Conical Double-Dielectric Fresnel Zone Lens and Antenna

A conical double-dielectric phase-reversal Fresnel-zone plate (FZP) lens is introduced. We present the lens design equations as functions of cone opening angle. As an example, the phase-reversal lens has been applied to four millimeter-wave antennas with different lens opening semi-angles: 45deg, 60deg, and 75deg (conical lenses) and 90deg (plane lens). The radiation characteristics of these antennas have been calculated and contrasted one-to-another, and to those with the same semi-angles and linear dimensions binary (half-open) FZP lens antennas. The double-dielectric FZP conical arrangement can serve as a conical antenna lens and a radome simultaneously     

Curvilinear Fresnel-Zone Plate Lens Antenna: Vector Radiation Theory

A generalized vector diffraction theory of the half-open curvilinear Fresnel zone plate (FZP) tens antenna that is valid for any lens profile shape is presented. It is an extension to the vector Kirchhoff diffraction theory for the plane half-open FZP lens antenna and is based on the conical-segment lens profile approximation. An equation for the electric far-field vector is derived from which follow the expressions for the co- and cross-polarization radiation patterns and directive gain. The proposed theory is utilized for a numerical analysis and comparison of 140-GHz curvilinear half-open FZP lens antennas grouped in two distinct sets:

1. (a)
   Set I: antennas with different in shape FZP lenses (plane, conical, parabolic and spherical) having the same number of zones. All eurvilinear FZP antenna lenses are designed for similar gain, co- and cross-polarization performance and bandwidth, regardless of the lens-profile.
    
2. (b)
   Set II: antennas with different in shape FZP lenses and different number of zones. Since this affects gain, polarization and bandwidth performance, to make the characteristics of these FZP lens antennas practically equal to those of Set I, antenna feeds with different gain patterns have been used.
    

     

Optimum Design of Millimeter-Wave Double-Dielectric Fresnel Zone-Plate Lens and Antenna

The microwave/millimeter-wave Fresnel-zone plate (FZP) lenses differ substantially in construction, technology and applications from their optical analogs and require specific design equations and methods of electromagnetic analysis. In this paper, optimum design equations for double-dielectric lossless FZP lens are derived. The best and worst choices of the permittivity ratio for lossless dielectrics are discussed in detail. In addition, the influence of dielectric losses on the lens thickness for given wavelength and permittivities is examined. Two versions of a 57.5-GHz double-dielectric phase-reversal zone plate are used as focusing elements of FZP lens antenna. The antenna co-polar and cross-polar radiation patterns, aperture efficiency and frequency bandwidth are analyzed numerically and contrasted with those of half-blocked FZP and horn lens antennas.     

一种宽1dB增益带宽全介质Fresnel透镜天线

高增益和宽1dB增益带宽天线具有重要意义。文中提出一种E 波段全介质菲涅尔(Fresnel)波带透镜 天线,它包括一个菲涅尔波带透镜以及一个作为馈源的喇叭天线。透镜对电场进行操控,使穿过透镜的电磁波相位变 化满足需求,从而使透镜口径面处的电场分布更加均匀。与传统菲涅尔透镜的焦点电场相比,本透镜在焦点处的电场 值约提高了1. 6~3. 0 V,说明透镜的聚焦特性提高,从而实现更高的增益和带宽。该透镜天线的口径为72 mm,整体剖 面高度仅为52. 47 mm,焦径比为0. 66。透镜采用3D 打印技术进行加工,降低了加工成本。与传统菲涅尔透镜相比,实 测结果表明,该透镜天线在70 GHz 峰值增益达到了27. 5 dBi,1 dB 增益带宽34. 2% (63~89 GHz),占总带宽85. 53%。     

Array of hexagonal Fresnel zone plate lens antennas

An array of overlapping single-zone hexagonal Fresnel zone plate lens antennas was designed and tested at 30 GHz. By arraying smaller-diameter lenses, a significantly lower overall profile can be achieved compared to a single lens of equivalent diameter. These arrays can also find use in spatial power combining or in imaging applications.     

Focusing characteristics of curvilinear half-open Fresnel zone plate lenses: plane wave illumination

A diffraction field-focusing equation based on a specific conical-segment linearization procedure is derived for the Fresnel zone plate (FZP) lens of arbitrary curved profile and is applied for contrasting plane, spherical, parabolic and conical zone plate lenses, convex-side illuminated by a paraxial plane wave front. Two sets of 100-GHz curvilinear and plane FZP lenses are studied numerically with regards to their dimensions, axial focusing intensity and footprint, and frequency bandwidth. For the first set , where the curvilinear and plane lenses share a common lens base aperture and have equal focal lengths, the following new finding has resulted: regardless of their different in shape profiles the FZP lenses have equal zone numbers and produce similar axial focusing. The second set also consists of plane, spherical, parabolic and conical lenses. They share a common apex, and have equal in diameter base apertures and focal lengths but different thicknesses. For such disposition and proportions, the FZP lenses possess different zone numbers and focusing parameters (gain, efficiency, footprint and bandwidth). The belief that the curvilinear FZP have superior (or inferior) electromagnetic characteristics, compared to those of the plane FZP lens with equal number of zones is not in general true. Their relative focusing qualities can vary significantly depending on the lens positioning and dimensions.     

多层介质型太赫兹菲涅尔天线研究

基于菲涅尔波带片透镜的设计原理,设计了三款多层介质结构的菲涅尔波带片天线.该天线采用高增益的波纹喇叭天线提供馈电,工作频段为太赫兹通信第一大气窗口320～380GHz,回波损耗低于-15 dB,增益大于25 dBi.研究了菲涅尔波带片天线的周期数和子区数对天线性能的影响,结果表明随着周期和子区数的增加,增益也会不断的提高,而当波带片直径和喇叭口径面积相比拟时,电磁波损耗较大,并且谐振频率在太赫兹大气窗口内右移.     

Peano分形加载单极子辐射性能的研究

对有限地板尺寸和介质填充情况下Peano分形加载单极子天线的辐射特性进行了研究.利用HFSS分析了地板尺寸和填充介质材料对天线反射系数、辐射方向图和增益的影响.仿真表明:随着地板尺寸的减小,天线的阻抗带宽和增益明显减小,H面方向图变化不大,而E面方向图的半功率波束宽度增大,波束仰角减小;填充材料的介电常数过大会导致天线性能的恶化.在分析研究的基础上,设计并研制了地板尺寸为220mm×220mm的一阶和二阶Peano分形加载单极子天线.天线分别实现了45°和36°的波束仰角,50°和45°的半功率波束宽度.仿真与实测结果均表明凋节地板尺寸是控制Peano分形加载单极子天线E面半功率波束宽度和波束仰角的一种简单而有效的方法.     

The design of radially symmetric lenses

For scanning over wide angles at millimeter wavelengths, an antenna incorporating a radially symmetric lens is an attractive solution if the lens can be realized in a practical form. It is shown that suitable lenses can be constructed very simply, from natural dielectrics if desired, and a design technique for the optimal antenna is presented. Some results are given of analytical and experimental studies of a number of actual antennas operating at wavelengths near 4 mm. These confirm that practical solutions are available. Homogeneous lenses may be used up to antenna gains of about 35 dB, and a lens consisting of a single shell and a core is sufficient for most other practical requirements.     

一种低方向性的球形共形全向天线阵列设计

传统的球形共形天线阵列馈电网络复杂,每个天线单元需要单独馈电和控制相位,导致天线阵列效 率较低。文中提出了一种采用口径耦合馈电的单馈球面共形全向天线阵。为球形天线阵列设计了一个1 分30 的馈 电网络且直接集成在了阵列内部。这样可以通过一个端口给所有的天线单元馈电,从而降低了馈电的复杂度,提高 了天线效率。阵列的方向图在x-y 平面上是全向的。x-y 平面的增益变化小于1 dB,x-z 平面的半功率波瓣宽度约为 120°,实现了比传统全向更大的空间覆盖范围。天线的方向图最大增益为1 dBi。     

Offset Fresnel zone plate antennas

The theory of offset Fresnel zone plate antennas is presented. Explicit formulae for the design of the zone boundaries for the offset Fresnel zone plate are given. Theorectical equations and numerical results for the far-field analysis are presented. It is found that when the offset angle increases, the zone boundaries become more elliptic and the plate becomes more asymmetric in the E-plane. With the number of full wave zones and the plate width in the W-plane fixed, the plate width in the E-plane increases with the offset angle, which keeps the projected aperture area constant. Within a limited range of offset angles, the offset configuration can be employed without degrading the radiation performance much. For large offset angles, however, the asymmetry of the configuration may lead to increased sidelobes and decreased antenna directivity. An experiment with one particular phase reversal zone plate antenna with 30° offset angle shows good agreement between the measured antenna pattern and the theoretical prediction.     

A new accurate design method for millimeter-wave homogeneous dielectric substrate lens antennas of arbitrary shape

The synthesis and the optimization of three-dimensional (3-D) lens antennas, consisting of homogeneous dielectric lenses of arbitrary shape and fed by printed sources, are studied theoretically and experimentally at millimeter(mm)-wave frequencies. The aim of the synthesis procedure is to find a lens profile that transforms the radiation pattern of the primary feed into a desired amplitude shaped output pattern. This synthesis problem has been previously applied for dielectric lenses and reflectors. As far as we know, we propose, for the first time, to adapt and implement it for the design of substrate lens antennas. The inverse scattering problem is solved in two steps. In the first one, the geometry of the 3-D lens is rigorously derived using geometrical optics (GO) principles. The resulting second-order partial-differential equation is strongly nonlinear and is of the Monge-Ampe/spl grave/re (M.A) type. The iterative algorithm implemented to solve it is described in detail. Then, a surface optimization of the lens profile combined with an analysis kernel based on physical optics (PO) is performed in order to comply with the prescribed pattern. Our algorithms are successfully validated with the design of a lens antenna radiating an asymmetric Gaussian pattern at 58.5 GHz whose half-power beamwidth equals 10/spl deg/ in H plane and 30/spl deg/ in E plane. The lens is illuminated by a microstrip 2/spl times/2 patch antenna array. Two lens prototypes have been manufactured in Teflon. Before optimization, the measured radiation patterns are in very good agreement with the predicted ones; nevertheless, the -12 dB side lobes and oscillations appearing in the main lobe evidence a strong difference between the desired and measured patterns. This discrepancy is significantly reduced using the optimized lens.     

双锥天线的普遍模型

椭圆双锥天线是具有普遍性的物理模型。应用坐标变换和共形变换研究椭圆双锥天线,在传输纯TEM波的假设下,把无限长椭圆双锥结构变换为二维平面结构,从而得到椭圆双锥天线输入阻抗闭合解,其典型结果与文献一致。所给出的椭圆双锥天线有关公式可以用来分析许多类型的锥天线,包括非对称锥天线。     

Reference Phase in Diffractive Lens Antennas: A Review

We review a free parameter in the design of Fresnel zone plate lens antennas. Historically, zone plate antennas have been designed with a specific choice for this parameter, which can be taken as a type of phase reference. Two methods of interpreting the parameter have been identified, either in terms of a reference radius or equivalently a reference phase. Here, for simplicity, we treat this variable parameter as a reference phase. Importantly, the reference phase can be chosen to have non-standard values which have been shown to improve important aspects of antenna performance and to add a new functionality to zone plate antennas.     

Compact Ka-Band Lens Antennas for LEO Satellites

Two new compact lens antenna configurations are presented and compared for data link communications with LEO satellites at 26 GHz. These lenses match a secant type radiation pattern template in the elevation plane while having a mechanically scanned sector beam in azimuth to enhance gain as much as possible. No rotary joints or multiple feeds are required and emphasis is put also on the compactness of the proposed solutions (< 6lambda₀). Two alternative lens configurations are evaluated numerically and experimentally: one is based on modified axial-symmetric dome lens geometry, and the other one consists of a full 3-D double-shell lens antenna. In contrast to current nearly omnidirectional antennas, the directivity of our lens prototypes is above 15.4 dBi. Up to 4.2 dB loss obtained in the prototypes can be significantly reduced by using lower loss dielectrics and matching layers, without affecting the conclusions. The numerical and experimental results are in good agreement with the radiation specifications given the compact size of the antennas.     

菲涅尔区修正圆柱面天线的聚焦场特性

在圆柱面上进行一维菲涅尔区相位修正结构设计,可以构成一类新型的点源馈电透镜天线。该文用辅助源法导出该透镜天线对任意斜入射平面波形成的聚焦场分布,分析了其聚焦性能及偏轴扫描特性。     

Permittivity of composites used for Luneburg lens antennas by drilling holes based on 3-D printing technique

Due to the attractive performances such as the ability of beam focus, broadband, multi-beam scanning and other features, Luneburg lens antennas are applied in multi-beam antenna, which overcomes the problem of gain loss produced by multi-beam parabolic antenna. Based on 3-D printing technique, Luneburg lens antennas by drilling holes are studied. Permittivity and loss tangent of the equivalent lens materials can be influenced by original materials, hole shapes, hole directions, and porosity. After tests, polystyrene with waxes may be the most appropriate materials for Luneburg lens with high strength. Permittivity with the shape of triangle is the lowest due to the homogeneity. Relative permittivities with the direction at a range of 15°-45° are lower while loss tangent at a range of 0°-30°. Radial directional holes are more appropriate for Luneburg lens. The relative permittivity is decreased with the increment of porosity. After calculations, the forecasts calculated by Looyenga and A-BG theory are more precise. Finally, Luneburg lens with two layers is fabricated by 3-D printing.     

Millimeter Wave Antenna with Scanning Beam

The results of theoretical analysis and experimental investigation of the millimeter waves antenna with scanning beam are presented. The operation concept of the antenna is based on the effect of transformation of the surface waves of dielectric waveguide in the volume waves. The smooth space scanning of beam has been made by means of change of wave propagation constant inside of the dielectric waveguide. All experiments were made in the four-millimeter wave range. The angle of scanning was Θ=35° and width of directional diagram was 2° in the scanning plane. The lens and the mirror antennas were designed.     

A Full Electromagnetic Analysis of Grooved-Dielectric Fresnel Zone Plate Antennas for Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Applications

Grooved-dielectric, phase-correcting, Fresnel zone plate antennas are analyzed using the body-of-revolution finite-difference time-domain (BOR-FDTD) method. Parametric studies of the focusing ability of these antennas are performed to examine the effects of the focal length, diameter, number of zones, and the thickness of the lens, as well as the number of phase corrections per zone. The results of these studies are presented as design graphs and are used to lend insight into the focusing mechanism of phase-correcting zone plates. The BOR-FDTD analysis is validated by comparison with previous measurements.     

一种全向圆柱共形螺旋阵列天线

基于圆柱共形阵列天线的基本理论,提出了一种螺旋圆柱阵列天线,该阵列由两层沿圆柱外壁交错排列的螺旋单元组成,采用矩量法分析了天线的辐射特性。通过优化螺旋单元的个数及分布,得到最优的单层单元数N=18,层间距H=60 mm,使阵列天线在实现高增益的同时,在θ=90°平面上产生360度全向辐射,最大增益Gmax可达7.5 dBi,不圆度C<1.6 dB。