通用风力机翼型型线的表面粗糙度敏感性研究

以风力机翼型为对象,应用边界层理论建立翼型前缘的气流分离模型,探讨气流分离前后翼型表面压力场和速度场的变化规律。相对于传统的翼型反设计理论,提出一种新的集成的、直接的通用翼型型线设计理论。基于泛函分析方法以及翼型保角转换理论,通过选取任意一组特征参数,建立通用风力机翼型型线的集成数学模型并提出其表面粗糙度敏感性的研究方法。研究了通用风力机翼型型线前缘不同分离点以及雷诺数对其气动性能参数的影响,得到不同表面粗糙度下通用型线气动特性的变化规律。研究结果对高性能低粗糙度敏感性的风力机翼型系列设计提供了理论基础,拓宽了风力机翼型的设计思路和方法。     

风力机翼型尾缘锯齿降噪风洞实验研究

随着风能产业的发展,风力机降噪成为行业发展的必然,尾缘锯齿是降低叶片自噪声的有效手段。多年来,国内外许多学者通过数值模拟、风洞实验和整机测量等手段开展了风力机尾缘锯齿降噪研究。在西北工业大学NF-3风洞的二元试验段开展翼型尾缘锯齿降噪实验研究,提出了通过尾迹来甄选噪声测量传感器的方法,并采用A计权以及1/8倍频程的方法进行噪声频谱分析。结果表明,通过尾迹甄选出的传感器可作为噪声分析数据来源;在风力机翼型后缘安装尾缘锯齿来降低噪声是可行的,降噪的频率为翼型自噪声的中高频段;使用A计权、1/8倍频程的方法表示噪声频谱能很好地进行噪声源分析。     

平板微通道流动传热的粗糙元间距效应

微细尺度传热问题业已成为国际传热界的研究点,而壁面粗糙度对微细通道流动和传热特性有着重要影响。以粗糙平行平板微通道为研究对象,用三角形粗糙元模拟固体表面的粗糙度,通过采用CFD(computational fluid dynamics)流体固体共轭传热技术数值研究了粗糙元间距对平行平板微通道流动和传热特性的影响规律,同时研究了其间距对微通道流动的转捩雷诺数的影响规律;计算结果表明:随着三角形粗糙元间距的增大,粗糙平板微通道的阻力性能逐渐下降,层流向湍流转捩的雷诺数呈逐渐增大趋势,同时粗糙平板微通道的传热性能呈逐渐下降趋势。     

基于连续攻角的风力机翼型整体气动性能提高的优化设计

目前风力机翼型都是考虑单点设计攻角而开发出来,以追求局部气动性能的极大值,而忽略了连续设计攻角范围内翼型整体气动性能。结合翼型泛函集成理论及复杂型线表面曲率光滑连续性思想,提出连续攻角情况下风力机翼型廓线设计新方法,以解决翼型优化设计中其气动力难以收敛这一关键问题,并实现翼型整体气动性能的提高。将连续攻角情况下设计出来的WQ-B翼型与单点攻角情况下设计出来的WQ-A翼型进行了气动性能对比分析;并将WQ-B翼型系列应用到实际2 MW风力机叶片中。研究表明:相比WQ-A翼型及实际叶片,WQ-B新翼型系列及叶片整体性能均有显著提高。该研究不仅验证了该设计方法的可行性,而且也表明WQ-B翼型系列具有广泛的通用性及可置换性。     

风力机翼型摩擦阻力数值计算中不同湍流模型的比较研究

为了提高风力机翼型特性模拟的准确性,采用数值求解N-S方程的方法,对NACA0015翼型的气动性能进行了数值模拟.考虑不同湍流模型、不同的计算格式、不同近壁面处理方法对风力机翼型特性模拟有着不同影响,数值模拟中应用3种不同湍流模型和3种不同的计算格式,同时配合6种不同近壁面处理方法,并将计算结果与实验结果进行对比。结果表明,在边界层内布置合适的网格点,采用k-ωSST湍流模型数值模拟,可使NACA0015翼型阻力系数的计算精度明显提高。     

粗糙度对风力机专用翼型气动性能影响

针对风力机专用翼型FFA-W3-211进行数值模拟,深入系统探讨了粗糙度对该翼型气动性能的影响。采用剪切应力输运k-omega湍流模型进行CFD计算;于翼型表面均匀分布不同粗糙度,求出该翼型敏感粗糙度;同时,研究了在该翼型吸力面和压力面不同位置布置敏感粗糙度时,粗糙带位置对翼型升力系数和阻力系数的影响,分别求出吸力面和压力面的敏感粗糙带位置,与软件XFOIL算出转捩点位置进行对比,分析粗糙度对该翼型气动性能的影响。计算结果对风力机专用翼型的设计与开发具有一定的理论价值。     

湍流工况小型风力机翼型气动特性及稳健优化

风力机翼型设计通常未考虑湍流强度影响,气动设计与实际工况产生较大偏差,为使得翼型设计与实际工况相匹配,考虑随机湍流工况湍流强度大小的不确定性,以S809翼型为研究对象,分析低雷诺数下不同湍流强度对翼型S809升阻气动特性、压力分布影响规律,量化湍流不确定性对翼型气动性能的影响,提出一种在气动优化中耦合层流分离预测的高湍流低雷诺数小型风力机翼型优化策略,基于非嵌入式概率配置点法、TransitionSST模型、拉丁超立方试验设计、Kriging模型和非支配排序遗传算法进行气动稳健优化设计。案例结果表明,优化后翼型湍流适应性增强,在不确定湍流强度TI～N(0.15,0.037 52)工况下最大升阻比平均值提升了6.55%,标准差减小了13.49%。该方法使翼型设计与湍流风况相匹配,降低翼型对不确定湍流的敏感性,为不确定湍流工况低雷诺数翼型及小型风力机设计与应用提供重要参考。     

Matlab优化工具在通用风力机翼型型线设计中的应用

基于Matlab软件中的优化算法和优化工具,针对风力机翼型通用型线集成表达式建立了优化数学模型.以风力机翼型的最大升阻比为优化设计目标函数,翼型形状控制方程的系数为设计变量,翼型的厚度和弯度为约束条件,设计得到了相对厚度为18%的风力机翼型,并对其性能进行了计算分析.研究结果拓宽了风力机叶片翼型的设计思路和设计方法.     

典型霜冰条件下的风力机翼型优化设计

以翼型型线的表达方法为基础,提出结冰条件下风力机翼型设计方法,并在典型霜冰条件下,基于原始翼型WT180优化设计出一种相对厚度为18%的风力机专用翼型ICE180。在自然转捩情况下,用Rfoil计算了ICE180、WT180及NACA63418三种翼型在不结冰以及霜冰条件下的气动性能;在结冰条件下,用计算流体力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法对三种结冰翼型的气动性能进行验证。研究表明,相对于原始翼型WT180,新翼型ICE180既保持了无结冰条件下的良好气动性能,又在主攻角范围内,大幅提高了霜冰条件下的气动性能,且翼型前缘结冰厚度更小。故此,提出的翼型优化设计方法对于霜冰条件下的风力机专用翼型设计具有重要意义。     

前缘凹坑及涡流发生器对风力机翼型气动性能影响

通过风洞试验，对相对厚度为21%的风力机翼型及前缘凹坑进行研究。前缘凹坑损伤是采用三维软件进行建模，并利用3D打印技术对模型进行加工的。本次风洞试验考虑了光滑模型、前缘凹坑模型以及增加涡流发生器(VG)后翼型的气动性能。通过对升力系数及压力系数的分析进行流态判读，并采用荧光丝线方式进行流动显示，揭示了翼型失速过程。同时，测试结果表明，前缘凹坑会降低翼型的升力系数，增加翼型的阻力系数。而在前缘带凹坑的翼型上安装VG后，可以改善前缘凹坑翼型的气动性能。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.