超临界水氧化技术及其应用

超临界水氧化技术(SCWO)是一种新型的有机废水处理技术,具有反应速率快、处理效果好、不形成二次污染和去除效率高等优点。介绍了超临界水的特性和氧化反应机理,综述了SCWO在处理火炸药生产废水中的应用,并针对其存在的设备腐蚀、反应器堵塞等问题提出了解决方法和研究方向。     

超临界水氧化处理工业废水的技术问题及解决思路

超临界水氧化(SCWO)在过去的30年中作为取代焚烧处理高浓度工业有机废水的技术开发取得了巨大的进展。SCWO作为新型废物处理技术存在一些缺陷,如反应器腐蚀与盐堵塞阻碍了其工业进程中的应用。详细描述了超临界水氧化技术存在的几类相关问题,其中,重点对该技术工业化的应用难点进行了阐释并提出了相应的解决方案,最后对超临界水氧化技术领域的未来研究方向提出了展望与建议。     

超临界水氧化过程中的腐蚀控制方法

超临界水氧化技术(SCWO)是近20 a来发展起来的极具潜力的有机废物处理技术,但该技术存在的设备腐蚀等问题制约着其推广应用。为解决设备腐蚀问题,研究者对SCWO进行了试验与改进。综述了基于解决设备腐蚀问题的SCWO研究进展,并对相关问题进行了讨论。     

超临界氧化废水装置技术的现状

超临界水氧化（SCWO）是20世纪80年代兴起的一项具有高效环保特征的废水处理技术。本文介绍了SCWO处理有机废水装置技术的现状，基于氧化醇类、酚类废水的装置，归纳出装置现存的技术瓶颈为盐析与腐蚀这两个根本问题，提出了可行的解决途径。     

双氧水超临界氧化对氨基苯酚模拟废水

在连续流管式反应器中，以H2O2为氧化剂，在温度480~550℃、压力32~38 MPa及H2O2过量100%~270%的条件下，用超临界水氧化(Supercritical water oxidation，简称SCWO)对含对氨基苯酚的模拟废水进行了实验研究.结果表明，采用SCWO法能有效去除废水中的含氮有机物对氨基苯酚. 升高温度、升高压力和延长停留时间使COD去除率显著提高. 在550℃, 38 MPa, H2O2过量190%和停留时间229 s时，COD去除率高达98.5%. 在此条件下，SCWO总动力学对COD是2.13级，反应的活化能为29.3 kJ/mol.     

超临界水氧化处理垃圾渗滤液的研究进展

超临界水氧化(SCWO)技术是利用超临界水表现的特殊性质而作为垃圾渗滤液处理的理想媒介。但其在应用过程中对反应器壁材料的严重腐蚀问题阻碍了其广泛的工业化应用并成为研究的热点。镍基合金作为超临界水氧化过程的耐腐材料被广泛的应用于研究中,与其他材料相比,表现出了良好的抗腐蚀性能和经济性。     

超临界水及其氧化反应的研究及应用

超临界水(SCW)具有与常态下的水截然不同的性质,由此导致了超临界水的多种用处。超临界水氧化(SCWO)作为一种以超临界水为介质的新的废物处理技术以其完全快速等优点而日渐成为研究的热点。本文介绍了超临界水的特性和超临界水氧化的基本原理,反应器的装置,综述了超临界水氧化的动力学、应用、工艺改进、工程问题等方面的研究进展情况。     

超临界水氧化法水处理技术

1 概述 超临界水氧化（SCWO）法是一种新兴的废物处理技术，具有节能、高效、适用性强等特点。SCWO是对湿式氧化处理难降解有机废水技术的改进，是近年来兴起的绿色水处理技术。超临界水（T〉647．5K，P〉22．05Mpa）具有常态水所没有的特性，其溶解性强，扩散系数大，传质速度快，可作为超临界水氧化有毒有害有机物的反应介质，有机物、空气或氧气和水在25MPa和673K以上的温度可完全互溶，体系呈均相混合状态，在较短的反应停留时间内，99．99％以上的有机物可被迅速氧化成CO2、N2、H2O和其他小分子物质，该法用于有毒有害、难生物降解的有机废水的处理尤其有效，氧化产物清洁且无需后续处理，符合全封闭处理要求，在较低的有机物含量下，可实现自热，启动运行后无需外界供热，因反应物混合均匀且反应温度高，反应速度大幅加快，故水的停留时间较短，所需反应器体积小，结构简单。     

超临界水氧化技术应用研究进展

超临界水氧化法(SCWO)作为一种新兴的高级氧化技术具有广阔的应用前景。本文介绍SCWO技术特点、原理。综述国内外SCWO在处理有机废水、固体废物、污泥的应用研究。     

超临界水氧化法与普通生化法处理含酚废水技术经济性评估

对超临界水氧化法(SCWO)和普通生化法在含酚废水处理中的技术经济性进行了评估。对比了两种工艺的工艺流程、污染物处理效果及运行费用。结果表明,SCWO法比普通生化法具有工艺简单、占地面积小、容易安装、易实现自动化、处理效率高、无二次污染等优点。采用SCWO技术处理含酚废水,无需预处理及后续深度处理,出水即可达国家污染物综合排放标准(GB 8978-1996)一级标准。SCWO工艺产生的二氧化碳及蒸汽可回收利用产生收益,每处理1 m3废水可获利2.3元,而生化法处理费用达41.8元/m3。SCWO法比生化法具有显著的技术及经济优势,在含酚废水处理中具有广阔的发展前景。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.