风力发电机叶片设计与气动性能仿真研究

运用叶素理论和气动理论,基于设定的风力机性能参数对风轮叶片进行三维设计。利用Gambit建模软件对风力机单叶片进行三维建模,再用Fluent软件进行风力机叶片气动性能的数值模拟,仿真叶片气动流场流态,并计算叶轮的升力、阻力和扭转力矩;验证风力机气动性能数值模拟的可行性和可靠性;计算发电机组功率和风能利用效率等性能参数。对风力发电机叶片的设计和气动数值模拟计算分析的工作可深化对风力发电机组三维叶片的气动性能的了解,仿真风力发电机组气动流场,能为风力机叶片的设计、改型和研发工作提供技术参数和指导意见。     

风轮尺寸与旋向对双风轮风力机功率特性的影响分析

为掌握双风轮风力机风轮尺寸与旋向对其功率特性的影响规律,文章建立了双风轮风力机气动特性分析模型,并与美国国家能源部可再生能源实验室的实验结果进行了对比,计算分析了双风轮尺寸和旋向对风力机功率特性的影响规律。结果表明:当风速为10 m/s时,设计的双风轮风力机比单风轮双叶片风力机输出功率提升了84.9%;随着风轮半径增大,双风轮风力机输出总功率逐渐增加;当前、后两风轮反向旋转时,双风轮风力机前风轮大后风轮小的布局可获得更高的输出功率,且增幅随着后风轮半径增大先减小后增大,最大增幅为5.3%;除前、后两风轮半径相同的情形之外,双风轮风力机前、后两风轮同向旋转时输出总功率更大。     

基于滑移网格的H型风力机叶片设计与气动性能研究

对基于风光互补型的H型风力机进行了叶片设计,建立了风力机的三维模型,用FLUENT软件求解时采用滑移网格技术,基于N-S方程和RNGκ-ε湍流模型,分析了三叶片风轮在不同安装角下的全三维非定常流模拟动;模拟结果得出风力机在不同安装角时的风能利用率随尖速比的变化曲线以及风轮的功率随转速的变化曲线;得到了所设计风力机的最佳安装角,对确定风力机的最佳运行工况提供了依据。     

叶片数目对风轮位移和应力的影响

以NREL 5 MW风力机单叶片风轮为基础,利用UG建模软件分别建立两叶片、三叶片和四叶片风轮模型,并基于ANSYS Workbench软件对额定工况下的风轮模型进行流固耦合计算,结果表明:两叶片、三叶片和四叶片风轮的最大位移均发生在各风轮的叶尖位置,其中,四叶片风轮的位移最大,稳定性最差;两叶片风轮所承受应力不及三叶片与四叶片风轮的一半,侧面反映了两叶片风轮风能捕集能力不足。综上所述,相比于两叶片与四叶片风轮,三叶片风轮更具有优势,揭示了三叶片风轮的风力机成为市场主流风力机的主要原因。     

风力机叶片三维数值计算方法确认研究

采用CFD软件包FINETM/TURBO,以两叶片NREL PhaseⅥ风力机的风轮为对象,进行了风力机风轮叶片三维绕流的定常粘性数值模拟研究。通过详细对比计算结果与实验数据(包括功率、叶片展向5个截面压力系数分布及沿叶展方向载荷系数分布),确认在大部分风速条件下数值模拟可以很好的预计风力机气动性能。然后分析了计算域尺度、边界条件和湍流模型等对数值模拟结果的影响,为采用CFD技术对实际风力机叶片三维气动性能进行精确数值模拟提供参考。     

1.2MW风力机整机流场的数值模拟

建立1.2 MW风力机三维模型并进行了数值模拟,基于Simple算法,采用SSTk-ε湍流模型,结合有限体积法对控制方程进行离散,并分析了其不同截面上的压力、速度及湍动能对风力机输出功率的影响.结果表明：叶片旋转与塔架的相互干扰引起风力机气动参数的变化,减小了风力机获得的转矩,导致风力机输出功率减小;塔架对风力机风场产生重要影响,导致塔架后方的湍动能变大,叶片中心涡、附着涡对风力机流场区域的影响较小;风轮和整机对风力机后方几百米区域的速度场产生影响,但速度场受整机影响的区域小于风轮的影响.     

水平轴风力机尾迹的测量与分析

在水平轴风力机模型不同尖速比条件下，利用旋转单斜丝热线在风轮下游进行尾迹流场速度测量。采用周期性采样和锁相平均热线测量技术，获得了风轮下游尾迹三维流场的定量信息。实验结果表明：风轮下游尾迹区内气流存在明显的三维性。尾迹在向风轮下游的发展传播过程中，尾迹中心形成的运动轨迹是与风轮叶片旋转方向相反的螺旋线。尾迹区内在气流向下游流动的过程中尾迹速度亏损逐渐衰减，尾迹区的宽度不断扩大，并逐渐与主流掺混融合。在叶片的尾迹区内，流动的紊流强度大大高于周围的非尾迹区，其中径向、切向紊流强度分量较大，而轴向分量紊流强度最小，尾迹区内的紊流具有高度不均匀性。最后，利用CFD软件Fluent6．0对实验风力机的三维流场进行了数值模拟，实验与数值模拟得到了较为一致的结果。图11参10     

风轮间距与相位角对双风轮风力机功率特性的影响

采用雷诺平均N-S方程和滑移网格建立双风轮风力机气动特性分析模型,将风力机叶片压力分布和功率特性计算值与实验值进行对比,并分析双风轮间距和相位角对风力机功率特性的影响规律。结果表明:前风轮的输出功率基本不受风轮间距的影响,后风轮的输出功率随风轮间距的增大而减小,且降幅逐渐增大;随着风轮相位角的增大,前风轮的输出功率先减小后增大,后风轮的输出功率先增大后减小;当风轮相位角为30°和75°时,双风轮风力机总输出功率分别达到最大值和最小值。     

链传动式风力机4种叶轮气动性能对比分析

采用UDF(User-Defined Function)和动网格相结合的方法对链传动式风力机三维流场进行数值模拟研究.通过对不同风速下4种叶轮的压力场、速度场以及风能利用系数的分析计算,发现叶片在流场中的形态对叶片的受力有较大的影响,风力机前后层叶片间的流场均匀地分布会有效提高后层叶片对风能的利用率.     

H型垂直轴风力发电机气动分析方法及运行规律研究

以计算流体力学为基础,对H型垂直轴风力发电机采用二维数值计算与三维数值计算并通过实验测试验证,分析垂直轴风力发电机风轮的流场规律,比较二维数值计算方法和三维数值计算方法的差异,并研究垂直轴风力发电机叶片弦长、风轮半径以及风轮叶片数量对风轮能量获取的影响。结果表明:垂直轴风力发电机3个叶片提供的转矩呈明显的周期性,风轮内部流场复杂,伴随着漩涡的脱落与重新黏附,流过风轮区域后,风速降低,风能被大量吸收;数值计算结果虽与实验测试结果存在差异,但二维数值模拟可反映流场一般规律且成本低,三维数值模拟可精确模拟流场特性,且与实验结果匹配度高但成本也高;叶片弦长、风轮半径及叶片数量对风轮的能量获取有重要影响。     

New high profitable wind turbines

To generate more quantities of electric energy from wind it is necessary to use a new type of wind turbine built in the regulable mantle's nozzle. This wind turbine type replaces the free air stream from wind by a programmed, i.e. regulated, and partially concentrated stream of air. The nozzle shell is designed as an aerodynamically shaped ring with wings with its lower pressure side pointed towards the centre so that the lift force on each part of the wing is directed radially towards the centre. This induces centrifugal reaction force in the airflow that causes the stream field to expand strongly downstream of the rotor and includes a greater number of streamlines in the active stream in front of the rotor (upstream). Thus the nozzle forces a higher mass flow rate of air through the turbine. The higher mass flow and higher velocity reduction behind the rotor result in a higher energy output from the wind turbine in the nozzle. In this way the wind turbine efficiency is multiplied. New turbines induce more power from weaker and medium winds and their lasting time, because of the relation P=f(v³) (i.e. the power corresponds to wind velocity raised to third power). Wind turbine nozzle produces three times more energy than conventional wind turbine. Short economic analysis for conditions of the island of Lastovo indicates that profit gained by new turbines is up to five times higher than by conventional turbines. The new wind turbine nozzle should generate interest and demand on an international market, even for regions with weaker winds.     

Estimation of turbulence intensity using rotor effective wind speed in Lillgrund and Horns Rev-I offshore wind farms

Turbulence characteristics of the wind farm inflow have a significant impact on the energy production and the lifetime of a wind farm. The common approach is to use the meteorological mast measurements to estimate the turbulence intensity (TI) but they are not always available and the turbulence varies over the extent of the wind farm. This paper describes a method to estimate the TI at individual turbine locations by using the rotor effective wind speed calculated via high frequency turbine data.The method is applied to Lillgrund and Horns Rev-I offshore wind farms and the results are compared with TI derived from the meteorological mast, nacelle mounted anemometer on the turbines and estimation based on the standard deviation of power. The results show that the proposed TI estimation method is in the best agreement with the meteorological mast. Therefore, the rotor effective wind speed is shown to be applicable for the TI assessment in real-time wind farm calculations under different operational conditions. Furthermore, the TI in the wake is seen to follow the same trend with the estimated wake deficit which enables to quantify the turbulence in terms of the wake loss locally inside the wind farm.     

基于CFD的二维垂直轴风力机性能计算

采用计算流体力学方法(CFD)针对垂直轴风力发电机,开展简化的二维绕流特性研究。首先,基于开放型转子和增强型转子,研究网格节点数和壁面y+、计算时间步长和湍流模型等的变化对计算结果的影响,对计算模型和方法进行确认。随后,计算分析增强型垂直轴风力机与开放型垂直轴风力机的特性。结果表明,与开放性垂直轴风力发电机相比,增强型垂直轴风力发电机的功率系数和转矩系数有明显增加,且达到最大值的位置向叶尖速比增大的方向移动。然后对增强型垂直轴风力机发电机在不同来流风速下进行计算,发现增强型垂直轴风力发电机的转子转矩随来流风速增加,而转矩系数和功率系数与来流风速无关。最后,针对定子叶片在不同的方向开展计算研究。结果表明,定子叶片在不同方向时,增强型垂直轴风力机的转子转矩不同,且转矩到达峰值的位置也不同;在当前3个方向角中,叶片处于0°方向角时风力机具有最高的转矩系数,即具有最佳的功率系数。     

Application of a LES technique to characterize the wake deflection of a wind turbine in yaw

When a wind turbine works in yaw, the wake intensity and the power production of the turbine become slightly smaller and a deflection of the wake is induced. Therefore, a good understanding of this effect would allow an active control of the yaw angle of upstream turbines to steer the wake away from downstream machines, reducing its effect on them. In wind farms where interaction between turbines is significant, it is of interest to maximize the power output from the wind farm as a whole and to reduce fatigue loads on downstream turbines due to the increase of turbulence intensity in wakes. A large eddy simulation model with particular wind boundary conditions has been used recently to simulate and characterize the turbulence generated by the presence of a wind turbine and its evolution downstream the machine. The simplified turbine is placed within an environment in which relevant flow properties like wind speed profile, turbulence intensity and the anisotropy of turbulence are found to be similar to the ones of the neutral atmosphere. In this work, the model is used to characterize the wake deflection for a range of yaw angles and thrust coefficients of the turbine. The results are compared with experimental data obtained by other authors with a particle image velocimetry technique from wind tunnel experiments. Also, a comparison with simple analytical correlations is carried out. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Aerodynamic simulations of offshore floating wind turbine in platform‐induced pitching motion

Forfloating offshore wind turbines, rotors are under coupled motions of rotating and platform‐induced motions because of hydrodynamics impacts. Notably, the coupled motion of platform pitching and rotor rotating induces unsteadiness and nonlinear aerodynamics in turbine operations; thus having a strong effect on the rotor performances including thrust and power generation. The present work aims at developing a computational fluid dynamics model for simulations of rotor under floating platform induced motions. The rotor motion is realized using arbitrary mesh interface, and wind flows are modelled by incompressible Navier‐Stokes flow solver appended by the k  ? ω shear stress transport turbulence model to resolve turbulence quantities. In order to investigate the fully coupled motion of floating wind turbine, the six degree of freedom solid body motion solver is extended to couple with multiple motions, especially for the motion of rotor coupled with the prescribed surge‐heave‐pitch motion of floating platform. The detailed methodology of multiple motion coupling is also described and discussed in this work. Both steady and unsteady simulations of offshore floating wind turbine are considered in the present work. The steady aerodynamic simulation of offshore floating wind turbine is implemented by the multiple reference frames approach and for the transient simulation, the rotor motion is realized using arbitrary mesh interface. A rigorous benchmark of the present numerical model is performed by comparing to the reported literatures. The detailed elemental thrust and power comparisons of wind turbine are carried out by comparing with the results from FAST developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory and various existing numerical data with good agreement. The proposed approach is then applied for simulations of National Renewable Energy Laboratory 5MW turbine in coupled platform motion at various wind speeds under a typical load case scenario. Transient effect of flows over turbines rotor is captured with good prediction of turbine performance as compared with existing data from FAST. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Accounting for the speed shear in wind turbine power performance measurement

The current IEC standard for wind turbine power performance measurement only requires measurement of the wind speed at hub height assuming this wind speed to be representative for the whole rotor swept area. However, the power output of a wind turbine depends on the kinetic energy flux, which itself depends on the wind speed profile, especially for large turbines. Therefore, it is important to characterize the wind profile in front of the turbine, and this should be preferably achieved by measuring the wind speed over the vertical range between lower and higher rotor tips. In this paper, we describe an experiment in which wind speed profiles were measured in front of a multimegawatt turbine using a ground–based pulsed lidar. Ignoring the vertical shear was shown to overestimate the kinetic energy flux of these profiles, in particular for those deviating significantly from a power law profile. As a consequence, the power curve obtained for these deviant profiles was different from that obtained for the ‘near power law’ profiles. An equivalent wind speed based on the kinetic energy derived from the measured wind speed profile was then used to plot the performance curves. The curves obtained for the two kinds of profiles were very similar, corresponding to a significant reduction of the scatter for an undivided data set. This new method for power curve measurement results in a power curve less sensitive to shear. It is therefore expected to eventually reduce the power curve measurement uncertainty and improve the annual energy production estimation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

格尼襟翼垂直轴风力机风场研究

为研究垂直轴风力机风场中机组气动性能受格尼襟翼的影响,采用TSST湍流模型对直线翼垂直轴风力机进行数值模拟研究.结果表明:风场上游风力机组尖速比越大,机组间流体加速效果越显著,使风力机组气动性能高于单风力机;在中低尖速比时,格尼襟翼可有效提升单个风力机气动效率,在尖速比较高时,提升效果并不明显;在风力机组中安装格尼襟翼...     

A new formulation for rotor equivalent wind speed for wind resource assessment and wind power forecasting

The spurt of growth in the wind energy industry has led to the development of many new technologies to study this energy resource and improve the efficiency of wind turbines. One of the key factors in wind farm characterization is the prediction of power output of the wind farm that is a strong function of the turbulence in the wind speed and direction. A new formulation for calculating the expected power from a wind turbine in the presence of wind shear, turbulence, directional shear and direction fluctuations is presented. It is observed that wind shear, directional shear and direction fluctuations reduce the power producing capability, while turbulent intensity increases it. However, there is a complicated superposition of these effects that alters the characteristics of the power estimate that indicates the need for the new formulation. Data from two field experiments is used to estimate the wind power using the new formulation, and results are compared to previous formulations. Comparison of the estimates of available power from the new formulation is not compared to actual power outputs and will be a subject of future work. © 2015 The Authors. Wind Energy published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental study of the effect of turbulence on horizontal axis wind turbine aerodynamics

Incident flows on wind turbines are often highly turbulent, because these devices operate in the atmospheric boundary layer and often in the wake of other wind turbines. This article presents experimental investigations of the effects of a high turbulence level on wind turbine aerodynamics. Power and thrust are measured on a horizontal axis wind turbine model in the ‘Lucien Malavard’ wind tunnel. A grid is used to generate three turbulence levels (4·4%, 9% and 12%) with integral length scale of the order of magnitude of the chord length. Experiments show little effect of turbulence on the wind turbine model power and thrust. This can be justified by analysis of the aerodynamic loads along the blade. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of the effects of turbulence model enhancements on wind turbine wake predictions

The modelling of wind turbine wakes is investigated in this paper using a Navier–Stokes solver employing the k–ω turbulence model appropriately modified for atmospheric flows. It is common knowledge that even single‐wind turbine wake predictions with computational fluid dynamic methods underestimate the near wake deficit, directly contributing to the overestimation of the power of the downstream turbines. For a single‐wind turbine, alternative modelling enhancements under neutral and stable atmospheric conditions are tested in this paper to account for and eventually correct the turbulence overestimation that is responsible for the faster flow recovery that appears in the numerical predictions. Their effect on the power predictions is evaluated with comparison with existing wake measurements. A second issue addressed in this paper concerns multi‐wake predictions in wind farms, where the estimation of the reference wind speed that is required for the thrust calculation of a turbine located in the wake(s) of other turbines is not obvious. This is overcome by utilizing an induction factor‐based concept: According to it, the definition of the induction factor and its relationship with the thrust coefficient are employed to provide an average wind speed value across the rotor disk for the estimation of the axial force. Application is made on the case of five wind turbines in a row. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.