TC21合金超塑性本构关系的BP人工神经网络模型

TC21合金是一种高强、高韧、高损伤容限型两相钛合金,具有极佳超塑成形性能。建立合理的超塑性本构关系,对了解该合金的超塑性变形特征以及超塑性成形工艺优化有着重要的指导作用。本文对TC21合金在Gleeble1500热模拟试验机上进行了超塑性等温压缩变形试验。结果表明,随着温度的升高或应变速率的降低,材料的流变应力显著降低,动态再结晶是其主要的软化机制。根据所获得的实验数据,应用BP人工神经网络建立了TC21合金的超塑性本构关系模型,较好地反映了TC21合金的超塑变形过程中流动应力的变化规律。     

Recent Advances in Superplastic Intermetallics

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预变形对低合金高碳钢超塑性变形行为的影响

在Gleeble 1500D热模拟试验机上进行单轴压缩实验,研究了低合金高碳钢连续冷却至珠光体转变孕育期变形时的组织演变过程,并探讨了所得组织的超塑性.结果表明:组织演变过程包括珠光体相变、渗碳体球化和铁索体再结晶3个阶段,最终形成微米级(约1μm)铁索体等轴晶粒+亚微米及纳米级渗碳体颗粒的复相组织;利用速率突变法测得该复相组织在700℃, 1×10~(-4)—2×10~(-4)s~(-1)应变速率下m值(应变速率敏感性指数)可达0.40;随预变形量增大,所得组织在700℃各应变速率下的流变抗力降低.     

Microstructural evolution and plastic flow behavior of As-equal channel angular pressed 5083 Al alloy in low temperature superplasticity regime

In this study, the plastic flow behavior of ultrafine grained 5083 Al alloy fabricated by severe plastic deformation was examined in conjunction with microstructural evolution during deformation in the low temperature superplasticity regime. The present investigation was aimed at providing a better understanding of the nature of the low temperature superplasticity of ultrafine grained metallic materials. For this purpose, an ultrafine grained structure was introduced into the commercial 5083 Al alloy by equal channel angular pressing. A series of tensile tests was performed on the as-equal channel angular pressed samples at the initial strain rates of 10^?5–10^?2 sec^?1 and temperatures of 498–548 K, belonging to the low temperature superplasticity regime. The relationship between the true stress and true strain rate showed a sigmoidal behavior in a double logarithmic plot. The superplastic elongation was obtained within the limited intermediate strain range of 10^?4–10^?3 sec^?1 at 523 and 548 K. The microstructural examination and analysis of plastic flow curves revealed that low temperature superplasticity of the present alloy was attributed to dynamic recrystallization. In addition, necking instability during low temperature superplastic deformation of the alloy was discussed by applying Harts necking instability criterion.     

超塑成形理论与实践——王仲仁教授在超塑性研究领域的贡献

回顾了王仲仁教授在超塑性研究领域的一系列重要研究成果。Sn-Pb共晶超塑性材料薄壁管复合加载实验表明,在复杂应力状态下超塑材料遵守Mises屈服准则,并与Tresca屈服准则也接近,给出了超塑材料在应变速率强化条件下的屈服轨迹;研究了超塑变形过程中晶粒和孔洞的长大规律及其对变形中流动应力的影响,导出了包含晶粒长大和孔洞长大影响的超塑性本构关系;提出了测定超塑材料摩擦系数的理论校准曲线和应变速率敏感性指数的变截面拉伸试验法;开发了带有动凸模的微机控制的1000kN超塑成形机,研制了当时国内最大的微机控制的5000kN超塑成形机;在模具型腔超塑成形研究方面,成功挤压了130型汽车连杆锻模,是迄今为止尺寸最大的超塑成形模具钢型腔。     

Er、Zr微合金化5083铝合金的超塑性

针对5E83合金(Er、Zr微合金化5083合金),采用超塑性拉伸试验、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和透射电镜(TEM),探究了Er、Zr微合金元素、晶粒尺寸、变形温度、应变速率对合金超塑性的影响。通过再结晶退火、空冷和水冷的搅拌摩擦加工(FSP),分别获得了晶粒尺寸为7.4、5.2、3.4μm的完全再结晶组织,作为初始状态进行超塑性拉伸。结果表明,初始晶粒尺寸越细小,超塑性伸长率越高。当晶粒尺寸>5μm时,超塑性变形过程晶粒粗化缓慢,细化初始晶粒可显著提高超塑性;而当晶粒尺寸<5μm时,超塑性变形过程晶粒粗化严重,进一步细化初始晶粒对超塑性的提高有限。不同变形温度、应变速率的超塑性拉伸结果显示在变形温度为450～540℃、应变速率为1.67×10^-4～1.67×10^-1 s^-1,超塑性伸长率随变形温度和应变速率的提高呈现先上升后下降再上升的趋势;变形温度为520℃、应变速率为1.67×10^-3 s^-1条件下,水冷FSP态合金获得最大伸长率330%...     

脉冲电流对2091Al-Li合金超塑变形机理的影响

分析了脉冲电流对２０９１Ａｌ－Ｌｉ合金超塑变形中晶内位错滑移、晶界位错滑移及原子扩散的影响。研究表明,脉冲电流促进位错滑移及增殖,降低原子扩散激活能,加速位错在晶界上的攀移,从而提高了超塑变形在高应变速率下的可能性。据此,建立了施加脉冲电流条件下的超塑变形速率方程。     

镁合金超塑性及其成形技术进展

阐述了金属超塑性的特点与分类,镁合金超塑性的研究方向及其变形机制.针对当前镁合金超塑性及其成形技术的研究现状,提出了新型镁合金超塑性成形技术的开发思路,为提高镁合金超塑性的工业应用及拓宽镁合金的应用范围提供参考.     

Experimental evidence for diffusion creep in the superplastic 3 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia

Although there have been numerous studies on the high temperature deformation characteristics of the superplastic 3 mol% yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia (3YTZ), the rate controlling deformation mechanism has not been identified unambiguously. In the present study, experiments were conducted on 3YTZ at high stresses and at coarser grain sizes than used conventionally for superplasticity. The experimental results reveal, for the first time, an intragranular dislocation motion controlled high stress regime that is independent of the grain size. With a decrease in stress, there is a transition to a Newtonian viscous deformation regime consistent with Coble grain boundary diffusion creep. At sufficiently low stresses, or in materials with finer grain sizes, there is a further transition to a grain size dependent interface controlled deformation regime. Analysis of the experimental data suggests strongly that superplastic flow in 3YTZ occurs by an interface controlled deformation mechanism.     

分步拉伸变形对TA15合金超塑性的影响

采用分步变形法对TA15合金在10 kN高温电子拉伸试验机上进行了超塑性拉伸试验,研究了变形温度和预变形量对该合金超塑性性能及微观组织演变。结果表明:变形温度为850~950℃和预变形量为100%~200%时,TA15合金呈现出良好的超塑性;变形温度为900℃和预变形量为150%时,该合金的超塑性能最好,最大延伸率为1456%;变形温度为950℃时,该合金的超塑性能降低,延伸率仅为188%。TA15合金的微观组织状态显示:该合金在拉伸变形过程中微观组织保持等轴状,但是随着变形温度的升高,晶粒开始长大,变形温度越高,晶粒长大越显著。     

THE SUPERPLASTICITY AND DEFORMATION MECHANISM OF ULTRALIGHT BINARY Mg-8wt%Li ALLOY

1.IntroductionMagnesium--lithiumalloysarethelightestalloysamongthenonpoisonousmetalsandalloystll.Becauseoftheirlowdellsityandhighspecificstiffness,theyhavethepotentialforuseinaerospacesarmoredvehicle,automobileandelectricindustry.InordertoturnMg--Lialloysintospecificcomponentswithminimumamountofmachiningandjoining,itisdesirablethatMg-Lialloysexhibitsuperplasticity.UPtonow,superfinegraillscanbeobtainedinmagnesium-lithiumalloysbythefollowingways'(1)staticannealingafterthermomechanicaltreatment…     

快速超塑性的研究与应用

综述了高应变速率超塑材料种类、变形机理和应用技术的最新进展。高应变速率超塑材料主要是铝基复合材料及铝合金,最近,对镁合金、纳米材料、钛合金高应变速率超塑性能的研究也已开始。高应变速率超塑性在工业中的应用已经起步,例如快速超塑成形技术、一模多件技术等,可以实现中等批量、甚至大批量生产,但是主要集中在铝合金上。未来激光辅助超塑成形技术、电塑性辅助超塑成形技术值得期待。     

Phase transformations and structural changes in the course of the high-temperature superplastic deformation of aluminum alloys

Phase and structural transformations, which develop under conditions characteristic of high-temperature superplasticity in matrix multicomponent aluminum alloys, have been investigated. It has been shown that the appearance of a metastable liquid phase is in principle possible in the structure of such alloys in the process of the establishment of the equilibrium state during their heating to the temperature of tests and in the course of superplastic deformation. The characteristic properties of the structural changes that occur in the course of the superplastic deformation of such alloys have been studied. The basic conditions that lead to the origin and the development of fibrous species in the course of the high-temperature superplastic deformation have been determined. The determining role of magnesium in the process of origin and development of such fibrous formations is shown.     

DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION AND SUPERPLASTICITY IN Al-Li ALLOY

The behavior of dynamic recrystallization in the superplastic deformation of 8090 and 2091 aluminum-lithium alloys have been investigated.TEM observations indicated that dynamic recrystallization occurs at thetriple junction of grain boundaries.The measurement of grain boundary angle showed that recrystallization indynamic equilibrium exists in the process of superplastic deformation of 8090 Al-Li alloy.It is also indicatedthat,besides the role of refining grains and the grain boundary sliding,dynamic recrystallization playsconcurrently a role of stablizing microstructure.Thus dynamic rccrystallization can be used to induce metalssuperplasticity,which leads to a simplification of pretreatment for superplastic deformation.     

材料超塑性研究的现状与发展

对20世纪90年代以来国内外超塑性的研究工作进行了介绍和评述.主要介绍了新的超塑材料的开发及超塑性的应用,概述了国内外超塑性研究的最新进展,并对超塑性研究的热点问题进行了评述,重点评述了用超塑成型方法制作大型铝合金汽车零件、用分子动力学模拟超塑变形中的晶界滑动、新材料和纳米材料的超塑性开发及超塑微成形的研究等国内外超塑性研究的新进展.展望了超塑性的发展趋势,指出应开发材料的低温或高速超塑性,重视超塑性流动过程的理论研究,进一步拓展超塑性的应用领域.     

超塑变形中“晶粒群”运动初探

通过两种钛合金超塑性拉伸的实例，本文对超塑性变形微观机制中的晶粒群运动问题进行了初步的分析和讨论。晶粒群运动是材料中某一区域内若干晶粒以有别于周围介质的规律参与物质流变。非典型等轴细晶材料超塑变形中复杂多变的显微组织易于产生晶粒群的运动形式。晶粒群运动易于诱发变形的不均匀。而通过控制变形参数，可以对包括晶粒群运动的微观机制进行控制，从而改善材料超塑性。     

Electron backscattered diffraction study on superplastic properties of coarse-grained Fe-27 at% Al

An electron backscattered diffraction technique has been used to investigate crystallographic features of a superplastic coarse-grained Fe-27 at% Al alloy. Alloy samples studied have been tensile tested in a temperature range between 600 and 800°C in air under an initial strain rate of 1×10⁻⁴ s⁻¹. As a result of dynamic recovery and recrystallization, the grain structure undergoes four major transitions: subgrain-boundary formation, grain-boundary migration, formation and growth of recrystallized grains. A model based on the microstructural evolution is described. Subgrains form during an initial stage of high-temperature deformation when deformation is conducted at low temperature (600°C). Upon further deformation at 700°C, grain boundaries migrate, resulting in the formation of new grains. When deformation is made further to a larger elongation or at even higher temperature (800°C), dynamic recovery and recrystallization occur significantly, resulting in grain refinement and hence superplasticity. Refined grains thus formed maintain crystallographic relationships with parent grains.     

GRAIN SHAPE EFFECT IN SUPERPLASTIC DEFORMATION

The method controlling grain shape in TMT processing and the effect of grain shape on char-acteristic parameters in superplastic deformation were discussed.The accommodation velocityof grahl boundary sliding,which is the dominant mechanism in superplastic deformation,andthe contribution of each mechanism to the total strain,as influenced by grain shape,were ana-lyzed.Grain shape has been shown to be an essential structural factor for superplasticity.Thenan analysis was made about the effect of grain shape on the region transition strain rate sothat a new concept,critical aspect for superplasticity,was worked out.These predictions werecompared with the measured results in an Al-Zn-Mg alloy.     

块体非晶合金超塑性成形的研究进展

简述了块体非晶合金的研究现状及其超塑性成形技术,重点介绍了温度及应变速率对非晶合金超塑性的影响、块体非晶合金过冷液相区本构模型研究概况以及超塑性成形的应用,提出了块体非晶合金超塑性研究中仍需解决的问题。     

Advances and applications in high strain rate superplasticity

High strain rate superplasticity (i.e., superplastic behavior at strain rates over 10^-2 s^-l) has been observed in many metallic materials such as aluminum alloys and their matrix composites and it is associated with an ultra-fine grained structure of less than about 3 pm. Its deformation mechanism appears to be different from that in conventional superplastic materials. A new model was considered from the viewpoint of the accommodation mechanism by an accommodation helper such as a liquid or glassy phase. The new mechanism was proposed in which superplasticity was critically controlled by the accommodation helper both to relax the stress concentration resulting from the sliding at grain boundaries and/or interfaces and to limit the build up of internal cavitation and subsequent failure. The possibility of the industrial applications was demonstrated for high-strain-rate superplasticity.