啤酒酿造过程中的阿拉伯木聚糖和果聚糖

可溶性膳食纤维在啤酒酿造中深受关注至少有两个原因。以前,酿酒商曾因为膳食纤维可能存在的提纯和过滤问题,会延长麦汁和啤酒的生产时间;另一方面,膳食纤维对结肠和消费者的整体健康状况具有有益的作用,是人们食用纤维中的可发酵部分。本文主要研究了啤酒酿造过程对麦芽、麦汁和啤酒中的可溶性膳食纤维含量的影响。阿拉伯木聚糖经酸性水解后使用高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测法（HPAEC／PAD）进行测定。果聚糖经酶消化后测定,β-葡聚糖采用卡尔科弗卢尔荧光增白剂分析。麦芽和啤酒分析均按照中欧酿造分析委员会（MEBAK）和欧洲啤酒酿造公约（EBC）的标准执行。在麦芽制造过程中,水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖（WEAX）的含量迅速增加,而糖化和发酵过程对成品啤酒中的含量无明显影响。在被调查的大量谷物中,麦芽制备和麦汁生产过程对果聚糖的含量无影响,但在发酵过程中果聚糖的含量降到最初含量的10％。对来自不同酿酒厂的40种德国小麦啤酒样本分析显示,阿拉伯木聚糖含量可从0．87高达至2．88g/L,阿拉伯木聚糖含量与啤酒麦汁的最初浓度具有很大的相关性。在啤酒生产中,麦芽的使用量和谷物的质量是影响瓶装啤酒中阿拉伯木聚糖含量的重要因素。尽管果聚糖在麦汁中有一定的含量,但是在啤酒中的含量却微乎其微。阿拉伯木聚糖含量增高并没有造成麦汁和啤酒黏度的增加。     

阿拉伯木聚糖研究进展

阿拉伯木聚糖是谷物细胞壁多糖的重要组成部分，对谷物加工和啤酒酿造产生重大影响。介绍了阿拉伯木聚糖的分离纯化，测定方法，结构分析，牧师化学性质及对啤酒酿造的影响。     

真菌木聚糖酶在小麦啤酒酿造中的应用

阿拉伯木聚糖是谷物细胞壁多糖的重要组成部分,对啤酒的过滤有着重要的影响.通过介绍真菌木聚糖酶在小麦啤酒酿造中应用,从而较好地解决了小麦啤酒生产中存在的过滤难题,生产出了风味独特的小麦啤酒.     

啤酒中铁离子含量的控制

啤酒酿造过程中铁离子（可溶性铁）对麦汁的组成，发酵性能和成品啤酒质量有不同程度的影响。糖化过程中铁离子含量较高，会抑制糖化的进行，加深麦汁色度；发酵阶段铁离子含量过高影响酵母的生长和发酵；清酒灌装以后如果铁离子含量过高，会加速氧化作用。优质成品啤酒中铁离子含量应〈0．10ppm，当铁离子含量〉0．20ppm时，会对成品啤酒产生不同程度的负面影响，当铁离子含量〉0．40ppm时，就有明显的金属腥味和氧化味。[第一段]     

糖化工艺对啤酒酿造的影响

研究了二次煮出糖化法（A法）以及一次煮出与浸出耱化法（B法）对啤酒酿造的影响。以同样的原料（即麦芽和少量的辅料玉米）进行了工业化规模的实验。以高浓酿造获得的麦汁和啤酒样品来评价两种糖化方法对酿造的影响。讨论了麦汁的理化指标、啤酒产量、质量以及时间和能量的消耗。结果表明：在啤酒质量上没有显著差别，但是两种方法获得麦汁中的可发酵性糖却相差很大；B法获得的麦汁中舍有较高含量的可发酵性糖，在后续的发酵过程中转化为更多的酒精；因此，B法在获得更多量具有相同质量啤酒的同时能大大降低时间和能量的消耗。     

糖化工艺对啤酒麦汁色度的影响研究

麦汁为啤酒的主要原料,麦汁的制备决定了啤酒的种类和质量,并直接影响到啤酒生产工艺与成品质量,因此在啤酒生产过程中需要不断优化麦汁制备工艺,形成优良的麦汁色度。麦汁的制备工艺主要包括麦芽制备、麦芽粉碎、糖化、麦汁煮沸沉淀、麦汁过滤与主发酵等步骤,其中糖化工艺会对啤酒麦汁的色度与品质造成影响。因此,需控制好麦芽质量及其粉碎度、糖化温度、淀粉酶pH值、糖化醪浓度等因素,并进一步优化糖化工艺参数,为呈现更好的啤酒麦汁色度奠定坚实的基础。基于此,本文研究糖化工艺对啤酒麦汁色度的影响,并提出啤酒麦汁制备中糖化工艺的优化措施,以提高啤酒麦汁的色度,促进啤酒酿造工艺的优化,推动啤酒行业的高质量发展。     

浅论啤酒酿造用水的水质

水是啤酒酿造中使用最多的原料，酿造水被称之为“啤酒的血液”。世界著名啤酒的特色都是由各自酿造用水的水质所决定的，酿造用水不仅直接影响着酿造的全过程，而且还决定着产品的质量和风味。水中含有一定量的各种阳离子和阴离子，这些离子对糖化过程酶的作用、物质的转化、麦汁的组成、发酵过程以及啤酒的质量产生特有的影响。[第一段]     

糖化温度对7^oP麦汁阿拉伯木聚糖、β-葡聚糖的影响研究

小麦是良好的啤酒酿造原料,在我国种植面积广泛,价格较低,品种多,富含蛋白质、淀粉。本文设计添加10％小麦芽进行糖化,研究不同糖化温度和糖化时间对7^oP麦汁理化指标的影响。实验结果表明,52℃15mm、63℃110min、72℃20min、78℃过滤糖化工艺中,7^oP麦汁阿拉伯木聚糖含量最多,为1034．33mg／L;52℃15min、63℃100min、72℃20min、78℃过滤糖化工艺中,β-葡聚糖含量最高,为72．96mg／L。当阿拉伯木聚糖产生919．33mg／L、β-葡聚糖产生两为72．96mg／L时,7^oP麦汁的粘度最大,此时,过滤速率为81．52mL／30min。     

糖化温度对7°P麦汁阿拉伯木聚糖、β-葡聚糖的影响研究

小麦是良好的啤酒酿造原料,在我国种植面积广泛,价格较低,品种多,富含蛋白质、淀粉。本文设计添加10％小麦芽进行糖化,研究不同糖化温度和糖化时间对7^oP麦汁理化指标的影响。实验结果表明,52℃15mm、63℃110min、72℃20min、78℃过滤糖化工艺中,7^oP麦汁阿拉伯木聚糖含量最多,为1034．33mg／L;52℃15min、63℃100min、72℃20min、78℃过滤糖化工艺中,β-葡聚糖含量最高,为72．96mg／L。当阿拉伯木聚糖产生919．33mg／L、β-葡聚糖产生两为72．96mg／L时,7^oP麦汁的粘度最大,此时,过滤速率为81．52mL／30min。     

大麦麦芽阿拉伯木聚糖的研究进展

随着纯生啤酒等高端啤酒产量的增加,啤酒生产对影响黏度和过滤速度的大分子物质含量的要求越来越高。阿拉伯木聚糖是组成大麦胚乳细胞壁的主要非淀粉多糖之一,能够形成高黏度的溶液,影响麦汁和啤酒的黏度和过滤速度。文中从结构、含量的检测、降解及研究展望等方面分析了大麦麦芽阿拉伯木聚糖的研究现状,指出了存在的问题。建立准确的高分子量阿拉伯木聚糖检测方法,研究不同分子量的阿拉伯木聚糖含量对黏度和过滤速度的影响,研究大麦麦芽的内源木聚糖酶抑制剂对阿拉伯木聚糖降解的影响以及高效降解阿拉伯木聚糖的酶制剂配方是今后的发展方向。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press