The Thermal Distortion of a Funnel Mold

This article investigates the thermal distortion of a funnel mold for continuous casting of thin slabs and explores the implications on taper and solidification of the steel shell. The three-dimensional mold temperatures are calculated using shell-mold heat flux and cooling water profiles that were calibrated with plant measurements. The thermal stresses and distorted shape of the mold are calculated with a detailed finite-element model of a symmetric fourth of the entire mold and waterbox assembly, and they are validated with plant thermocouple data and measurements of the wear of the narrow-face copper mold plates. The narrow-face mold distorts into the typical parabolic arc, and the wide face distorts into a ??W?? shape owing to the large variation in bolt stiffnesses. The thermal expansion of the wide face works against the applied narrow-face taper and funnel effects, so the effect of thermal distortion must be considered to accurately predict the ideal mold taper.     

Thermal and mechanical behavior of copper molds during thin-slab casting (I): Plant trial and mathematical modeling

Three-dimensional (3-D) finite-element thermal-stress models have been developed to predict temperature, distortion, and residual stress in the mold of continuous casters of thin steel slabs, comparing both funnel-shaped and parallel molds. The mold shape and high casting speed leads to higher mold temperatures and shorter mold life than in conventional slab casters. This study investigates heat flux and the effects of mold shape on distortion and cracking of the thin-slab mold. In Part I of this two-part article, mold wall temperatures measured in the plant were analyzed to determine the corresponding heat-flux profiles in thin-slab molds. This data was then used in an elastic-visco-plastic analysis to investigate the deformation of the molds in service for the two different mold shapes. The model predictions of temperature and distortion during operation match plant observations. During operation, the hot-face temperature reaches 580 °C and heat flux varies from 7 to 4.5 MW/m² when casting at 3.6 m/min. The copper plates bend toward the steel, with a maximum outward distortion of about 0.3 mm. This occurs just above the center of the wide faces and is smaller than the distortion of a conventional slab mold.     

近终形连铸用浸入式水口模具设计

由于近终形连铸用浸入式水口形状特异,为了提高生产水平,降低生产成本,设计了组合模具。组合模具由外形模具、内孔模具和密封模具组成,外形模具采用了内外双层胶模,内层胶模设计为双分式,成型后制品外形加工余量约为10%;内孔采用金属组合模具,配合紧密,脱模顺利,可重复使用。组合模具为浸入式水口的批量生产奠定了基础。     

延长铜冶炼阳极模服役寿命的工业实践

针对大冶有色冶炼厂铜阳极板浇铸工序铸模平均服役寿命较短问题,本文研究分析了浇铸过程铜水温度、脱模剂喷涂效果、喷淋系统冷却能力等因素对服役寿命的影响,提出了阳极模结构改进、浇铸铜水温度控制、喷涂管结构改进、圆盘冷却系统优化等措施,技术改造后,阳极模平均服役使用寿命由240t·Cu/块延长至350t·Cu/块。     

延长铜冶炼阳极模服役寿命的工业实践

针对大冶有色冶炼厂铜阳极板浇铸工序铸模平均服役寿命较短问题,本文研究分析了浇铸过程铜水温度、脱模剂喷涂效果、喷淋系统冷却能力等因素对服役寿命的影响,提出了阳极模结构改进、浇铸铜水温度控制、喷涂管结构改进、圆盘冷却系统优化等措施,技术改造后,阳极模平均服役使用寿命由 240t·Cu/ 块延长至 350t·Cu/ 块。     

Research and application of numerical simulation to optimization of ingot casting process

During the ingot casting process,the parametric changes of the molten steel pouring process often cause both ingot surface and internal quality defects. With the increasingly wide application of computers in industrial technology,numerical simulations of the molten steel pouring process enable predictions of the defects that will arise during the pouring and solidification process,especially for the molten steel flowduring the early stages of casting. In addition,using a computer to simulate the casting process of a 40 t ingot and solidification can prevent many defects. The simulation results indicate that controlling the pouring speed to less than 80 kg / s,hanging the casting powder in a mold with the hanging height maintained at 100-150 mm,and controlling the taper angle of the mold brick outlet to a suitable level can reduce the probability of slag entrapment and improve the internal and surface quality of the ingot.     

New narrow-wall design for the mold of continuous slab-casting machines

A mathematical model of ingot solidification is developed for a continuous slab-casting machine. This provides the basis for a new triplanar design of the narrow copper walls in the mold, with variable taper over the height. The ingot profile required to minimize copper wear in the lower part and ensure sufficient thickness in the upper part is calculated.     

浅谈倾动炉降低阳极板拒收率

针对倾动炉阳极板拒收率偏高的情况,对拒收的阳极板进行统计分析,发现阳极板锥度和偏重是主要原因。对引起阳极板锥度和偏重的因素进行现场调查并分析,确定主要影响因素为铜模喷涂效果和浇铸包使用寿命。其后通过设计自动移动喷涂装置和更换浇铸包耐火材料,拒收率得到了大幅降低,从而降低了阳极板的回炉成本,实现了预期目标,拒收率稳定在可控范围内。     

高速连铸结晶器内凝固传热行为及其均匀性控制

从分析高拉速包晶钢板坯连铸结晶器内凝固传热行为特征入手,首先阐明拉速对结晶器内的界面热阻、凝固坯壳的温度与应力分布的影响规律,研究发现拉速超过1.6 m·min?1时,界面热阻明显增加,拉速由1.4 m·min?1提升至1.6 m·min?1和1.8m·min?1时,出结晶器坯壳厚度相应减少约10%,其发生漏钢的危险不断增加;在此基础上,阐述了结晶器的内腔结构、保护渣、振动与液面控制等控制结晶器内坯壳凝固均匀性的相关技术。要实现高速连铸,首要应考虑结晶器内腔结构的优化设计,使其能更好地迎合凝固坯壳的生长,研制适合包晶钢等凝固特点的专用连铸保护渣至关重要,铸坯鼓肚控制也是保障高拉速液面稳定的关键。      

连铸机结晶器铜板失效分析及改进措施

为了提高结晶器的使用寿命,从分析铜板及表面涂镀层失效原因出发,对结晶器的设计、铜板材质的选择和表面强化技术等方面进行了研究和总结,针对结晶器铜板在使用中出现的问题提出了改进措施。对比银铜和铬锆铜金相组织并通过实验发现：铜晶界之间析出的富铬金属化合物是铬锆铜基体结晶器的热裂纹来源。研究各种合金电镀层、热喷涂层以及纳米复合镀层的内应力分布特点,优化了铜板涂镀层的生产技术,不依靠任何有机添加剂生成压应力的涂镀层,在国内外多个钢厂实际应用并取得良好效果。     

结晶器内连铸坯的热和应力状态数值模拟

针对碳钢在连铸结晶器内的凝固过程,考虑铸坯和结晶器内的接触状态,利用ANSYS软件建立了完全热力耦合的三维稳态有限元模型,模拟出结晶器区域内的热和力学状态,包括铸坯应力场、气隙分布规律以及整个结晶器内钢液温度分布等。结果显示,铸坯出结晶器时坯壳外层处于压缩状态、内层处于拉伸状态,内外表面应力分别为279、311 MPa,凝固前沿处应力为3 MPa左右,处于材料的极限强度范围,有产生裂纹的可能。锥度结晶器有利于钢液凝固换热,采用0.7%/m的倒锥度设计后,气隙量较无锥度结晶器最多减少了42%。     

锻轧复合用途5.5-7 t钢锭模的研制

锻轧复合用钢锭模是一种高效率、低成本、用途广的钢锭模,基于钢厂大量方锭生产经验并依据钢锭模设计原理对钢锭锥度、高宽比、帽容比、锭模厚度等参数进行设计,开发了锻轧复合用5.5～7 t方锭钢锭模。生产实践表明,采用设计参数为3.8%锥度、2.0～2.5高宽比(可调节式帽口)、12.5%帽容比、上薄下厚式壁厚(上部150mm,下部175mm)的钢锭模,钢锭质量提升效果明显,锻造成材率由原83.0%提高到85.0%。     

Study of the Effects of the Mold Surface and Solid Mold Flux Crystallization on Radiative Heat Transfer Rates in Continuous Casting

Radiative heat transfer plays a crucial role in the meniscus area of a steel continuous casting machine. However, the study of radiation across the mold flux and copper molds is very difficult due to the harsh environment and highly transient nature of the phenomena in continuous casting molds. By using an infrared radiation emitter, a radiative heat flux was able to be applied to a copper mold with different top surfaces to observe their effects on the radiative heat transfer. The mold surface was covered with solid slag disk subjected to the radiative heat flux to simulate the radiative heat transfer phenomena in continuous casting. The solid slag disk could either be glass or a mixture of glass and precipitated crystals. The effect of full crystallization of a slag disk was to reduce the heat transfer rate by 20.5%, as compared with a completely glassy sample.     

基于数值模拟挡水板对7055铝合金铸造工艺影响

利用C++语言进行开发,采用MILE瞬态模型进行计算机仿真模拟,主要分析挡水板对铸锭温度场、凝固场、应力场的影响,并确定挡水板的最佳挡水位置.试验结果表明,使用挡水板时,铸锭纵向温度梯度更小、更均匀;随着挡水板距结晶器下沿距离的增加,铸锭的纵向温度梯度逐渐增加,固-液相区间逐渐减少,应力分布由表面逐渐向铸锭内部扩散.     

60Si2Mn弹簧钢150 mm x 150 mm铸坯缺陷分析与工艺优化

针对60Si2Mn弹簧钢(/%:0.56～0.64C,1.50～2.00Si, 0.70～1.00Mn,≤0.025P,≤0.020S)的150 mm×150 mm连铸坯角部存在横向表面裂纹缺陷问题,通过采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜对铸坯角部横向表面裂纹缺陷进行分析及试验比对。结果表明：结晶器铜管锥度过大、拉坯阻力大、保护渣润滑效果差以及二次冷却不均匀导致角部产生横向表面裂纹。通过将结晶器铜管锥度从2.2 mm降到1.6 mm、保护渣熔化温度从1182℃降到1072℃、粘度从0.76 Pa·s降到0.52 Pa·s以及二次冷却比水量从0.45L/kg降到0.32L/kg等措施,降低铸坯在铜管内拉坯阻力,改善结晶器冷却传热和二冷段喷淋冷却效果,提高铸坯冷却均匀性,使得铸坯缺陷得到有效控制,铸坯表面探伤合格率从35%提高到92%。     

塑料模具钢大型预硬化模块的研究

系统研究了LF+VD精炼工艺、钢锭模设计、氩气保护浇注工艺、大型钢锭高温扩散工艺、锻造工艺、淬火工艺及高温回火工艺等因素对718钢大型预硬化模块材料纯净度和硬度均匀性的影响规律。结果显示：LF和VD精炼过程中炉渣碱度分别保持在3.5～4.0和3.0～3.5,精炼后钢中w[S]控制到0.003%,T[O]为12×10-6;28t钢锭模尾锥形状和入口倒角优化设计后,尾部夹杂废品率由6.81%降低到1.55%;通过试验确定氩气流量按4～8 m3/h控制;大型钢锭高温扩散后,模块低倍组织的偏析和硬度偏差分别由≤3.0级和≤5.0HRC提高到≤2.0级和≤3.5HRC;采用FM法代替平砧拔长,模块低倍组织疏松和超声波探伤检验分别由≤3.0级和C/d提高到≤2.0级和D/d;采用水-空控时淬火和电加热回火炉回火对规格为650 mm×1 080 mm的模块进行预硬化处理,模块横断面硬度偏差≤3.5HRC。     

The thermal distortion of continuous-casting billet molds

Preliminary mathematical analyses involving plate bending theory and two-dimensional elastic calculations have revealed that the dominant component contributing to the distortion of continuous-casting billet molds is thermal expansion in the transverse directions. A three-dimensional, elasto-plastic, finite-element analysis of the mold wall has then shown that localized yielding initiates in a region close to the meniscus. The plastic flow is a result of the high thermal stresses induced by the geometric restraint to bending coupled with the locally high temperatures. The resultant distortion profile of the mold down the centerline of a face exhibits a maximum outward bulge of 0.1 to 0.3 mm, which is bounded above by a region of negative taper (1∼2 pct/m) and below by a region of positive taper (∼0.4 pct/m). Measurements of mold wall movement in an operating billet caster using linear displacement transducers compare favorably with model predictions, except in the meniscus region. Case studies of several industrial billet molds have shown that lowering the meniscus level with respect to the location of constraints, or modifying the method of support of the mold tube within its housing so as to reduce the restraint to thermal expansion in the meniscus region, may minimize the extent of permanent distortion. Also, wall thickness can have a significant effect on thermal distortion. Increasing wall thickness results in an increase in both peak wall temperatures and thermal gradients. The former increases the local distortion while the latter causes higher thermal stress levels and possibly permanent distortion. Of the casting variables that can be manipulated to major advantage, cooling water flow rate is the most important. Increasing the water velocity reduces mold wall temperatures, as well as both the total and permanent distortion of the wall.     

宽厚板坯窄面鼓肚分析及解决措施

重钢3#连铸机浇300 mm厚16Mn系钢时窄面出现高达7～8 mm的鼓肚,分析发现浇注过程中存在结晶器窄面冷却强度弱、窄面锥度太小、窄面足辊跑锥等问题。通过对窄面足辊结构、结晶器锥度设定、窄面足辊与窄面铜板对弧、窄面足辊二冷水等参数进行优化,保证整个结晶器工作正常。实践表明,改进后结晶器最大跑锥0.5 mm,铸坯窄面鼓肚小于2 mm。     

Effect of interactions between bubbles and graphite particles in copper alloy melts on microstructure formed during centrifugal casting: Part II. Experiments

During centrifugal casting of copper alloys containing graphite particles, both particles and bubbles move under the influence of centrifugal forces and influence the final microstructure, including porosity and the distribution of graphite. The movement of graphite particles and bubbles in the melts of copper alloys, originally containing 7 and 13 vol pct graphite particles and centrifugally cast at 800 and 1900 rpm in horizontal rotating molds, has been examined. Microstructural observations of sections of these centrifugal castings show that the graphite particles are segregated near the inner periphery and the amount of porosity in the graphite-rich zone is higher than the porosity in the graphite-free and transition zones. The intimate association of porosity with graphite particles in the graphite-rich zone was explained on the basis of attachment of graphite particles to bubbles in the melt and the viscosity of the melt, which increases with increasing concentration of graphite particles near the inner periphery of the castings. It was found that the amount of the porosity in the graphite-rich zone increases with volume fraction of graphite particles used in this study; the size of the porosity in the graphite-rich zone also increases with increasing rotational speed of the mold. This suggests that the graphite particles and bubbles were attached to each other in the melt and they did not get separated during centrifugal casting conditions of the present study. The present experiments qualitatively confirm theoretical computations.