thermal insulation is done in a district heating pipeline, there will be a significant reduction of 21% in the amount of CO₂ emitted to the atmosphere.     

A study into the operation of an impact‐type gas–solid separator

Gas–solid separator, a key component of a circulating fluidized bed boiler, controls the recirculation of solids around this type of boiler. As the technology matures, the drive is to have smaller size units handling a greater amount of solids. The impact separator is well suited to meet these demands with a low pressure drop from operating at low gas velocities. Complex hydrodynamics are encountered in an impact separator, where a staggered array of collection elements separates solids from an incoming mixture of gas and solid particles. The research was to examine the performance of this separator experimentally in a scale model, built to provide benchmark data. At an inlet gas velocity of 4.0 m s^?1, an overall collection efficiency of 87.5% of particles with a mean particle diameter of 125 µm was realized. The results were compared with those from a similar study. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

火电厂优化选址环境影响评价指标的确定

从充分利用区域环境承载力、根据区域差异优化电厂选址的需求出发,分析了现有环境评价方法在不同选址地区环境影响的差异,借鉴大气污染物排放标准综合考虑了选址区污染物总量控制、环境功能和环境质量的差异,提出了污染物排放环境影响系数的概念。论述了该系数计算方法在火电厂优化选址环境影响评价中应用的可行性,直观、科学、计算简便,具有实用价值和应用前景。     

大跨越输电塔线体系覆冰断线数值模拟

为模拟大跨越输电塔—线体系覆冰断线,以1 000kV晋东南—南阳—荆门特高压输电线路工程黄河大跨越处一个耐张段(五塔四线)为例,利用ANSYS软件对该工程建立有限元模型,采用显式动力分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA模拟分析了塔—线体系在无覆冰、10mm覆冰两种断线工况下的冲击过程,提取出输电塔相应位置处的轴力及位移响应。结果表明,覆冰断线产生的冲击作用对输电塔横担端、地线支架、曲臂等位置的影响较大,并计算了在导线覆冰断线情况下上述位置的冲击系数。     

建设项目环境影响评价与规划环境影响评价的差异与联系比较

建设项目环境影响评价与规划环境影响评价均遵循《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》的要求,分析了两者之间存在的差异以及联系,得出,建设项目环境影响评价与规划环境影响评价虽然存在不同,但两者总体评价目的相同,他们之间存在个体服从整体的必然联系,存在环境影响评价结论及相关要求的一致性。     

双液滴间距对低速撞击超疏水管壁的动态特性影响研究

液滴撞击壁面过程研究应用广泛。采用相界面追踪的(coupled level set and volume of fluid,CLSVOF)方法对双液滴连续撞击超疏水管面的动态过程进行了数值模拟研究,得到了双液滴撞击后的动态行为特征,并分析了两液滴的竖直间距对液滴撞击结果的影响。结果表明:大小相同的双液滴在低速(0.5 m/s)撞击接触角为160°的超疏水管壁时,液滴间距为d_p时发生同相撞击,液膜在铺展过程中产生中心断裂现象并卷吸气泡,其反弹高度较2d_p、3d_p时高;液滴间距为2d_p、3d_p时发生异相撞击,反弹过程中两液滴发生挤压形变,液滴间距较大时还会在反弹阶段出现液膜断裂现象。     

Energy resources—are we planning for the future?—a review

Many governments are at present attempting to formulate energy strategies for ensuring future supplies. the debate over nuclear power is continuing and ‘pollution-free’ alternative energy sources are also being considered. Points for and against each of the possible energy sources are discussed here and the possible hazards of nuclear power (e.g. radioactivity) are compared with the possible dangers of ‘free-energy’ sources (e.g. an increased ‘greenhouse’ effect). the importance of an integrated energy policy is stressed. Such a policy does not rely on a single energy source but utilizes the full spectrum of possibilities and can incorporate the more immediate concepts of energy savings.     

Market,welfare and land-use implications of lignocellulosic bioethanol in Hawai'i

This article examines land-use, market and welfare implications of lignocellulosic bioethanol production in Hawai'i to satisfy 10% and 20% of the State's gasoline demand in line with the State's ethanol blending mandate and Alternative Fuels Standard (AFS). A static computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is used to evaluate four alternative support mechanisms for bioethanol. Namely: i) a federal blending tax credit, ii) a long-term purchase contract, iii) a state production subsidy financed by a lump-sum tax and iv) a state production subsidy financed by an ad valorem gasoline tax. We find that because Hawaii-produced bioethanol is relatively costly, all scenarios are welfare reducing for Hawaii residents: estimated between −0.14% and −0.32%. Unsurprisingly, Hawaii's economy and its residents fair best under the federal blending tax credit scenario, with a positive impact to gross state product of $49 million. Otherwise, impacts to gross state product are negative (up to −$63 million). We additionally find that Hawaii-based bioethanol is not likely to offer substantial greenhouse gas emissions savings in comparison to imported biofuel, and as such the policy cost per tonne of emissions displaced ranges between $130 and $2100/tonne of CO₂e. The policies serve to increase the value of agricultural lands, where we estimate that the value of pasture land could as well.     

Synthetic fuel development : Potential socioeconomic impacts of single and multiple projects

As a result of the perceived vulnerability of the USA due to dependency on foreign petroleum supply sources, both public and private agencies have sought to speed the development of synthetic fuels. Given the concentration of the necessary natural resources, such development is likely to have significant social consequences. In this paper, the authors draw upon experience gained in conducting social impact analyses on six proposed Department of Energy demonstration facilities. Attention is focused on the cumulative impacts anticipated in the region surrounding the Newman, Kentucky, site of the Solvent Refined Coal-I project. The authors offer generalizations about community impacts and policy implications, relevant not only to synthetic fuels but also to other high technology energy systems.     

关于油价上涨对山西经济社会发展的影响分析与对策研究

在阐述山西成品油消费总量及主要品种构成、成品油消费的行业构成的基础上,分析了成品油价格上涨对山西生产、消费的影响,认为油价上涨带来的影响负面大于正面。提出了山西应对油价上涨的对策建议。     

Further analysis of change in nearshore wave climate due to an offshore wave farm: An enhanced case study for the Wave Hub site

This paper addresses the use of numerical wave models for assessing the impact of offshore wave farms on the nearshore wave climate. Previous studies have investigated the effect of energy extraction by wave energy devices through the use of spectral models such as SWAN, representing a wave farm as one or more barriers within the model domain and applying a constant wave energy transmission percentage across the whole wave spectrum incident at the barrier. However, this is an unrealistic representation of the behaviour of real wave energy converters. These will exhibit frequency-dependent energy absorption characteristics that will correspond to the spectral response of the device, and may reflect its ability to be tuned to extract energy at particular frequencies. This study describes a modification of the SWAN source code to enable frequency-dependent wave energy transmission through a barrier. A detailed analysis of the wave climate at the Wave Hub wave farm site is also presented, with a particular focus on the occurrence of bimodal sea states. The modified SWAN code is used to assess how impact predictions for typically occurring sea states may differ when using frequency-dependent rather than constant wave energy transmission, with reference to a previous study using the unmodified code (Millar, Smith and Reeve, 2007 [1]). The results illustrate the dependence of the magnitude of the impact on both the response function of the devices and the spectral sea state in which they are operating.     

Review and comparison of various hydrogen production methods based on costs and life cycle impact assessment indicators

Hydrogen is a clean, renewable secondary energy source. The development of hydrogen energy is a common goal pursued by many countries to combat the current global warming trend. This paper provides an overview of various technologies for hydrogen production from renewable and non-renewable resources, including fossil fuel or biomass-based hydrogen production, microbial hydrogen production, electrolysis and thermolysis of water and thermochemical cycles. The current status of development, recent advances and challenges of different hydrogen production technologies are also reviewed. Finally, we compared different hydrogen production methods in terms of cost and life cycle environmental impact assessment. The current mainstream approach is to obtain hydrogen from natural gas and coal, although their environmental impact is significant. Electrolysis and thermochemical cycle methods coupled with new energy sources show considerable potential for development in terms of economics and environmental friendliness.     

Short and intermediate economic impacts of a terrorist-initiated loss of electric power: Case study of New Jersey

The economic impacts of potential terrorist attacks on the New Jersey electric power system are examined using a regional econometric model. The magnitude and duration of the effects vary by type of business and income measure. We assume damage is done during in the summer 2005 quarter, a peak period for energy use. The state economy recovers within a year, if we assume that economic activity is restored in the next time period. However, if the attacks prompt an absolute of loss of activity due to firm relocation, closing, and geographical changes in expansion plans, then the economy does not fully recover by the year 2010. Hence, the electrical power system's resiliency to damage is the key to the extent and duration of any economic consequences of a terrorist attack, at least in New Jersey. The policy implication is that the costs and benefits of making the electric power system more resilient to plausible attacks should be weighed and that the restorative capacity of the system should be strengthened.     

Environmental and social footprint of offshore wind energy. Comparison with onshore counterpart

Offshore wind power comprises a relatively new challenge for the international wind industry with a demonstration history of around twenty years and a ten-year commercial history for large, utility-scale projects. By comparison to other forms of electric power generation, offshore wind energy is generally considered to have relatively benign effects on the marine environment. However, offshore projects include platforms, turbines, cables, substations, grids, interconnection and shipping, dredging and associated construction activity. The Operation & Maintenance (O&M) activities include the transport of employees by vessel or helicopter and occasional hardware retrofits. Therefore, various impacts are incurred in the construction, operation and decommissioning phases; mainly the underwater noise and the impacts on the fauna. Based on the fact that in many of the aforementioned issues there are still serious environmental uncertainties, contradictive views and emerging research, the present work intents to provide a thorough literature review on the environmental and social impacts of offshore wind energy projects in comparison with the onshore counterparts.     

渗碳齿轮有效硬化层深度的确定和齿轮疲劳强度试验方法

不同用途的硬面齿轮,采用渗碳淬火的方法达到一定的有效硬化层深度。介绍多种使用了若干年的确定渗碳齿轮有效硬化层深度的经验方法。从近年重载齿轮深层渗碳的实际应用中,深层渗碳深度呈现逐步降低的趋势,不仅对产品抗疲劳性能无碍,更有节能降耗、低碳制造的收获。为快速便捷测量齿轮的疲劳强度,引入一种弯冲试验法。     

On energetic,exergetic and environmental aspects of drying systems

In this study, a comprehensive discussion of energetic, exergetic and environmental aspects of drying systems is presented. Some theoretical and practical limitations on increased energy and exergy efficiencies and discussions of the relations between energy and exergy, and the environment, along with two illustrative examples are presented. A number of issues relating to energy, exergy and the environment are examined from the drying industry perspectives. It is pointed out that exergy is a suitable technique for furthering the goal of more efficient energy‐resource use and it is a key tool to determine the locations, types, and true magnitudes of wastes and losses in the drying systems. It is believed that this paper will provide some guidance to drying industry people in attaining optimum system design and operation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.