循环流化床锅炉炉膛的传热计算

结合以往对循环流化床(CFB)锅炉炉膛传热系数的研究成果,建立了CFB锅炉炉膛传热系数的计算模型,并对辐射传热系数和对流传热系数的计算分别进行了相应的分析.对某CFB锅炉在100%负荷条件下的炉膛传热系数进行了计算,并对影响该传热系数的主要因素进行了分析,包括受热面结构尺寸、床层温度Tb、工质温度Tf、工质侧传热系数af以及壁面黑度εw等.结果表明:该模型能够合理地反映出以上因素对CFB锅炉炉膛传热系数的影响.     

600MW超临界锅炉节油启动期间屏底烟温的数值模拟分析

根据炉内燃烧和传热特点,分析了锅炉节油启动时屏式过热器底部烟气温度升高原因,并以某公司制造的600MW超临界锅炉为计算模型,对不同的入炉风量、给水温度和煤种工况下锅炉屏底烟气温度场进行了数值模拟。指出点燃褐煤,通过邻炉加热、常规油枪暖炉等方法提高炉膛温度和给水温度,适度提高入炉风量,是避免节油启动阶段屏式过热器超温及发生高温受热面氧化皮爆管的有效措施。     

燃煤锅炉三维CFD数值模型水冷壁热边界条件设定方法

目前,燃煤锅炉三维CFD数值模拟中对炉膛水冷壁传热分布的预测大都基于给定的壁面温度边界条件。然而,此方法无法体现锅炉运行状态对壁面传热与壁温分布的影响。提出了一种基于锅炉烟气侧放热与汽水侧吸热间热平衡关系的壁面传热计算方法,并重点讨论了壁面传热系数的物理意义及取值方法。研究发现,壁面传热系数基本由壁面结渣状态决定,因此可根据壁面渣层的传热系数确定。本文方法将影响壁面传热的关键因素合理地体现在计算过程中,同时在模型复杂性与工程适用性之间保持了合理的平衡。采用此方法对一台320 MW锅炉的燃烧与传热分布进行了数值模拟,水冷壁吸热量的预测结果与锅炉运行数据吻合良好。     

海拔高度对锅炉热力计算的影响

分析研究了高海拔环境下低气压对锅炉热力计算的影响.指出锅炉燃烧计算与大气压力无关;随气压降低,室燃炉、层燃炉炉膛内介质辐射放热能力降低;低气压对CFB锅炉炉膛内传热的影响可近似忽略不计;对于锅炉对流受热面,总传热系数随气压降低而缓慢增大.     

600MW超临界循环流化床锅炉运行优化试验研究

在600 MW超临界循环流化床(CFB)锅炉上完成了一系列试验。试验包括60 m高CFB冷模试验、600 MW超临界CFB锅炉炉内(包括外循环系统)燃烧与传热均匀性试验以及水冷壁传热特性试验,分别研究了60 m高CFB冷模试验提升管内气固浓度分布、给煤均匀性对600 MW超临界CFB锅炉炉膛出口烟气成分均匀性的影响、二次风射程随负荷变化规律;分析了100%负荷下600 MW超临界CFB锅炉水冷壁汽水温度分布特性,并通过水冷壁背火侧壁温分析了水冷壁壁面气固流动特性、热流密度特性。通过这些试验研究发现炉膛上部(距布风板40 m以上)气固浓度随着炉膛高度的增加仅轻微增加;炉膛底部风煤混合对炉膛出口的烟气成分有强烈影响;通过测量水冷壁背火侧壁温可以分析获得炉内水冷壁壁面附近多项热力参数。     

600MW超临界循环流化床锅炉屏式受热面水动力及吸热量特性研究

针对高参数循环流化床(CFB)锅炉高温受热面热偏差特性直接影响锅炉安全运行的问题,根据超临界CFB锅炉炉膛内屏式过热器建立的复杂流动网络系统的数学模型以及吸热量模型,对某600 MW超临界CFB锅炉满负荷以及100 MW负荷2种不同运行工况下压降、质量流速分布、出口汽温分布以及沿工质流动方向壁温分布特性进行了计算分析,并进一步计算得到受热面吸热量分布。结果表明：屏式受热面在600 MW以及100 MW负荷下质量流速偏差分别为12.71%和13.96%,全屏出口汽温偏差分别为33 K和58.4 K,偏差均在安全范围内。600 MW负荷下,最高外壁温度为616.5℃,在材料允许范围内,吸热量分布呈靠近侧墙水冷壁及炉膛中心线处低、受热面中间处高的分布趋势。     

高温型循环流化床锅炉炉膛传热系数的试验研究

为了测定高温型循环流化床(CFB)锅炉炉膛的传热系数,在热功率1MW的CFB锅炉试验台上对试验受热面的传热系数进行了试验和测定,研究了床温和颗粒悬浮密度对传热特性的影响.通过对试验数据进行回归分析得到了炉膛传热系数与床温和颗粒悬浮密度的关联模型.结果表明:随着床温的升高及颗粒悬浮密度的增大,炉膛传热系数相应增大;该关联模型得到的炉膛传热系数计算值与试验值的误差小于7%,该关联模型可用于高温型CFB锅炉的设计计算.     

300MW循环流化床锅炉屏式过热器传热特性及壁温研究

建立了循环流化床锅炉屏式过热器传热模型,采用分区段方法计算了受热面管子在锅炉3种典型负荷下,管内工质温度和管壁金属温度的沿程分布特性;利用实炉运行数据研究了锅炉在不同负荷下屏式过热器传热系数的变化规律,分析了低负荷下循环流化床锅炉屏式过热器超温的原因.结果表明:循环流化床锅炉屏式过热器热负荷较均匀,管壁温度没有明显的突升情况,最高管壁温度出现在75％ BMCR(锅炉最大连续蒸发量)负荷下.     

大容量锅炉屏式过热器利用系数的研究

采用三维数值计算方法,对1台660 Mw超超临界Ⅱ型锅炉分隔屏和后屏过热器在5种负荷工况下的传热情况进行了模拟,并结合锅炉热力计算标准方法对两类屏式过热器的利用系数进行了修正.结果表明:炉膛火焰辐射及烟气对管屏的不均匀冲刷导致了管屏壁面传热不均匀;锅炉负荷变化对屏式过热器利用系数的影响很大,在5种负荷工况下,两类屏式过热器的利用系数均随着锅炉负荷的提高而增大.     

CFB锅炉炉内受热面磨损原因分析及防磨措施

从炉膛结构、锅炉设计运行参数对CFB锅炉炉内受热面磨损影响入手,分析CFB锅炉炉内受热面磨损的主要影响因素,提出合理的防磨措施并在300MW CFB锅炉实施。运行结果表明,采用燃烧调整与防磨装置相结合的方式,可明显减轻炉内受热面的磨损。     

The heat transfer coefficients of the heating surface of 300 MWe CFB boiler

A study of the heat transfer about the heating surface of three commercial 300 MWe CFB boilers was conducted in this work. The heat transfer coefficients of the platen heating surface, the external heat exchanger (EHE) and cyclone separator were calculated according to the relative operation data at different boiler loads. Moreover, the heat transfer coefficient of the waterwall was calculated by heat balance of the hot circuit of the CFB boiler. With the boiler capacity increasing, the heat transfer coefficients of these heating surface increases, and the heat transfer coefficient of the water wall is higher than that of the platen heating surface. The heat transfer coefficient of the EHE is the highest in high boiler load, the heat transfer coefficient of the cyclone separator is the lowest. Because the fired coal is different from the design coal in No.1 boiler, the ash content of the fired coal is much lower than that of the design coal. The heat transfer coefficients which calculated with the operation data are lower than the previous design value and that is the reason why the bed temperature is rather high during the boiler operation in No.1 boiler.     

增压富氧燃煤锅炉省煤器的设计与优化

以300MW机组煤粉炉省煤器为例,对锅炉常压空气燃烧、常压富氧燃烧和5种不同增压(6MPa)富氧燃烧方案下的锅炉对流受热面尺寸、烟气流量、烟气侧传热系数和压降等参数进行了计算和分析,根据基于经济性分析的单位换热量换热器总费用最小的原则确定省煤器的最佳设计结构.结果表明:与常压空气燃烧相比,常压富氧燃烧下烟气体积流量减小了28.5%,对流传热系数减小了11.5%;增压富氧燃烧下的烟气体积流量减小了98.82%,随着烟气流速的增大,受热面面积减小,烟气侧传热系数和压降增大;最佳方案中的烟气流速为1.54m/s时,单位换热量换热器总费用约为常压空气燃烧下的60%,烟气侧压降为582.65Pa,烟道截面积仅为常压空气燃烧下的7.8%.     

1000MW塔式直流锅炉炉膛水冷壁管壁温度和热负荷分布的试验研究

对2台1 000MW超超临界压力塔式直流锅炉炉膛水冷壁管壁温度和热负荷分布进行了测量和计算,并对不同负荷工况、不同磨煤机投运方式下的热负荷和管壁温度分布规律以及炉膛上部垂直水冷壁的热负荷分布进行了分析.结果表明:1 000MW塔式直流锅炉炉膛热负荷的分布规律与其他四角切圆燃烧锅炉炉膛热负荷的分布规律基本一致.由于在最上层的燃烧器上方布置了燃尽风,对炉内烟气的扰动加强,导致沿管长方向的热负荷在54m标高处波动较大;在燃尽风喷嘴中心线以上,因受到燃尽风进入炉膛的影响,水冷壁热负荷大幅度下降.为了避免炉膛大比热区传热恶化,可以将处于拟临界点附近的水冷壁布置在低热负荷区域.     

Simplified Analysis of Radiation Heat Exchange in Boiler Superheaters

This article describes the determination of the radiation heat transfer coefficient in radiant platen superheaters and on convective heating surfaces. A new simple formula for determination of the heat transfer coefficient is derived on the basis of a diffusivity model of radiation heat exchange. The radiation heat transfer coefficients are determined on the tube surface in a convective evaporator, in a second stage convective heat superheater, and in a platen superheater of a pulverized coal-fired boiler. The calculations were carried out applying the method presented in this article, the Central Institute for Boilers and Turbines method, and formulas resulting from the analysis of heat exchange in an enclosure containing a gas of a constant temperature. In order to assess the accuracy of the achieved results, the flow of flue gas and the heat exchange were modeled using a commercial computational fluid dynamics program.     

Modeling the Occurrence and Methods of Reducing Thermal Deviations of Upper Furnace Heating Surfaces in a 1000 MW Dual Circle Tangential Firing Single Furnace Ultra-Supercritical Boiler

The FLUENT computational fluid dynamics software package was used to model outlet velocity and temperature inhomogeneity in a 1000 MW dual circle tangential firing single furnace ultra-supercritical boiler. These computations allowed a theoretical analysis of thermal deviations at the furnace outlet and suggested means of reducing such deviations. This work involved study of radiative and convective heat transfer of the upper furnace platen superheaters, the radiative–convective heating surfaces above the furnace nose and the convective heating surfaces in the horizontal flue. The results demonstrated that the radiant heat load of the heating surfaces of the platen superheaters is related to the sectional dimensions of the furnace and exhibits a bimodal distribution in the boiler modeled during this work. It was also determined that a large recirculation zone is formed in the central section of the horizontal flue owing to velocity superposition. After establishing the thermal load distribution characteristics and the causes of thermal deviations at the various heating surfaces, further modeling was performed to assess the extent to which thermal deviations could be reduced by decreasing residual rotation at the furnace outlet via horizontally swinging the over fire air (OFA). The effects of OFA swing angles on velocity and temperature inhomogeneity at the furnace outlet were subsequently analyzed, and an OFA swing of ?10° was found to be optimal based on considerations of thermal deviations at the furnace outlet, the airflow field in the furnace, and safe operation of the boiler.     

300MW循环流化床锅炉超温问题分析及解决

某自主研发生产的300MW循环流化床(CFB)锅炉在升负荷过程中出现尾部低温过热器、低温再热器管壁超温现象,根据CFB锅炉炉内的传热机理,分析了超温主要原因是锅炉床料太粗,造成炉膛稀相区的固体颗粒浓度小、炉膛传热系数小而使炉内受热面吸热量比例偏少,进而造成尾部低温过热器、低温再热器吸热量偏大而管子超温。通过将炉内大颗粒外排、补充筛分过的较细床料和石灰石等主要措施,完全消除了超温现象,保证了锅炉的安全运行。     

The impact of bed temperature on heat transfer characteristic between fluidized bed and vertical rifled tubes

In the present work, the heat transfer study focuses on assessment of the impact of bed temperature on the local heat transfer characteristic between a fluidized bed and vertical rifled tubes (38mm-O.D.) in a commercial circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. Heat transfer behavior in a 1296t/h supercritical CFB furnace has been analyzed for Geldart B particle with Sauter mean diameter of 0.219 and 0.246mm. The heat transfer experiments were conducted for the active heat transfer surface in the form of membrane tube with a longitudinal fin at the tube crest under the normal operating conditions of CFB boiler. A heat transfer analysis of CFB boiler with detailed consideration of the bed-to-wall heat transfer coefficient and the contribution of heat transfer mechanisms inside furnace chamber were investigated using mechanistic heat transfer model based on cluster renewal approach. The predicted values of heat transfer coefficient are compared with empirical correlation for CFB units in large-scale.     

电站锅炉水冷壁管水动力和传热特性的试验研究方法

介绍了电站锅炉水冷壁管水动力和传热特性研究的试验方法,阐述了其中采用的电加热试验管段和实炉辐射加热水冷壁管等方法,对各种试验方法的特点进行了比较和分析,并给出了1000MW超超临界压力塔式直流锅炉螺旋管圈水冷壁管水动力和传热特性实炉试验研究和水动力试验台试验的结果．这些结果可作为水冷壁系统设计中的参考依据．